Recent Changes in Summer Precipitation Characteristics over South Korea Changyong Park* JaYeon Moon** Eun-Jeong Cha*** Won-Tae Yun**** Youngeun Choi***** 1958 2007 6 9 6 9 10 10 10 10 10 Abstract This paper examines the recent changes of summer precipitation in the aspect of temporal and spatial features using long-term(1958~2007) observed station data over South Korea. Long-term mean summer precipitation has revealed two precipitation peaks during summer(june to September); one is the Changma as the first peak, and the other is the post-changma as the second peak. During the Changma period, the spatial distribution of the maximum precipitation areas is determined by the prevailing southwesterlies and the quasi-stationary front, which results in large amount of precipitation at the windward side of mountain regions over South Korea. However during the post- Changma period, the spatial distribution of the maximum precipitation areas is determined by the lower tropospheric circulation flows from the west and the southeast around the Korean peninsula, and the weather phenomena such as Typhoons, convective instability, and cyclones which are originated from the Yangtze river. The larger amount of precipitation is founded on the southern coastal region and mountain and coastal areas in Korea during the second peak. Time series of total summer precipitation shows a steady increase and the increasing trend is more obvious during the recent 10 years. Decadal variation in summer precipitation indicates a large increase of precipitation, (Doctoral Student, Department of Geography, Konkuk University), kpotato@konkuk.ac.kr (Senior Research Scientist, Climate Prediction Division, Korea Meteorological Administration), mjy@kma.go.kr (Senior Research Scientist, Typhoon and Asian Dust Division, Korea Meteorological Administration), cha@kma.go.kr (Director, Climate Prediction Division, Korea Meteorological Administration), wtyun@kma.go.kr (Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Konkuk University), yechoi@konkuk.ac.kr 324
especially in the recent 10 years both in the Changma and the post-changma period. However, the magnitude of change and the period of the maximum peak presents remarkable contrasts among stations. The most distinct decadal change occurs at Seoul, Busan, and Gangnueng. The precipitation amount is increasing significantly during the post- Changma period at Gangnueng, while the precipitation increases in the period between two maximum precipitation peaks during summer at Seoul and Busan. : summer precipitation, Changma, post-changma, recent change 30 40 2006 Oh et al. 1997 quasi-stationary front Baiu Meiyu 1995 Oh et al. 1997 1988 1 2 1995 9 1 1 1 7 8 2002 1979 1991 7 8 1991 2001 7 8 2002 Ho et al. 2003 325
9 8 8 2004 8 9 8 8 9 2005 7 8 2005 Cha et al. 2007 8 8 50 2003 2007 8 Ha et al. 2007 Jhun et al. 2007 10 1973 2007 60 9 30 60 7 1 10 1958 2007 2 5 2 5 326
6 23 24 7 23 24 32 238 398mm 6 22 23 7 22 23 32 199 443mm 6 19 7 20 21 33 328 449mm a 650 1150mm b c 200 650mm NCEP/NCAR(National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research Cha et al. 2007 20 20 10 1958 2007 10 1995 6 7 50 80 3 34 N 36 N 1 1971 2007 1995 2 1973 2007 60 6 7 8 9 2 a 327
(Choi and Kim, 2007) 670mm 1158mm 2 b 2 c 2 b 400mm Cha et al. 2007 Choi and Kim 2007 3 4 2 NCEP/NCAR 850hPa U V 4 2 b 5 20 1 365 328
a b 1971 2000 152 273 4 4 5 16 2001 160 180 200 220 240 5 5 2 2005 6 7 1958 2007 0 01 0 05 7 993 9mm 714 0mm 71 689 8mm 329
330
10 1958 1967 1968 1977 1978 1987 1988 1997 1998 2007 10 1998 2007 10 1988 1997 230 3mm 312 3mm 10 10 300mm 1100mm 10 10 40 1958 1997 10 10 300mm 1200mm 10 1998 4 1961mm 10 10 10 1958 1967 10 1968 1977 1988 1997 1978 1987 1978 1987 1988 1997 7 5 10 50 1958 2007 5 1988 1997 1988 1997 10 10 10 10 1968 1977 1978 1987 1960 10 8 20mm 1958 1967 1988 1997 1978 1987 10 331
1958 1967 1968 1977 1978 1987 1988 1997 10 332
333
1978 1987 10 7 10 10 1968 1977 10 1998 2007 1958 2007 20 9 6 5 10 10 1998 2007 10 10 10 10 4 10 10 8 10 10 334
2008 2008 2005 41 1 101 114 1995 345pp 2008 63pp 2005 6 2 165 183 2002 12 3 348 351 1988 1985 24 3 22 43 2003 2 13 1 362 365 2007 8 2007 488 489 2004 39 6 819 832 2006 39 7 69 72 2002 11 3 189 203 2005 41 6 927 942 2001 11 1 255 258 Cha, E.J., Kimoto, M., Lee, E.J., and Jhun, J.G., 2007, The recent increase in the heavy rainfall events in august over the Korean peninsula, Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society, 28(5), 585-597. Choi, K.S. and Kim, B.J., 2007, Climatological characteristics of tropical cyclones making landfall over the Korean peninsula, Journal of the Korean Meteorological Society, 43(2), 97-109. Ha, K.J., Yun, K.S., and Lee, S.S., 2007, August mode in precipitation and its association with circulations, Proceedings of the Autumn Meeting of KMS 2007, 478-479. Ho, C.H., Lee, J.Y., Ahn, M.H., and Lee, H.S., 2003, A sudden change in summer rainfall characteristics in Korea during the late 1970s, International Journal of Climatology, 23(1), 117-128. Jhun, J.G., Moon, B.K., and Kwon, M., 2007, Variability of the east asian summer precipitation, 335
Proceedings of the Autumn Meeting of KMS 2007, 474-475. Oh, J.H., Kwon, W.T., and Ryoo, S.B., 1997, Review of the researches on changma and future observational study(kormex), Advances in Atomospheric Sciences, 14(2), 207-222. 156 720 2 460 18 mjy@kma.go.kr 02 2181 0475 02 2181 0479 Correspondence: JaYeon Moon, Climate Prediction Division, Korea Meteorological Administration, 460-18, Sindaebang2-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-720, Korea(e-mail: mjy@kma.go.kr, phone: +82-2-2181-0475, fax: +82-2-2181-0479) 336