Weed Turf. Sci. 5(2):71~81 http://dx.doi.org/10.5660/wts.2016.5.2.71 Print ISSN 2287-7924, Online ISSN 2288-3312 Research Article Weed & Turfgrass Science Weed & Turfgrass Science was renamed from both formerly Korean Journal of Weed Science from Volume 32 (3), 2012, and formerly Korean Journal of Turfgrass Science from Volume 25 (1), 2011 and Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science from Volume 26 (2), 2012 which were launched by The Korean Society of Weed Science and The Turfgrass Society of Korea founded in 1981 and 1987, respectively. 충북지역과수원발생잡초분포현황 이채영 1 * 박재성 1 이희두 1 김은정 1 홍의연 1 홍성택 1 우선희 2 1 충청북도농업기술원, 2 충북대학교식물자원학과 Occurrence and Distribution of Weeds on Orchard Fields in Chungbuk Province of Korea Chae Young Lee 1 *, Jae Seong Park 1, Hee Du Lee 1, Eun Jeong Kim 1, Eui Yon Hong 1, Seong Taek Hong 1, and Sun Hee Woo 2 1 Chungbuk Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Cheongju 28130, Korea 2 Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea ABSTRACT. This study was conducted to investigate the weed occurrence and distribution on the orchard fields (apple, pear, peach, grape) at 387 sites in Chungbuk province of Korea from May to September in 2015. From the result of this survey, 200 weed species in 47 families were identified and classified to 82 annuals, 40 biennials and 78 perennials. Based on the occurrence ratio, the most dominant weed species in Chungbuk province orchard fields were higher in order of Digitaria ciliaris (4.12%), Echinochloa crus-galli (3.60%), Stellaria aquatica (3.45%), Artemisia princeps (3.07%) and Chenopodium album (3.06%). The composition of major occurred weed families, Compositae, Poaceae, Leguminosae and Cyperaceae were 21, 9, 6 and 6%, respectively. Coefficient of similarity between a various orchards based on the degree of dominance were ranged from 68.7-91.8%. The most important weed species at apple, peach, grape was Digitaria ciliaris while these for pear was Poa annua. Fifty-one exotic weed species were also identified. The results of this study could be useful information for estimation of future weed occurrence, weed population dynamics and establishment of weed control methods on the orchard fields in Chungbuk province of Korea. Key words: Chungbuk, Distribution, Occurrence, Orchard, Weed Received on April 20, 2016; Revised on May 4, 2016; Accepted on May 30, 2016 *Corresponding author: Phone) +82-43-220-5552, Fax) +82-43-220-5549; E-mail) metmega@korea.kr 2016 The Korean Society of Weed Science and The Turfgrass Society of Korea This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 서론 충청북도는대한민국중심내륙지역으로주요생산과수는복숭아, 사과, 포도로이 3작목의재배면적은 10,551 ha 이며, 경상북도에이어두번째로많이재배되고있다 (Statistics Korea, 2015). 대표적인재배지역으로사과는충주시, 괴산군, 복숭아는충주시, 음성군, 포도는영동군, 옥천군등이있다. 기후변화로인하여평균기온이상승함에따라과거사과의주산단지로손꼽히던경북지역에서재배가능지역이점차북상하고있다. 평균년최저온도를기준으로구분한과수안전재배지대자료에따르면사과는제주도와남부해 안지역을제외한대부분지역 ( 전국토의 76%), 배는강원도를제외한대부분지역 ( 전국토의 74%), 복숭아, 포도는강원산간, 경기, 충북, 경북북부지역을제외한대부분지역에서 ( 각각전국토의 78%, 80%) 재배가가능하였다 (Han et al., 2015). 또한평균기온변화를예측한자료에따르면사과특화유력지역으로충북의제천시, 영동군단양군등이포함되어 (Hwang et al., 2012) 충북은중부지역의향후과수생산적지로예상되고있다. 잡초는우리가필요로하는작물을재배할때필수적으로제거해야하는대상으로인간의의도와목적에위배되는모든식물을두고개념적으로지칭하게되었으며 (Ku et 71
72 이채영 박재성 이희두 김은정 홍의연 홍성택 우선희 al., 1995), 특히하절기에는잡초의종류가많고, 바이오매스가높기때문에적기에제초를하지않으면작물생산량에막대한피해를준다. 특히과수원에서는수관하부에발생하는잡초를집중적으로방제하고있고, 고랑에발생하는것은초생재배, 제초제살포, 기계제초등으로주로관리한다. 우리나라에서잡초는총 433종으로분류하고있으며, 국화과, 화본과, 마디풀과, 사초과, 콩과에속하는잡초가 209 종으로전체잡초의 48.2% 를차지하고있고, 십자화과, 장미과, 꿀풀과, 현삼과, 메꽃과를포함한 10개과에속하는잡초를모두합하면 280종으로전체의 64.7% 를차지한다 (RDA, 2013). 사과와배등의과수원에서잡초방제방법에따른제초효과를비교한결과, 잡초를연간 3회방제할경우잡초방제율은부직포피복은 99.2-100%, 초생재배는 0-98.4%, 기계제초는 61.6-95.1%, 제초제 (gluphosinate ammonium) 처리는 72.4-98.9% 로같은잡초방제방법이더라도과원별방제율의차이가있었다 (Jang et al., 2013, 2015; Lee et al., 2013, 2015b). 동일한방법으로과실수량을비교한결과, 사과원의수체당수량은무방제 13.3 kg, 부직포피복 20.4 kg (53.4%), 초생재배 24.1 kg (81.2%), 기계제초 25.3 kg (90.2%), 제초제 (gluphosinate ammonium) 3회살포 27.2 kg (104.5%) 이었고, 포도원의수체당수량은무방제 7.03 kg, 부직포피복 10.67 kg (51.8%), 초생재배 9.26 kg (31.7%), 기계제초 9.53 kg (35.6%), 제초제 (gluphosinate ammonium) 3회살포 12.57 kg (78.8%) 으로각각증수되었다 (Lee et al., 2013; Jang et al., 2015). 우리나라농경지에서발생하는잡초의조사는 1971년부터시작하였으나주로논과밭에집중되었고, 일부과수원에서발생하는잡초의우점초종을조사한연구결과는있었지만전국적으로정밀하게조사를시작한것은 2003년부터이다. 우리나라과수원에서발생한잡초는전국적으로총 51과 322종이확인되었고, 충청지역에서는 161지점에서조사한결과 44과 229종이발생되었다. 경기 강원에서 41 과 209종, 전라도 21과 146종, 경상도 43과 184종으로지역별로발생초종과우점도가달랐다 (Park et al., 2005a, 2005b). 충남지역의배와복숭아과원에서발생한잡초는 5월에는쑥, 메꽃, 다닥냉이와망초, 6-8월에는바랭이가우점하였고, 6개광역시 도사과주산지과원에서잡초조사를한결과, 충북지역에서는총 35종이발생하여망초, 여뀌, 뚝새풀, 벼룩이자리와꽃마리순으로우점되었다 (Pyon and Lee, 1982; Jung et al., 1997). 한국방제학회에서보고한과거의충북지역은 1971-1980 년에비해 2001-2010년에는연평균평균기온이 0.3-1.6 정도증가하였고, 연평균최고기온은 0.7 o C-1.0 o C 상승되어, 지난 40년동안연평균변화율은 0.37 o C/10년-0.22 o C/10년에달하였다고보고하였으며 (Kim et al., 2011), 우리나라에서기상관측을시작한 1912년부터 2010년까지평균기온이 1.8 o C 상승되었고, 온실가스가현재추세로배출될경우 (RCP 8.5), 21세기후반한반도평균기온은 4.6 o C, 강수는 0.5 mm day 1 증가될것으로전망된다 (Ahn et al., 2014). 따라서이러한기후변화로인하여잡초의생활환경이변하고있고, 외국과의잦은교역과왕래로아열대또는열대잡초등외래잡초의유입이확산되어국내에서월동이가능하게될경우토착화되어생태계를교란하고, 작물재배에영향을줄가능성이크다. 잡초의초종과생활상은지역과영농형태에따라다르기때문에각지역별로잡초의발생현황을파악하고, 잡초의효율적인관리를위해농경지에서발생하는잡초를주기적으로조사하여자료를제공하는것은중요한일이다. 이에충북지역과수원에서발생하는잡초분포현황을알아보기위하여 11개시 군을대상으로발생된잡초의분포양상을정밀하게조사하여효과적인잡초방제를위한기초자료를확보하기위하여본연구를수행하였다. 재료및방법 충북지역의과수원에서발생하는잡초를조사하기위하여 2015년도 5월부터 9월까지도내 11개시 군을대상으로과수별주산단지위주로주요 4개작목 ( 사과, 배, 복숭아, 포도 ) 과원에서수행하였다. 조사대상선정은각작목별주산지역위주로, 행정구역구분에따라각시 군의읍 면 동에서무방제또는방제가불량한재배포장을임의로선정하였다. 사과과원은충주시, 제천시, 괴산군등지역에서 124개지점, 배과원은청주시, 충주시, 음성군등 87개지점, 복숭아과원은충주시, 음성군, 영동군등 94개지점, 포도과원은영동군, 옥천군등 82개지점등총 387개지점에서발생잡초의초종, 빈도및분포를조사하였다. 조사지역의중복을방지하고정확성을기하기위하여 GPS기 (GPS850, ASCEN) 를이용하여위도와경도를기록하였다 (Fig. 1). 발생잡초의초종은포장전체의분포현황을달관조사하였고, Braun-Blanquet (1964) 에의한 7등급 (5, 4, 3, 2, 1, +, r) 을적용하였으며, 이때각등급별조사기준은 5: 75-100%; 4: 50-75%; 3: 25-50%; 2: 10-25%; 1: <10%; +: 극히낮은피도로약간의개체수출현 ; r: 극히드물게최소피도로출현의기준으로초종별피도를조사하였다. 잡초의우점순위를알아보기위하여조사결과를토대로중요치 (IV) 분석을실시하였다 (Curtis and McIntosh, 1950).
충북지역과수원발생잡초분포현황 73 값을구하였다. o Relative frequency (RF)(%) = Frequency of any species Total frequency of all species 100 o Relative cover (RC)(%) = Cover of species A Total cover of all species 100 o Important value (IV) = (RF + RC) / 2 Fig. 1. The location of 387 survey sites in Chungbuk province ( : Apple, *: Pear, : Peach, : Grape). 빈도는전체방형구수에대한특정종이출현한표본의백분율로, 특정종이출현한조사구수를총조사구수로나눈후 100을곱한값이며, 상대빈도 (RF) 는특정종의빈도를모든출현종의빈도총합으로나눈값에 100을곱하여구하였다. 상대피도 (RC) 는특정종의피도합을출현한모든종의피도총합으로나눈후 100을곱하여구하였다. 중요치 (IV) 는생대빈도와상대피도의합을반으로나누어 잡초조사는한국잡초도감 (Kim and Park, 2009) 을이용하여잡초초종및특성을확인하였고, 잡초조사결과는국가표준식물목록 (KNA, 2007) 을활용하여목록을작성하였다. 확인된잡초종은 Raunkiaer (1934) 의생활형을기준으로일년생과다년생을구분하였고, 과별분포비율을산정하였다. 과원에서발생한잡초군락의유사성계수 (Coefficient of similarity) 를구하는식은아래와같다 (Kim, 1988). 잡초의유사성 (S) = 2 W/(a + b) 100 W: 두군집에공존하는종가운데중요값이낮은초종들을합한값 a: 첫번째군집의모든종의중요값합계 (100) b: 두번째군집의모든종의중요값합계 (100) 결과및고찰 충북지역의과수원에서발생된잡초를조사한결과총 47과 200종이발생되었고 (Table 1), 잡초생활사별로는각 Table 1. Occurrence of weed species on orchard fields in Chungbuk province. 1 Solanaceae Solanum nigrum ( 까마중 ) Annual 2 '' Datura stramonium var. chalybaea ( 독말풀 ) Annual 3 Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata ( 괭이밥 ) Perennial 4 Compositae Lactuca indica f. indivisa ( 가는잎왕고들빼기 ) Annual 5 '' Lactuca scariola ( 가시상추 ) Biennial 6 '' Artemisia annua ( 개똥쑥 ) Annual 7 '' Erigeron annuus ( 개망초 ) Perennial 8 '' Senecio vulgaris ( 개쑥갓 ) Annual 9 '' Crepidiastrum sonchifolium ( 고들빼기 ) Biennial 10 '' Cirsium setidens ( 고려엉겅퀴 ) Perennial 11 '' Ixeris chinensis ( 노랑선씀바귀 ) Perennial 12 '' Ambrosia trifida ( 단풍잎돼지풀 ) Perennial 13 '' Artemisia gmelinii ( 더위지기 ) Perennial 14 '' Bidens bipinnata ( 도깨비바늘 ) Annual
74 이채영 박재성 이희두 김은정 홍의연 홍성택 우선희 Table 1. Occurrence of weed species on orchard fields in Chungbuk province (continued). 15 '' Xanthium strumarium ( 도꼬마리 ) Annual 16 '' Ambrosia artemisiifolia ( 돼지풀 ) Annual 17 '' Helianthus tuberosus ( 뚱딴지 ) Perennial 18 '' Conyza canadensis ( 망초 ) Biennial 19 '' Petasites japonicus ( 머위 ) Perennial 20 '' Bidens frondosa ( 미국가막사리 ) Annual 21 '' Solidago serotina ( 미국미역취 ) Perennial 22 '' Aster pilosus ( 미국쑥부쟁이 ) Perennial 23 '' Taraxacum officinale ( 서양민들레 ) Perennial 24 '' Sonchus oleraceus ( 방가지똥 ) Biennial 25 '' Kalimeris pinnatifida ( 버드쟁이나물 ) Perennial 26 '' Erechtites hieracifolia ( 붉은서나물 ) Annual 27 '' Youngia japonica ( 뽀리뱅이 ) Biennial 28 '' Dendranthema boreale ( 산국 ) Perennial 29 '' Tragopogon dubius ( 쇠채아재비 ) Biennial 30 '' Artemisia princeps ( 쑥 ) Perennial 31 '' Asteryomena ( 쑥부쟁이 ) Perennial 32 '' Cirsium japonicum var. maackii ( 엉겅퀴 ) Perennial 33 '' Ixeris dentatum ( 씀바귀 ) Perennial 34 Compositae Lactuca indica ( 왕고들빼기 ) Annual 35 '' Breea segeta ( 조뱅이 ) Perennial 36 '' Centipeda minima ( 중대가리풀 ) Annual 37 '' Hemistepta lyrata ( 지칭개 ) Biennial 38 '' Sigesbeckia glabrescens ( 진득찰 ) Annual 39 '' Xanthium canadense ( 큰도꼬마리 ) Annual 40 '' Sonchus asper ( 큰방가지똥 ) Biennial 41 '' Cirsium pendulum ( 큰엉겅퀴 ) Perennial 42 '' Galinsoga ciliata ( 털별꽃아재비 ) Annual 43 '' Eclipta prostrate ( 한련초 ) Annual 44 '' Taraxacum coreanum ( 흰민들레 ) Perennial 45 Rubiaceae Galium spurium var. echinospermon ( 갈퀴덩굴 ) Annual 46 '' Rubia akane ( 꼭두서니 ) Perennial 47 '' Galium verum var. asiaticum ( 솔나물 ) Perennial 48 Lamiaceae Lamium amplexicaule ( 광대나물 ) Biennial 49 '' Glechoma grandis ( 긴병꽃풀 ) Perennial 50 '' Mosla punctulata ( 들깨풀 ) Annual 51 '' Salvia plebeia ( 배암차즈기 ) Biennial 52 '' Stachys japonica ( 석잠풀 ) Perennial 53 '' Leonurus japonicus ( 익모초 ) Biennial 54 '' Clinopodium chinense var. parviflorum ( 층층이꽃 ) Perennial 55 Commelinaceae Commelina communis ( 닭의장풀 ) Annual 56 '' Aneilema keisak ( 사마귀풀 ) Annual
충북지역과수원발생잡초분포현황 75 Table 1. Occurrence of weed species on orchard fields in Chungbuk province (continued). 57 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha australis ( 깨풀 ) Annual 58 '' Euphorbia supina ( 애기땅빈대 ) Annual 59 '' Euphorbia maculata ( 큰땅빈대 ) Annual 60 Crassulaceae Sedum kamtschaticum ( 기린초 ) Perennial 61 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea batatas ( 마 ) Perennial 62 Polygonaceae Persicaria longiseta ( 개여뀌 ) Annual 63 '' Persicaria thunbergii ( 고마리 ) Annual 64 '' Fallopia dumetorum ( 닭의덩굴 ) Annual 65 '' Polygonum aviculare ( 마디풀 ) Annual 66 '' Persicaria senticosa ( 며느리밑씻개 ) Annual 67 Polygonaceae Persicaria perfoliata ( 며느리배꼽 ) Annual 68 '' Persicaria vulgaris ( 봄여뀌 ) Annual 69 '' Rumex crispus ( 소리쟁이 ) Perennial 70 Convolvulaceae Pharbitis nil ( 나팔꽃 ) Annual 71 '' Quamoclit coccinea ( 둥근잎유홍초 ) Annual 72 '' Calystegia sepium var. japonicum ( 메꽃 ) Perennial 73 '' Cuscuta japonica ( 새삼 ) Annual 74 '' Ipomoea lacunosa ( 애기나팔꽃 ) Annual 75 Chenopodiaceae Kochia scoparia ( 댑싸리 ) Annual 76 '' Chenopodium album L. var. centrorubrum ( 명아주 ) Annual 77 '' Chenopodium ficifolium ( 좀명아주 ) Annual 78 '' Chenopodium glaucum ( 취명아주 ) Annual 79 '' Chenopodium album ( 흰명아주 ) Annual 80 Umbelliferae Oenanthe javanica ( 미나리 ) Perennial 81 '' Angelica decursiva ( 바디나물 ) Perennial 82 '' Torilis japonica ( 사상자 ) Biennial 83 '' Anthriscus sylvestris ( 전호 ) Perennial 84 '' Torilis scabra ( 개사상자 ) Perennial 85 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sceleratus ( 개구리자리 ) Annual 86 '' Clematis apiifolia ( 사위질빵 ) Perennial 87 '' Ranunculus chinensis ( 젓가락나물 ) Perennial 88 Onagraceae Ludwigia prostrata ( 여뀌바늘 ) Annual 89 '' Oenothera biennis ( 달맞이꽃 ) Biennial 90 Cucurbitaceae Sicyos angulatus ( 가시박 ) Annual 91 '' Trichosanthes kirilowii ( 하늘타리 ) Perennial 92 Asclepiadaceae Metaplexis japonica ( 박주가리 ) Perennial 93 Menispermaceae Cocculus trilobus ( 댕댕이덩굴 ) Perennial 94 '' Menispermum dauricum ( 새모래덩굴 ) Perennial 95 Liliaceae Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum ( 둥굴레 ) Perennial 96 '' Allium thunbergii ( 산부추 ) Perennial 97 '' Smilax china ( 청미래덩굴 ) Perennial 98 Poaceae Setaria viridis ( 강아지풀 ) Annual
76 이채영 박재성 이희두 김은정 홍의연 홍성택 우선희 Table 1. Occurrence of weed species on orchard fields in Chungbuk province (continued). 99 '' Echinochloa oryzoides ( 강피 ) Annual 100 Poaceae Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens ( 개밀 ) Perennial 101 '' Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis ( 뚝새풀 ) Biennial 102 '' Panicum dichotomiflorum ( 미국개기장 ) Annual 103 '' Digitaria ciliaris ( 바랭이 ) Annual 104 '' Eragrostis multicaulis ( 비노리 ) Annual 105 '' Poa annua ( 새포아풀 ) Biennial 106 '' Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens ( 억새 ) Perennial 107 '' Dactylis glomerata ( 오래새 ) Perennial 108 '' Eleusine indica ( 왕바랭이 ) Annual 109 '' Poa pratensis ( 왕포아풀 ) Perennial 110 '' Arthraxon hispidus ( 조개풀 ) Annual 111 '' Oplismenus undulatifolius ( 주름조개풀 ) Perennial 112 '' Bromus japonicus ( 참새귀리 ) Biennial 113 '' Bromus tectorum ( 털빕새귀리 ) Perennial 114 '' Echinochloa crus-galli ( 돌피 ) Annual 115 '' Hierochloe odorata ( 향모 ) Perennial 116 Sterculiaceae Corchoropsis tomentosa ( 수까치깨 ) Annual 117 Balsaminaceae Impatiens textori ( 물봉선 ) Annual 118 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus lividus ( 개비름 ) Annual 119 '' Achyranthes japonica ( 쇠무릎 ) Perennial 120 '' Amaranthus viridis ( 청비름 ) Annual 121 Cyperaceae Carex humilis var. nana ( 가는잎그늘사초 ) Perennial 122 '' Carex neurocarpa ( 괭이사초 ) Perennial 123 '' Cyperus microiria ( 금방동사니 ) Annual 124 '' Cyperus serotinus ( 너도방동사니 ) Perennial 125 '' Fimbristylis miliaceae ( 바람하늘지기 ) Annual 126 '' Cyperus amuricus ( 방동사니 ) Annual 127 '' Cyperus difformis ( 알방동사니 ) Annual 128 '' Scirpus juncoides var. hotarui ( 올챙이고랭이 ) Perennial 129 '' Cyperus iria ( 참방동사니 ) Annual 130 '' Kyllinga brevifolia ( 파대가리 ) Perennial 131 '' Cyperus nipponicus ( 푸른방동사니 ) Annual 132 Canabaceae Humulus japonicus ( 환삼덩굴 ) Annual 133 Aizoaceae Mollugo pentaphylla ( 석류풀 ) Annual 134 Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum ( 유럽점나도나물 ) Biennial 135 '' Cerastium holosteoides ( 점나도나물 ) Biennial 136 '' Arenaria serpyllifolia ( 벼룩이자리 ) Biennial 137 '' Sagina japonica ( 개미자리 ) Annual 138 '' Stellaria alsine var. undulata ( 벼룩나물 ) Biennial 139 '' Stellaria media ( 별꽃 ) Biennial 140 '' Stellaria aquatica ( 쇠별꽃 ) Perennial 141 '' Silene firma ( 장구채 ) Biennial
충북지역과수원발생잡초분포현황 77 Table 1. Occurrence of weed species on orchard fields in Chungbuk province (continued). 142 Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense ( 쇠뜨기 ) Perennial 143 '' Equisetum hyemale ( 속새풀 ) Perennial 144 Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea ( 쇠비름 ) Annual 145 Cruciferae Brassica juncea ( 갓 ) Biennial 146 '' Rorippa indica ( 개갓냉이 ) Perennial 147 '' Draba nemorosa ( 꽃다지 ) Biennial 148 '' Capsella bursa-pastoris ( 냉이 ) Biennial 149 '' Rorippa palustris ( 속속이풀 ) Perennial 150 '' Thlaspi arvense ( 말냉이 ) Biennial 151 '' Descurainia sophia ( 재쑥 ) Biennial 152 '' Rorippa cantoniensis ( 좀개갓냉이 ) Biennial 153 '' Lepidium virginicum ( 콩다닥냉이 ) Biennial 154 '' Cardamine flexuosa ( 황새냉이 ) Biennial 155 Urticaceae Pilea mongolica ( 모시물통이 ) Annual 156 '' Boehmeria nivea ( 모시풀 ) Perennial 157 '' Boehmeria pannosa ( 왕모시풀 ) Perennial 158 Malvaceae Hibiscus trionum ( 수박풀 ) Annual 159 '' Trumfetta japonica ( 고슴도치풀 ) Annual 160 '' Malva neglecta ( 난쟁이아욱 ) Biennial 161 '' Abutilon theophrasti ( 어저귀 ) Annual 162 Primulaceae Androsace umbellata ( 봄맞이꽃 ) Biennial 163 '' Androsace filiformis ( 애기봄맞이 ) Annual 164 Papaveraceae Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum ( 애기똥풀 ) Biennial 165 Lardizabalaceae Akebia quinata ( 으름 ) Perennial 166 Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana ( 미국자리공 ) Perennial 167 Rosaceae Potentilla amurensis ( 좀개소시랑개비 ) Biennial 168 '' Rubus parvifolius ( 멍석딸기 ) Perennial 169 '' Duchesnea indica ( 뱀딸기 ) Perennial 170 '' Geum japonicum ( 뱀무 ) Perennial 171 '' Rubus crataegifolius ( 산딸기 ) Perennial 172 Violaceae Viola mandshurica ( 제비꽃 ) Perennial 173 Geraniaceae Geranium sibiricum ( 쥐손이풀 ) Perennial 174 Borraginaceae Trigonotis peduncularis ( 꽃마리 ) Biennial 175 Plantaginaceae Plantago asiatica ( 질경이 ) Perennial 176 Araceae Pinellia ternata ( 반하 ) Perennial 177 Companulaceae Lobelia chinensis ( 수염가래꽃 ) Perennial 178 Leguminosae Glycine soja ( 돌콩 ) Annual 179 '' Kummerowia stipulacea ( 둥근매듭풀 ) Annual 180 '' Kummerowia striata ( 매듭풀 ) Annual 181 '' Trifolium pratense ( 붉은토끼풀 ) Perennial 182 '' Vicia amoena ( 갈퀴나물 ) Perennial 183 '' Vigna angularis var. nipponensis ( 새팥 ) Annual
78 이채영 박재성 이희두 김은정 홍의연 홍성택 우선희 Table 1. Occurrence of weed species on orchard fields in Chungbuk province (continued). 184 '' Amphicarpaea bracteata ( 새콩 ) Annual 185 '' Aeschynomene indica ( 자귀풀 ) Annual 186 '' Trifolium repens ( 토끼풀 ) Perennial 187 '' Chamaecrista nomame ( 차풀 ) Annual 188 '' Medicago lupulina ( 잔개자리 ) Biennial 189 '' Pueraria lobata ( 칡 ) Perennial 190 Vitaceae Pathenocissus tricuspidata ( 담쟁이덩굴 ) Perennial 191 Scrophulariaceae Mazus pumilus ( 주름잎 ) Annual 192 '' Lindernia procumbens ( 밭뚝외풀 ) Annual 193 '' Lindernia dubia ( 미국외풀 ) Annual 194 '' Mazus miquelii ( 누운주름잎 ) Perennial 195 '' Veronica hederifolia ( 눈개불알풀 ) Annual 196 '' Lindernia crustaceae ( 외풀 ) Annual 197 '' Veronica arvensis ( 선개불알풀 ) Biennial 198 '' Veronica persica ( 큰개불알풀 ) Biennial 199 Scrophulariaceae Veronica anagallis-aquatica ( 큰물칭개나물 ) Biennial 200 Fumariaceae Corydalis pallida ( 괴불주머니 ) Biennial Fig. 2. Classification of weeds occurred in the orchard fields based on life cycle in Chungbuk province in 2015. Fig. 3. Ratio of occurred weeds in the orchard fields based on their families in Chungbuk province in 2015. 각일년생이 82종 40%, 월년생이 40종 21%, 다년생이 78 종 39% 로발생되었다 (Fig. 2). 전년도밭작물재배지에서발생한잡초는 42과 188종으로, 일년생이 96종 51%, 월년생이 40종 21%, 다년생이 52종 28% 로분포되었다 (Lee et al., 2015a). 본조사결과에서다년생잡초의발생이많았는데이는밭에서는매년경운을비롯한농경지정리등잡초제거노력을하였기때문인것으로판단되었다. 2003년도중부지역사과, 배, 복숭아, 포도과원의발생잡초를조사한결과 43과 242종이발생되었고, 일년생 111종, 월년생 54종, 다년생 77종을차지하였다. 전국적으로는일년생 154종, 월년생 83종, 다년생 85종이발생되었는데 (Park et al., 2005a), 본연구결과와비교하여잡초종의수와다년생잡초발생비율에서차이가있었다. 잡초의과별로는각각국화과가 41종 21%, 벼과 18종 9%, 콩과 12종 6%, 사초과 11종 6%, 십자화과 10종 5%, 현삼과 9종 5%, 석죽과 8종 4%, 마디풀과 8종 4% 로 9개분류군이전체의 60% 를차지하였다 (Fig. 3). 충북지역사과과원에서발생한잡초는바랭이 4.28%, 쇠별꽃 3.58%, 피 3.55%, 서양민들레 3.03%, 흰명아주 3.00%, 배과원에서는새포아풀 5.04%, 쑥 4.55%, 쇠별꽃 4.02%,
충북지역과수원발생잡초분포현황 79 Table 2. Importance value (IV) of top 10 occurred weed species in the orchard fields. Rank Total Apple Pear Peach Grape Subtotal Open field Plastic house Weed IV Weed IV Weed IV Weed IV Weed IV Weed IV Weed IV 1 Dc z 4.12 Dc 4.28 Pa 5.04 Dc 4.05 Dc 4.24 Dc 4.63 Ec 4.42 2 Ec 3.60 Saq 3.58 Ap 4.55 Ec 3.33 Ec 3.84 Ea 4.13 Dc 4.12 3 Saq 3.45 Ec 3.55 Saq 4.02 Ap 3.27 Aa 3.47 Ca 3.67 Aa 4.06 4 Ap 3.07 To 3.03 Pas 4.00 Ca 3.24 Ca 3.41 Cc 3.37 Po 3.65 5 Ca 3.06 Ca 3.00 Dc 3.83 Saq 3.14 Ea 3.21 Saq 2.90 Pa 3.45 6 Pa 3.04 Pas 2.87 Ec 3.82 To 3.03 Po 3.12 Ec 2.88 Ca 3.25 7 To 2.84 Ap 2.85 Ala 3.48 Ea 3.02 Saq 3.02 Bf 2.64 Saq 3.10 8 Aa 2.72 Tr 2.82 Pv 3.43 Tr 2.90 Pa 2.93 Ala 2.58 Al 2.94 9 Pas 2.58 Cco 2.79 To 3.34 Pas 2.61 Cc 2.63 Aa 2.49 La 2.76 10 Tr 2.56 Aa 2.66 Rc 3.24 Cc 2.54 Al 2.49 To 2.31 Ea 2.65 z Aa: Acalypha australis; Al: Amaranthus lividus; Ala: Alopecurus aequalis var. amurensis; Ap: Artemisia princeps; Bf: Bidens frondosa; Ca: Chennopodium album; Cc: Conyza canadensis; Cco: Commelina communis; Dc: Digitaria ciliaris; Ea: Erigeron annuus; Ec: Echinochloa crus-galli; La: Lamium amplexicaule; Pa: Poa annua; Po: Portulaca oleracea; Pas: Plantago asiatica; Pv: Persicaria vulgaris; Rc: Rumex crispus; Saq: Stellaria aquatica; To: Taraxacum officinale; Tr: Trifolium repens. 질경이 4.00%, 바랭이 3.83%, 복숭아과원에서는바랭이 4.05%, 피 3.33%, 쑥 3.27%, 흰명아주 3.24%, 쇠별꽃 3.14%, 포도과원에서는바랭이 4.24%, 피 3.85%, 깨풀 3.48%, 흰명아주 3.42%, 망초 3.22% 순으로우점되었다 (Table 2). 2003년도에경기, 강원, 충청등중부지방의과원에서발생한잡초를조사한결과, 바랭이, 쑥, 개여뀌, 깨풀등이많이발생되었는데우점의차이는있지만초종은비슷한경향이었다 (Park et al., 2005b). 같은해에영남지역과수원에서조사한우점잡초는바랭이, 밭뚝외풀, 조개풀, 환삼덩굴, 피의순으로본조사와결과가달랐는데, 이는지리적, 기후적조건등의차이로잡초의군락이달라진것으로판단되었다 (Hwang et al., 2004). 배과원에서는대부분 Y자수형으로재배하고있어생육기간내내그늘이져서사과, 복숭아과원과는달리발생한잡초분포가다른것을확인할수있었다. 이는어린과수가심겨져광조건이좋은장소에서는바랭이가우점하였고, 그렇지못한성목원에서는새포아풀이우점되었다는보고 (Ueki et al., 1977) 와배과원에서새포아풀이 5.04% 로가장우점한본조사결과와일치하였다. 충북지역의대다수포도과원은비닐하우스, 비가림재배등시설재배면적이많았고, 노지재배는적은경향이었다. 노지재배지 30개지점에서발생한잡초의조사결과는시설재배지에서발생한잡초와는다르게개망초, 망초, 미국가막사리의발생이많았고, 사과과원과복숭아과원에서발생한양상과비슷하였으며, 시설재배지에서는노지재배와는다르게깨풀, 쇠비름, 새포아풀, 개비름등이많이 발생되었다. 이상의결과충북지역의과수원에서발생되는잡초에서는바랭이의중요도가가장높았고, 피, 쇠별꽃, 쑥, 흰명아주순이었으며, 난방제 ( 難防除 ) 잡초인깨풀, 소리쟁이등이포함되었다 (Table 2). Kim et al. (1982) 은과수원에발생하는잡초중바랭이가가장우점하는잡초이며, 밭에서발생하는대부분의잡초가과수원에서도마찬가지로발생한다고하였고, 이런결과는 Woo and Pyon (1988) 과 Hwang et al. (2004) 의연구에서도같은경향이었다. 망초와개망초는복숭아와포도과원에서발생이많았고, 이두잡초는환경적응성이뛰어나점차발생이증가되고있고, 동일한제초제의반복사용은제초제저항성잡초를출현시키기때문에 (Pyon et al., 2001), 앞으로도지속적인관리가필요할것으로판단되었다. 2003년조사에서중부지방과원에서발생한잡초중마디풀과의개여뀌의중요도가 4.03% 로높았으나 (Park et al., 2005b) 본조사에서는 0.76% 로낮아차이가있었고, 봄여뀌가 2.48% 로높은수준이었다. 외래잡초는 17과 51종이발생되어 26% 를차지하였다. 이중국화과가 17종으로가장많이발생되었고, 벼과, 현삼과가각각 4종, 십자화과, 아욱과, 콩과, 명아주과가각각 3종의순으로발생되었다 (Table 1). 2001년국내발생외래잡초는총 37과 315종, 1980년이후들어온것이 135종으로전체의 43% 정도였다. 2003년에충청지역에서조사한외래잡초는총 16과 38종이었으며, 충북지역은전작지에서 13 과 26종, 과수원에서 9과 13종이발생되었다고보고하였다
80 이채영 박재성 이희두 김은정 홍의연 홍성택 우선희 Table 3. Coefficient of similarity between various orchards fields in Chungbuk province. (Unit: %, species) Orchard Apple Pear Peach Grape Apple Pear Peach Sub. O.F. P.H. 81.2 (99) 87.6 (128) 78.4 (114) 76.4 (108) 75.4 (99) 80.4 (99) 70.0 (93) 69.1 (88) 68.7 (86) (Oh et al., 2002; Choi et al., 2009). 금년도과수원잡초발생잡초분포에서는 2014년도밭잡초조사시발견되지않던가시상추, 개밀의발생이, 옥천군, 영동군등충북의남부지역에서만쇠채아재비와붉은토끼풀의발생이조사되었다. 특히쇠채아재비는충북을비록한경기, 강원에서주로발생한다고알려져있는데 (KNA, 2012), 충북남부지역에서만발생한것은이례적인것으로판단되었다. 이번연구에서조사된가시박, 가시상추, 미국쑥부쟁이, 애기수영, 돼지풀등은환경부지정생태계교란생물이므로 (ME, 2014), 앞으로각별한주의를기울여확산을방지해야할것으로판단되었다. 충북지역과수원에서발생한잡초유사성계수를비교한결과는 Table 3과같다. 사과, 배, 복숭아와포도 ( 노지, 시설포함 ) 의평균유사성계수는 84.9% 로서로다른과원과 15.1% 가달랐다. 과원간에는 78.7~91.5% 로잡초가유사하였고, 포도시설재배는 78.7% 로다른과원과초종의차이가있었다. 이는다른과종별잡초발생차이가있었고, 영남지역사과, 배등 10개과종의평균유사성계수는 52.9% 이었다는보고와는약간다른경향이었다 (Hwang et al., 2004). 요 80.3 (116) 80.7 (110) 76.3 (102) 약 Grape Sub. x O.F. y P.H. z 본연구는 2015년 5월부터 9월까지충북지역 11개시 군의 387지점에서과수원의잡초발생현황을조사하기위 86.7 (121) 91.8 (115) 78.4 (96) Average (84.9) * 91.0 83.1 91.5 83.8 81.3 78.7 *Coefficient of similarity of total occurred weed species. Sub. x : Subtotal; O.F. y : Open Field; P.H. z : Plastic House. 하여수행되었다. 충북지역의과원발생잡초를조사한결과, 총 47과 200종이발생되었다. 생활사별로는각각일년생이 82종, 월년생이 40종, 다년생이 78종발생되었고, 일년생잡초와다년생잡초의발생비율이비슷하였다. 과별로는국화과가 41종, 벼과 18종, 콩과 12종, 사초과 11종, 십자화과 10종, 현삼과 9종, 석죽과, 마디풀과각각 8종순이었다. 충북지역에서우점잡초는바랭이 4.13%, 피 3.60%, 쇠별꽃 3.46%, 쑥 3.07%, 흰명아주 3.07% 의순으로발생되었고, 상위 20종의우점도는전체잡초종의 50% 이상을차지하였다. 전체과원별발생잡초의유사성계수는평균 84.9% 로사과와복숭아가 91% 이상이었고, 시설포도 78.7%, 노지포도 81.3%, 배 83.1% 로비슷한경향이었다. 주요어 : 충북지역, 과수원, 잡초, 발생, 분포 Acknowledgements This study was supported by joint research project of Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea (Project No. PJ009319). References Ahn, J.B., Choi, Y.W., Jo, S. and Hong, J.Y. 2014. Projection of 21st century climate over Korean peninsula: Temperature and precipitation simulated by WRFV3.4 based on RCP4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. J. Korean Meteor. Soc. 24(4):541-554. Braun-Blanquet, J. 1964. Pflanzensoziologie, grundzfige der vegetationskunde. Zweite, umgearbeitete und vermehrte Auflage. Springer-Verlag: Wien. p. 865. Choi, B.S., Song, D.Y., Roh, J.H., Ku, Y.C. and Lee, C.W. 2009. Monitoring of exotic weeds on upland fields of Chungcheong region in Korea. Kor. J. Weed Sci. 29(2):150-158. Curtis, J.T. and McIntosh, R.P. 1950. The interrelations of certain analytic and synthetic phytosociological characters. Ecol. 31:434-455. Han, J.H., Kwon, H.J., Lim, S.H., Nam, J.C., Park, S.J., et al. 2015. Establishment for cultural safety zone of fruit tree. Research Report. National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science. Wanju, Korea. Hwang, J.B., Song, S.B., Park, J.E., Lee, D.C., Park, T.S., et al. 2004. Occurrence characteristics and dynamics of weed flora in orchards of the Yeongnam area. Kor. J. Weed Sci. 24(1):43-50. Hwang, J.H., Kim, H.J. and Lee, S.W. 2012. Specialization strategy for regional agriculture based on the relationship between
충북지역과수원발생잡초분포현황 81 development on specialized crops and impact of climate change :focused on orchard crops. Kor. J. Rural Planning 18(3):149-164. Jang, I., Kim, H.M., Park, Y.S., Lee, J.D., Kim, S.M., et al. 2013. Weed control efficacy and growth of pear tree according to several weed control method in pear orchard. Weed Turf. Sci. 2(1):23-29. Jang, I., Kang, J.E., Kim, H.M., Park, Y.S., Lee, J.D., et al. 2015 Weed control efficacy and production of fruit according to several weed control methods in an apple orchard. Weed Turf. Sci. 4(2):104-110. Jung, J.S., Lee, J.S. and Choi, C.D. 1997. Weed occurrence in apple orchard in Korea. Kor. J. Weed Sci. 17(2):147-156. Kim, D.S. and Park, S.H. 2009. Weed of Korea second edition revised and enlarged. Rijeon Agricultural Resources Publications. Seoul, Korea. Kim, K.U., Pyon, J.Y., Guh, J.O. and Shin, D.H. 1982. Major weeds occurring in orchard and their effective control by Oxyfluorfen. Kor. J. Weed Sci. 2(1):57-62. Kim, K.U. 1988. The principles of weed control. Kyungpook National Univ. Press, Daegu, Korea. pp. 72-86. KNA (Korea National Arboretum). 2007. A synonymic list of vascular plants in Korea. Korea National Arboretum. Pocheon, Korea. KNA (Korea National Arboretum). 2012. Naturalized plants of Korea. Korea National Arboretum. Pocheon, Korea. pp. 172-173. Kim, N.K., Yang, C.Y. and Cha, E.J. 2011. The characteristics of climate change in Chungbuk. J. Kor. Soc. Hazard Mitigation. 11(1):109-116. Ku, J.O., Pyon, J.Y. and Jeon, J.C. 1995. Weed control science. Hyangmun Press. Seoul, Korea. Lee, C.Y., Park, J.S., Kim, E.J., Lee, H.D., Hong, E.Y., et al. 2015a. Occurrence and distribution of weeds on upland crop fields in Chungbuk province of Korea. Weed Turf. Sci. 4(3):209-218. Lee, K.Y., Kim, S.K., Lee, J.W., Lee, Y.S., Lee, S.H., et al. 2013. Effects of yield and the growth each of weed control methods at the vineyard in Chungbuk province. Kor. J. Pestic. Sci. 17(1):20-26. Lee, S.H., Lee, K.Y., Lee, J.W., Shin, H.M., Kang, B.G., et al. 2015b. Effects on the shoot growth and yield related to weed control methods at the peach orchard. Kor. J. Pestic. Sci. 19(2):134-140. ME (Ministry of Environment). 2014. Environmental statistics yearbook. Ministry of Environment. Sejong, Korea. p. 512. Oh, S.M., Kim, C.S., Moon, B.C. and Lee, I.Y. 2002. Inflow information and habitat current status of exotic weeds in Korea. Kor. J. Weed Sci. 22(3):280-295. Park, J.E., Lee, I.Y., Oh, S.M., Park, T.S., Kim, C.S., et al. 2005a. Characteristics of weed flora and weed community on orchard field in the Korea. Kor. J. Weed Sci. 25(4):267-274. Park, J.E., Lee, I.Y., Oh, S.M., Park, T.S., Kim, C.S., et al. 2005b. Characteristics of weed flora and weed community on orchard field in the central region of Korea. Kor. J. Weed Sci. 25(4):251-266. Pyon, J.Y. and Lee, J.C. 1982. Chemical weed control systems in orchard. Kor. J. Weed Sci. 2(1):53-56. Pyon, J.Y., Piao, R.Z. and Roh, S.W. 2001. Occurrence and distribution of Erigeron canadensis L. biotypes resistance to paraquat in Korea. Kor. J. Weed Sci. 21(1):27-32. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. Plant life forms. Clarendon press, Oxford, UK. RDA (Rural Development Administration). 2013. Weed control skill (Agricultural Technology Guidebook). RDA. Suwon, Korea. p. 169. Statistics Korea. 2015. Survey of agricultural area. http:// www.kosis.kr (Accessed Feb. 19, 2015). Ueki, K., Ito, M. and Oki, Y. 1977. Effects of shading by trees on the structure of weed community. The 13th Lecture of The Weed Sci. Soc. of Japan 22:19-24. Woo, I.S. and Pyon, J.Y. 1988. Characterization of weed occurrence in apple orchards. Kor. J. Weed Sci. 8(2):164-168.