E &K Contrastive Lin. 4. Lexis and Word Classes Rhee 1. English (cf. Quirk et al. 1995; Kim & Shin 2008) Word classes Pristley (l791): 명사, 대명사, 형용사, 동

E &K Contrastive Lin. 4. Lexis and Word Classes Rhee 1. English (cf. Quirk et al. 1995; Kim & Shin 2008) Word classes Pristley (l791): 명사, 대명사, 형용사, 동사, 부사, 전치사, 접속사, 감탄사 (8 품사 ) Quirk et al. (1985): 명사, 대명사, 형용사, 부사, 한정사, 전치사, 접속사, 수사, 감탄사 (9품사) Ballard (200l): 일반동사, 조동사, 명사, 대명사, 형용사, 부사, 한정사, 전치사, 접속사, 수사, 감탄사 (11품사) Huddleston & Pullum (2002): 한정사, 명사, 형용사, 동사, 부사, 전치사, 종속접속사, 등위접속사, 감탄사 (9품사) Quirk et al. (1995) (a) CLOSED CLASSES - class extension is very limited; - members are mutually exclusive & mutually defining - closely bound up in construction - signal grammatical functions and structures preposition - of, at, in, without, in spite of (contentful preps and bleached preps) pronoun - he, they, anybody, one, which ( 격변화유지 ) determiner - the, a, that, every, some ( 관사, 지시사, 양화사 ; 문법적으로필수항목 ) conjunction - and, that, when, although modal verb - can, must, will, could (NICE: negation, interrogative, code, emphasis) primary verb - be, have, do (= Auxiliary verbs) (b) OPEN CLASSES - membership indefinitely extendable - difficult to define the meaning relationally noun - John, room, answer, play ( 성 / 격굴절없음, 단소유격과복수만 ) adjective - happy, steady, new, large, round ( 굴절없음 ; comparative/superlative 뿐 ) full verb - search, grow, play ( 인칭 / 성 / 수 / 시제굴절함 ) adverb - steadily, completely, really

Open vs. Closed classes illustrated in syntagma (c) numerals -one, two, three; first, second, third.. - infinitely extendable, but mutually exclusive/defining (d) interjections - oh, ah, ugh, phew - few in number - loosely connected to sentences (peripheral) - spelling and sound discrepancy (e.g. ugh [ʌx], [əx] (e) the negative particle not and the infinitive marker to Inflection: only in certain categories noun: answer/answers verb: give/gives/giving/given/gave pronoun: they/them/their/theirs adjective: large/larger/largest Multi-word forms Complex prepositions: in spite of, because of, away from Multi-word verbs: look at, set up, start out (phrasal verbs) call 부르다 call about 전화를걸어정보를묻다 call around 여기저기전화하다 call for 요구하다 call in 방문하다 call into 불러들이다 call off 취소하다 call on 도움을청하다, 방문하다 call out 잘못을폭로하다 call over 오라고요청하다 call to 주의를끌기위해큰소리로부르다 call up 전화를걸다 call upon 책임을지라고요구하다 Multi-category words Noun/Verb: play Demonstrative/Conjunction: that Noun/Verb/Adjective/Adverb/Preposition: round

Homonyms & Homomorphs Stative vs. Dynamic cf. John is a hard worker. Marion is a skilful dancer. John works hard. John is working hard. John is tall. *John is being tall. He knows English. *He is knowing English. cf. He is being a nuisance again. He is being naughty again. Pro-forms John searched the big room and then the small room/one. The man invited the little Swedish girl because he liked her. Mary is in London and John is there too. Mary arrived on Tuesday and John arrived then too. The police searched the big room carefully, but the small room less so. Wh-words what, which, who, when, how, where...

Impersonal verbs, Impersonal pronoun (empty it) a. It is snowing. b. It is getting dark. c. It is noisy in here. Existential there a. There is an apple in the waiting room. b. There are some apples in the waiting room. c. There arose an controversy on that subject. d. There resulted a big discrepancy between their testimony and ours. Classifiers a cup of coffee a glass of wine a bottle of beer a pound of sugar five head of cattle 2 Korean (cf. Lee & Song 2008) 품사분류 학교문법 (9품사): 명사, 대명사, 수사, 동사, 형용사, 부사, 관형사, 조사, 감탄사 이병기 (7품사): 명사, 동사, 형용사, 부사, 접속사, 감동사, 조사 최현배 (10품사): 명사, 대명사, 수사, 동사, 형용사, 지정사, 관형사, 부사, 감탄사, 조사 박승빈 (12품사): 명사, 대명사, 존재사, 지정사, 형용사, 동사, 조용사 ( 보조용언 ). 조사, 관형사, 부사, 접속사, 감탄사 용언 : 형용사 & 동사 ( 활용범주 ) 분포적특징 : 명사와조사 범언어적비교상발달안된부류 : 비인칭술어, 유도사, 관사 범언어적비교상많이발달된부류 : 분류사, 의성의태어 의성의태어와색상어 (see Appendix): 붉으락푸르락, 노릇노릇, 노르께, 파르께, 불그족족, 푸르탱탱, 거무퉤퉤 a. saturation (intensity): intensifying prefixes (stronger), tensed consonants (stronger) b. luminosity: positive vowels (brighter) c. extent: reduplicative suffixes (larger area) d. solidity: reduplicative suffixes (uneven, spotty) e. pleasurability: reduplicative suffixes (less pleasurable), positive vowels (more pleasurable) 동사 / 형용사차이점 철수는잔다. 철수는자고있다. * 철수는자다. * 영희는예쁜다. * 영희는예쁘고있다. 영희는예쁘다. 이다 copula - 조사취급, 동사취급등범주불확실 - 술어기능을하도록도와줌.

접속표지와접속사 - 명사접속과술어접속이다름철수와영희가지각했다. 철수는지각하고영희는결석했다. 영어종속접속사와한국어대응표현의비균질성 ( 학교문법에서접속사를별도설정하지않음 ) 영어 : when, after, before, if, because, while... 한국어 : a. 철수가도착했을때영희는집에없었다. b. 철수가도착한다음 ( 에 )/ 후 ( 에 )/ 뒤에영희는잠이들었다. c. 철수가도착하면영희는갈것이다. d. 철수가도착해서 / 했기때문에영희는안심했다. f. 철수가자는동안영희는일했다. 한국어에는접속부사가발달함 그래서, 그리고, 그러면, 그러자, 그러다가, 그러면서... 하니, 하면, 해서... 관형사 : 명사수식어지시사 ( 한정사 ): 이, 그, 저, 요, 고, 조, 어느, 웬... 형용사 : 새, 헌, 뭇, 온, 맨, 순... 수량사 : 한, 둘, 세, 네... 모든... 분류사 : 매우발달함 고유어 : 벌 ( 옷 ), 분 ( 사람 ), 단 ( 묶음 ), 채 ( 건물 ), 개비 ( 가늘고긴것 ), 그루 ( 나무 ), 자루 ( 손잡이달린물건 ), 켤레 ( 쌍 ), 마리 ( 동물 ), 포기 ( 채소 ), 푼 ( 동전 ), 송이 ( 덩이과일, 꽃 ), 톨 ( 곡물 ) 한자어 : 갑 ( 상자 ), 척 ( 배 ), 대 ( 기계류 ), 개 ( 범용 ), 과 ( 내용단위 ), 권 ( 묶인문서 ), 장 ( 종이 ), 명 ( 사람 ), 필 ( 말 ), 통 ( 편지등 ), 통 ( 수박등큰과일 ), 병 ( 병 ), 층 ( 층, 층계 ), 곡 ( 노래 ), 잔 ( 컵 ) 외래어 : 다스 (12개), 컵, 박스, 배럴 부치사 : 서양언어에비해위치표현부치사가덜발달함 a. 영어 :in, on, under, over, by, between, behind, beside, between... b. 한국어 : 안에, 위에, 밑에, 옆에, 앞에, 뒤에, 사이에... 방향소 a. 철수가달려간다 / 온다. b. 철수가광주에내려간다 / 온다. c. 철수가무등산에서내려갔다 / 왔다. d. 철수가책을빌려갔다 / 왔다. e. 철수가라면을사갔다 / 왔다.

Appendix: 127 RED-words in Korean (Taken from Rhee 2016) BRT: bright; DRK: dark; EXT: extended surface; INT: intense; SPT: spotty; UND: undesirable; WK: weak Korean Translit. Pronun. Meaning Korean Translit. Pronun. Meaning Noun 뻘그뎅뎅하 - ppelkuteyngteyngha- p'əlgudeŋdeŋha- reddish DRK EXT 빨강 ppalkang p'algaŋ red 뻘그레하 - ppelkuleyha- p'əlgureha- reddish DRK 빨간색 ppalkansayk p'algansæk red BRT 뻘그름하 - ppelkulumha- p'əlgurumha- reddish DRK 붉은색 pwulunsayk bulgunsæk red DRK 뻘그무레하 - ppelkumwuleyha- p'əlgumwureha- reddish DRK EXT UND Adjective (most derived with the light verb ha-) 뻘그숙숙하 - ppelkuswukswukha- p'əlgusuksukha- reddish DRK EXT UND 발가야드르르하 - palkayatululuha- balgayadururuha- reddish BRT WK EXT 뻘그스름하 - ppelkusulumha- p'əlgusurumha- reddish DRK EXT 발가우리하 - palkawuliha- balgauriha- reddish BRT WK EXT 뻘그죽죽하 - ppelkucwukcwukha- p'əlgujukjukha- reddish DRK EXT UND 발갛- palkah- balgat- reddish BRT WK 뻘긋뻘긋하 - ppelkusppelkusha- p'əlgukp'əlgutha- reddish DRK SPT 발그대대하 - palkutaytayha- balgudædæha- reddish BRT WK EXT 뻘긋하- ppelkusha- p'əlgutha- reddish DRK 발그댕댕하 - palkutayngtayngha- balgudæŋdæŋha- reddish BRT WK EXT 뽈그름하 - ppolkulumha- p'olgurumha- reddish BRT 발그레하 - palkuleyha- balgureha- reddish BRT WK 뽈그스름하 - ppolkusulumha- p'olgusurumha- reddish BRT 발그름하 - palkulumha- balgurumha- reddish BRT WK 뽈그족족하 - ppolkucokcokha- p'olgujokjokha- reddish BRT EXT 발그무레하 - palkumwuleyha- balgumureha- reddish BRT WK EXT 뽈긋뽈긋하 - ppolkusppolkusha- p'olgutp'olgutha- reddish BRT SPT 발그속속하 - palkusoksokha- balgusoksokha- reddish BRT WK EXT 뽈긋하- ppolkusha- p'olgutha- reddish BRT 발그스름하 - palkusulumha- balgusulumha- reddish BRT WK EXT 뿔그름하 - ppwulkusulumha- p'ulgurumha- reddish DRK 발그족족하 - palkucokcokha- balgujokjokha- reddish BRT WK EXT 뿔그스름하 - ppwulkusulumha- p'ulgusurumha- reddish DRK 발긋발긋하 - palkuspalkusha- balgutbalgutha- reddish BRT WK SPT 뿔그죽죽하 - ppwulkucwukcwukha- p'lgujukjukha- reddish DRK EXT UND 발긋하- palkusha- balgutha- reddish BRT WK 뿔긋뿔긋하 - ppwulkusppwulkusha- p'ulgutp'lgutha- reddish DRK SPT 벌거여드르르하 - pelkeyetululuha- bəlgəyədururuha- reddish DRK WK EXT 뿔긋하- ppwulkusha- p'ulgutha- reddish DRK 벌거우리하 - pelkewuliha- bəlgəuriha- reddish DRK WK EXT 뿕- ppwulk- p'ulk- reddish DRK 벌겋- pelkeh- bəlgət- reddish DRK WK 새빨갛- sayppalkah- sæp'algat- red BRT INT 벌그데데하 - pelkuteyteyha- bəlgudedeha- reddish DRK WK EXT UND 샛빨갛- saysppalkah- sætp'algat- red BRT INT 벌그뎅뎅하 - pelkuteyngteyngha- bəlgudeŋdeŋha- reddish DRK WK EXT UND 시뻘겋- sippelkeh- sip'əlgət- red DRK INT 벌그레하 - pelkuleyha- bəlgreha- reddish DRK WK 싯뻘겋- sisppelkeh- sitp'əlgət- red DRK INT 벌그름하 - pelkulumha- bəlgurumha- reddish DRK WK 울긋불긋하 - wulkuspwulkusha- ulgutbulgutha- reddish DRK (mixed) 벌그무레하 - pelkumwuleyha- bəlgumureha- reddish DRK WK EXT UND Verb (derived from the causative affix -ci-) 벌그숙숙하 - pelkuswukswukha- bəlgusuksukha- reddish DRK WK EXT UND 발개지- palkayci- balgæji- become reddish BRT WK 벌그스름하 - pelkusulumha- bəlgusurumha- reddish DRK WK EXT 빨개지- ppalkayci- p'algæji- become red 벌그죽죽하 - pelkucwukcwukha- bəlgujukjukha- reddish DRK WK EXT UND 벌개지- pelkayci- bəlgæji- become reddish DRK WK 벌긋벌긋하 - pelkuspelkusha- bəlgutbəlgutha- reddish DRK WK SPT 붉어지- pwuleci- bulgəji- become red DRK 벌긋하- pelkusha- bəlgutha- reddish DRK WK 뻘개지- ppelkayci- p'əlgæji- become reddish DRK 볼그대대하 - polkutaytayha- bolgudædæha- reddish BRT WK EXT 새빨개지 - sayppalkayci- sæp'algæji- become red INT 볼그댕댕하 - polkutayngtayngha- bolgudæŋdæŋha- reddish BRT WK EXT 샛빨개지 - saysppalkayci- sætp'algæji- become red INT 볼그레하 - polkuleyha- bolgureha- reddish BRT WK 시뻘개지 - sippelkayci- sip'əlgæji- become red DRK INT 볼그름하 - polkulumha- bolgurumha- reddish BRT WK 싯뻘개지 - sisppelkayci- sitp'əlgæji- become red DRK INT 볼그무레하 - polkumwuleyha- bolgumureha- reddish BRT WK EXT Adverb ('in such a manner of being adjective') 볼그속속하 - polkusoksokha- bolgusoksokha- reddish BRT WK EXT 발그스름히 palkusulumhi balgusurumhi reddish BRT WK EXT 볼그스름하 - polkusulumha- bolgusurumha- reddish BRT WK EXT 발긋발긋 palkuspalkus balgutbalgut reddish BRT WK SPT 볼그족족하 - polkucokcokha- bolgujokjokha- reddish BRT WK EXT 벌그름히 pekulumhi bəlgurumhi reddish DRK WK 볼긋볼긋하 - polkuspolkusha- bolgutbolgutha- reddish BRT WK SPT 벌그스름히 pelkusulumhi bəlgusurumhi reddish DRK WK EXT 볼긋하- polkusha- bolgutha- reddish BRT WK 벌긋벌긋 pelkuspelkus bəlgutbəlgut reddish DRK WK SPT 불그데데하 - pwulkuteyteyha- bulgudedeha- reddish DRK WK EXT UND 볼그름히 polkulumhi bolgurumhi reddish BRT WK 불그뎅뎅하 - pwulkuteyngteyngha- bulgudeŋdeŋha- reddish DRK WK EXT UND 볼그스름히 polkusulumhi bolgusurumhi reddish BRT WK EXT 불그레하 - pwulkuleyha- bulgureha- reddish DRK WK 볼긋볼긋 polkuspolkus bolgutbolgut reddish BRT WK SPT 불그름하 - pwulkulumha- bulgurumha- reddish DRK WK 볼긋이 polkusi bolgusi reddish BRT WK 불그무레하 - pwulkumwuleyha- bulgumureha- reddish DRK WK EXT UND 불그름히 pwulkulumhi bulgurumhi reddish DRK WK 불그숙숙하 - pwulkuswukswukha- bulgusuksukha- reddish DRK WK EXT UND 불그스름히 pwulkusulumhi bulgusurumhi reddish DRK WK EXT 불그스름하 - pwulkusulumha- bulgusurumha- reddish DRK WK EXT 불긋불긋 pwulkuspwulkus bulgutbulgut reddish DRK WK SPT 불그죽죽하 - pwulkucwukcwukha- bulgujukjukha- reddish DRK WK EXT UND 불긋이 pwulkusi bulgusi reddish DRK WK 불긋불긋하 - pwulkuspwulkusha- bulgutbulgutha- reddish DRK WK SPT 붉으락푸르락 pwulkulakphwululak bulgurakpururak reddish DRK WK (mixed) 불긋하- pwulkusha- bulgutha- reddish DRK WK 빨그스름히 ppalkusulumhi p'algusurumhi reddish BRT EXT 붉- pwulk- bulk- red DRK 빨긋빨긋 ppalkusppalkus p'algutp'algut reddish BRT SPT 붉으락푸르락하 - pwulkulakphwululakha- bulgurakpururakha- reddish SPT (mixed) 뻘그름히 ppelkulumhi p'əlgurumhi reddish DRK 빨갛- ppalkah- p'algat- red 뻘그스름히 ppelkusulumhi p'əlgusurumhi reddish DRK EXT 빨그대대하 - ppalkutaytayha- p'algudædæha- reddish BRT EXT 뻘긋뻘긋 ppelkusppelkus p'əlgutp'əlgut reddish DRK SPT 빨그댕댕하 - ppalkutayngtayngha- p'algudæŋdæŋha- reddish BRT EXT 뽈그름히 ppolkulumhi p'olgurumhi reddish BRT 빨그레하 - ppalkuleyha- p'algureha- reddish BRT 뽈그스름히 ppolisulumhi p'olgusurumhi reddish BRT EXT 빨그름하 - ppalkulumha- p'algurumha- reddish BRT 뽈긋뽈긋 ppolkusppolkus p'olgutp'olgut reddish BRT SPT 빨그무레하 - ppalkumwuleyha- p'algumureha- reddish BRT EXT 뽈긋이 ppolkusi p'olgusi reddish BRT 빨그속속하 - ppalkusoksokha- p'algusoksokha- reddish BRT EXT 뿔그름히 ppwulkulumhi p'ulgurumhi reddish DRK 빨그스름하 - ppalkusulumha- p'algusurumha- reddish BRT EXT 뿔그스름히 ppwulkusulumhi p'ulgusurumi reddish DRK EXT 빨그족족하 - ppalkucokcokha- p'algujokjokha- reddish BRT EXT 뿔긋뿔긋 ppwulkusppwulkus p'ulgutp'ulgut reddish DRK SPT 빨긋빨긋하 - ppalkusppalkusha- p'algutp'algutha- reddish BRT SPT 뿔긋이 ppwulkusi p'ulgusi reddish DRK 빨긋하- ppalkusha- p'algutha- reddish BRT 올긋볼긋 olkuspolkus olgutbolgut reddish BRT (mixed) 뻘겋- ppelkeh- p'əlgət- reddish DRK 울긋불긋 wulkuspwulkus ulgutbulgut reddish DRK (mixed) 뻘그데데하 - ppelkuteyteyha- p'əlgudedeha- reddish DRK EXT UND