인지심리학

인지심리학 아주대심리학과 2014 강의안

기억과정 : 부호화와저장 To remember is to live. - Martin Buber 1. 기억과뇌 2. 표준기억이론 : 감각기억 3. 표준기억이론 : 단기기억 4. 일하는기억 : 작업기억 5. 활성화와장기기억 6. 연습과기억강도 7. 기억에영향을주는요인들 8. 텍스트학습과기억

기억과정 1: 부호화와저장 1 표상과기억? 2 기억을결과물 ( 저장 ) 로? 3 기억은과정 4 입력 ( 부호화, encoding)-> 저장 (storge) -> 파 ( 유 ) 지 (retention) -> 출력 ( 인출, retrieval) 5 기억연구의역사 6 Ebbinghaus (1885) 7 무의미절차사용 (DAX, BUP) 학습 8 지연기간에따른절약율계산

기억과정 1: 부호화와저장 순행성기억상실 (anterograde amnesia) - 새로운기억을만들수있는능력상실

1. 기억과뇌 Brain structures are involved in the creation and storage of memory - Temporal cortex Includes the hippocampus Storage of new memories - Prefrontal brain regions Responsible for the encoding of new memories and retrieval of old memories

2. 표준기억이론 : 감각기억 기억의종류? 분류? 1 여러가지분류가가능 : 특성, 내용, 시간 2 출발점 : 공간적비유, 정보처리적틀 3 구조 (structure) 에초점 4 표준이론 : 중다저장소 (multi-store)(atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) 5 sensory store->(attention)->stm->(rehearsal)->ltm - 용량? 지속시간? 코드 (code)?

Caption: Long-term memory can be divided into declarative memory and implicit memory. We can also distinguish between two types of declarative memory, episodic and semantic. There are a number of different types of implicit memory. Two of the main types are repetition priming and procedural memory.

2. 표준기억이론 : 감각기억 Sensory memory( 감각기억 ) The stage of memory that registers information about the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time

2. 표준기억이론 : 감각기억 Sperling (1960): 전체보고와부분보고절차

2. 표준기억이론 : 감각기억 Sperling (1960): 전체보고와부분보고절차

2. 표준기억이론 : 감각기억 visual sensory store - 아이콘 (iconic) 기억 : 1초? 5초? Auditory sensory store - 에코 (echoic) 기억 : 10초

3. 표준기억이론 : 단기기억 A proposed intermediate system in which information has to reside on its journey from sensory memory to longterm memory Proposes that as information is rehearsed in a limited-capacity STM, it is deposited in long-term memory

3. 표준기억이론 : 단기기억 STM 용량? 기억폭 (memory span)

3. 표준기억이론 : 단기기억 Shepard and Teghtsoonian (1961)

3. 표준기억이론 : 단기기억 암송이필요? (Rundus, 1971) Craik & Lockhart (1972)

3. 표준기억이론 : 단기기억 Depth of processing (Craik & Lockhart, 1972) Proposes that rehearsal improves memory only if the material is rehearsed in a deep and meaningful way Depth of processing more critical to memory than how long information is rehearsed Shallow processing- fragile memory Deep processing- durable memory Glenberg et al (1977), 185p

4. 일하는기억 : 작업 (working) 기억 단기기억은단순히저장장소? 여러인지활동을위해일하는 ( 작업하는 ) 공간! 정보유지와여러계산 이공간에서이루어지는작업은여러가지! 단기기억이란용어를유지해야할까? Baddeley s Theory of Working Memory

Working Memory Baddeley s Theory of Working Memory Components of working memory Visuospatial sketchpad( 시공간스케치판 ) System for rehearsing visual Phonological loop( 음운고리 ) System for rehearsing verbal information Central executive( 중앙집행부 ) System for controlling slave systems like the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop

4. 일하는기억 : 작업기억 Phonological loop consists of: Articulatory loop( 조음고리 ) Inner voice used during rehearsal of verbal information Phonological store( 음운저장 ) An inner ear that hears the inner voice and stores the information in phonological form The word-length effect The articulatory loop involves speech.

4. 일하는기억 : 작업기억 wit, sum, harm, bay, top University, opportunity, aluminum, constitutional, auditorium

4. 일하는기억 : 작업기억 시공간스케치판에서의작업

4. 일하는기억 : 작업기억 중앙집행부의역할 Control, coordinate Attention controller Focus, divide, switch attention Controls suppression of irrelevant information - 부적절한정보억제

4. 일하는기억 : 작업기억 Delayed match-to-sample tasks with monkeys, Goldman-Rakic (1992)

4. 일하는기억 : 작업기억 작업기억과장기기억?

4. 일하는기억 : 작업기억 작업기억과장기기억?

5. 활성화와장기기억 작업기억과장기기억? - 기억흔적의지속성과가용성 availability of memory trace -> activation( 활성화 ) durability of memory trace -> strength( 강도 )

5. 활성화와장기기억 Theories of LTM activation ACT (Adaptive Control of Thought) Memory traces as varying in their activation SAM (Search of Associative memory) Images as varying in their familiarity

5. 활성화와장기기억 자유연상과제를통한활성화계산예 성경, 동물, 노아? 성경? 동물? 홍수?

5. 활성화와장기기억 활성화의확산 ( 점화 ) Priming memories, Meyer and Schvaneveldt (1971) Participants judged whether pairs of items were real words When the pairs had an associated relationship (bread, butter) participants were faster than when unrelated Associative spreading of information

6. 연습과기억강도 기억흔적 (trace) 의강도 The Power Law of Learning Memory performance improves as a function of practice Increasing practice has diminishing returns Power function( 멱함수 ) As a memory is practiced, it is strengthened according to a power function. T=1.40P-0.24

6. 연습과기억강도 기억흔적 (trace) 의강도 ( The sailor is in the park )

6. 연습과기억강도 기억흔적 (trace) 의강도

6. 연습과기억강도 장기상승작용 (long-term potentiation, LTP)

7. 기억에영향을주는요인들 정교화처리 (Elaborative Processing) Involves creating additional information that relates and expands on what it is that needs to be remembered Anderson and Bower (1973) Demonstrated the importance of elaboration on memory performance 의사는변호사를싫어했다 - 부정소송때문에, 의사는 싫어했다

7. 기억에영향을주는요인들 정교화처리 (Elaborative Processing) Involves creating additional information that relates and expands on what it is that needs to be remembered Stein and Bransford (1979) Showed why self-generated elaborations are often better than experimenter-provided elaborations 뚱뚱한사람이표지판을읽었다

7. 기억에영향을주는요인들 정교화처리 (Elaborative Processing) 의미있는처리? 생성과읽기 sea- o?, save- c?

7. 기억에영향을주는요인들 우연학습과의도학습?

7. 기억에영향을주는요인들 특별한기억? 섬광 (flashbulb) 기억 예, 12.12 사태, 광주사태, 세월호? 챌린지호폭파, 9.11,

7. 기억에영향을주는요인들 특별한기억? 섬광 (flashbulb) 기억 - 반복회상

7. 기억에영향을주는요인들 특별한기억? 섬광 (flashbulb) 기억 - 반복회상 정서 -amygdala? Arousal( 각성 )?

8. 텍스트학습과기억 PQ5R 이왜효율적인학습방법인지기억연구결과와함께생각해보세요! ( 다음장, 파지와인출과도연결하여!)