Clean Technol., Vol. 24, No. 4, December 2018, pp. 269-274 청정생산공정기술 물티슈제조공정의전과정평가 안중우 * 성신여자대학교청정융합에너지공학과서울특별시강북구도봉로 76 가길 55( 미아동 ) (2018 년 8 월 30 일접수 ; 2018 년 10 월 2 일수정본접수 ; 2018 년 10 월 2 일채택 ) Life Cycle Assessment on Process of Wet Tissue Production Joong Woo Ahn * Department of Environment&Energy Engineering, Sungshin Women's University 55 Dobong-ro 76ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul, 01133, Korea (Received for review August 30, 2018; Revision received October 2, 2018; Accepted October 2, 2018) 요 약 본연구에서는물티슈제조공정에대한전과정평가를수행하였다. 물티슈제조공정은약액을조제하여부직포원단에투여하고포장하는단계로이루어진다. 특정업체의실제공정을대상으로투입 산출물데이터를수집하였고, 환경부와해외 LCI DB 를활용하여상 하위흐름을연결하여이공정에대한잠재적인환경영향을산출하였다. 특성화결과, 오존층파괴 3.46.E-06 kg CFC 11, 산성화 5.11.E-01 kg SO 2, 자원고갈 3.52.E+00 1 yr -1, 지구온난화 1.04.E+02 kg CO 2, 부영양화 2.31.E-02 kg PO 4 3-, 광화학산화물생성 2.22.E-02 kg C 2H 4, 인간독성 1.55.E+00 kg 1,4 DCB, 생태독성 5.82.E-04 kg 1,4 DCB 로나타났다. 일반적으로제조공정의환경영향을줄이기위해공정을개선하거나환경영향이적은원자재와포장재로변경하는등의방법이있다. LCA 결과, 공정에사용되는에너지가주요이슈로도출되었기때문에에너지효율을개선한공정시스템설계나환경영향이낮은에너지원으로변경하는등의방안이필요하다. LCA 의특성상이연구결과는사용된 LCI DB 종류에따라달라질수있고모든물티슈제조공정을대표할수없다. 주제어 : 물티슈, 전과정평가, 환경영향 Abstract : In this study, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of wet tissue manufacturing process was performed. The wet tissue manufacturing process consists of preparation of wetting agent (chemical liquid), impregnation of nonwoven fabric into wetting agent and primary and secondary packaging. Data and information were collected on the input and output of the actual process from a certain company and the database of the Korea Ministry of Environment and some foreign countries (when Korean unavailable) were employed to connect the upper and the lower process flow. Based on the above and the potential environmental impacts of the wet tissue manufacturing process were calculated. As a result of the characterization, Ozone Layer Depletion (OD) is 3.46.E-06 kg CFC 11, Acidification (AD) is 5.11.E-01 kg SO 2, Abiotic Resource Depletion (ARD) is 3.52.E+00 1 yr -1, Global Warming (GW) is 1.04.E+02 kg CO 2, Eutrophication (EUT) is 2.31.E-02 kg PO 4 3-, Photochemical Oxide Creation (POC) was 2.22.E-02 kg C 2H 4, Human Toxicity (HT) was 1.55.E+00 kg 1,4 DCB and Terrestrial Ecotoxicity (ET) was 5.82.E-04 kg 1,4 DCB. In order to reduce the environmental impact of the manufacturing process, it is necessary to improve the overall process as other general cases and change the raw materials including packaging materials with less environmental impact. Conclusively, the energy consumed in the manufacturing process has emerged as a major issue, and this needs to be reconsidered other options such as alternative energy. Therefore, it is recommended that a process system should be redesigned to improve energy efficiency and to change to an energy source with lower environmental impact. Due to the nature of LCA, the final results of this study can be varied to some extent depending on the type of LCI DB employed and may not represent of all wet tissue manufacturing processes in the current industry. Keywords : Wet tissue, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Environmental impact * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jwahn@sungshin.ac.kr; Tel: +82-2-920-7897; Fax: +82-2-920-2786 doi: 10.7464/ksct.2018.24.4.269 pissn 1598-9712 eissn 2288-0690 This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licences/ by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 269
270 안중우 1. 서론 최근가습기살균제의위해성이나각종보존제의문제점들이부각됨에따라일반가정에서사용하는생활용품의안전성, 환경친화성에관한일반대중의관심이증대되고있다. 2013년시중에판매되고있는물티슈제품을조사한결과, 일부제품에서가습기살균제사고의원인이되었던독성물질이포함된것으로나타났다 [1]. 과거유아용으로만인식되어사용해온물티슈는최근들어사용처가점차확대되며국내물티슈시장규모는약 3,000억원으로높은성장률을보이며빠르게성장하고있다 [2]. 그러나인체위해성을지닌독성물질이물티슈에도포함되어있음이밝혀지면서많은소비자들이각종생활용품안전에대한불안감을드러내고있다 [1]. 이러한상황에서생활화학제품의안전관리를강화하기위해정부에서 생활화학제품안전관리대책 을발표하고, 관련법을제정하는등제품안전에대한대책을마련하고있다 [3]. 생활용품의안전성과관련한규제제정이나관련연구는계속해서진행되고있는반면제품환경성에대한연구는미미하다. 따라서본연구에서는가정에서유아용이나행주대용, 일반청소용등으로널리사용되는물티슈에관한환경친화성을진단하고개선하기위하여환경성평가기법중하나인전과정평가 (Life Cycle Assessment, LCA) 를활용하여물티슈의환경영향을정량화하여분석하고자한다. 본연구에서는전과정평가 (LCA) 방법론을이용하여물티슈제조공정의환경성을진단하고자하였다. 전과정평가는제품전과정에걸쳐제품시스템의투입물과산출물에대한목록을작성하고이에대한잠재적환경영향을정량적으로평가하고, 결과를해석하여환경개선의방안을모색하는것이다. 본연구에서는전과정평가국제표준인 ISO 14040과 ISO 14044를따라물티슈제조공정에대한전과정평가를수행하였다 [4,5]. 2. 연구목적및범위 2.1. 연구목적본연구에서는물티슈제조공정에대한전과정평가를수행하여, 환경부하를분석하고환경영향범주별주요이슈를규명하고자한다. 이를통해보다환경친화적인제품을생산할수있는개선방안을찾고자한다. 2.2. 범위정의 2.2.1. 기능및기능단위, 기준흐름본연구는물티슈제조공정에대한환경성평가를위해 Table 1과같이기능, 기능단위및기준흐름을정의하였다. 2.2.2. 시스템경계 Table 1. Scope definition Function Functional unit Reference flow Cleaner using non-woven fabric containing moisture for skin cleansing Production of 1 EA wet tissue Wet tissue 58 sheets 본연구의시스템경계는정제수에보습제, 보존제등을혼합한내용물을부직포에충진하여 PE포장지를이용하여포장하는공정단계를포함한 Gate to Gate로정의하였다. 2.2.3. 데이터범주 데이터범주는원료물질, 보조물질, 부자재, 에너지, 제품, 고형폐기물로구분하였다. 2.2.4. 데이터품질요건 본연구의데이터는현장데이터와국가및해외 LCI 데이터로구분되며, 시간적경계는지난 1년공정별로수집한업체의현장데이터이며, 상위및하위공정의연결은국가및해외 LCI 데이터를사용하였다. 지역적경계는수송공정의제외로해당지역데이터를국내 LCI 데이터와동일하게설정하였다 (Table 2). Table 2. Data quality Group Up/Down stream Production stage Temporal scope Most recent data 2015 Annual data Regional scope Local Local data Technological scope 2.2.5. 가정및제한사항 Technologies used by target company 투입물의물질조성정보와물질구성비율은 MSDS를참고하였다. 투입되는물질의국가 LCI 데이터베이스가없는경우, 해외 LCI DB를적용하였다. 국내와해외 LCI DB에동일한물질에대한데이터가없는경우에는유사물질로대체하여 LCI DB를선정 적용하였다. - 보존제1: [ 지식경제부 ] 글리세린 (Glycerin) - 계면활성제 : Chemicals organic, at plant/glo S - 보습제 : Propylene glycol, liquid, at plant/rer S - PH 조절제2: Adipic acid, at plant/rer S - 향 : Chemicals organic, at plant/glo S - 소포제 : Silicone product, at plant/rer S - 스킨컨디셔닝제1: Chemicals organic, at plant/glo S - 스킨컨디셔닝제2: Chemicals organic, at plant/glo S - 필름 : Packaging film, LDPE, at plant/rer S - 번들 : Packaging film, LDPE, at plant/rer S
물티슈제조공정의전과정평가 271 3. 전과정목록분석 3.1. 공정흐름도 DI Water를주원료로하는물티슈의제조공정은 Figure 1과같다. 제조공정별환경부하값과원인규명을위해실제제조단계에맞춰총 8개의단위공정인정제수생산 (Purewater 생산 ), 교반 (Mixing), 부직포푸는단계 (Untangling), 함침 (Wetting), 접는공정 (Folding), 절단 (Cutting), 1차포장 (Packaging), 완제품포장 (Wrapping) 으로구분하였다. Purewater 생산 : 수돗물 ( 상수도 ) 을 9단계정수과정을통해정제수를생성하는공정 교반 (Mixing): 정제수를교반기가장착된배합탱크에넣고원료를투입하여교반하는공정 부직포푸는단계 (Untangling): 교반된내용물을부직포에함침할수있도록부직포를풀어설비에투입하는공정 함침 (Wetting): 설비에투입된부직포에제조된내용물을함침하는공정 접는공정 (Folding): 큰원단을매수로부직포를접는공정 절단 (Cutting): 내용물함침및접지된부직포를원하는사이즈로절단하는공정 1차포장 (Packaging): 절단된제품을 1차포장지로포장하는공정 완제품포장 (Wrapping): 1차포장된제품을완제품으로규격별포장및적재하는공정 3.2. 데이터수집및계산물티슈제조공정의환경성평가를위한데이터수집은업체의현장데이터를수집하였다. 수집된데이터의물질수지, 단위공정, 기능단위등은전과정평가국제표준에따라검증하고계산하였다. 주요원료물질, 부자재, 에너지, 폐기물등투입물과산출물에대한데이터출처는다음 Table 3과같다. 투입 산출물에대한상위및하위흐름의연결은 LCI 데이터베이스를적용하였다. 국내 LCI 데이터베이스는환경부와산업통상자원부 ( 구지식경제부 ) 에서구축한데이터베이스를활용하였으며, 해외 LCI 데이터베이스는 Ecoinvent에서구축한데이터베이스를사용하였다 [6,7]. 4. 전과정영향평가본연구에서는산업통상자원부 ( 구지식경제부 ) 의영향평가방법론을적용하여분류화, 특성화단계로전과정평가를수행하였다. 특성화단계의영향범주는오존층파괴 (ozone layer depletion, OD), 산성화 (acidification, AD), 자원고갈 (Abiotic resource depletion, ARD), 지구온난화 (global warming, GW), 부영양화 (eutrophication, EUT), 광화학산화물생성 (photochemical oxidation creation, POC), 인간독성 (human toxicity, HT), 생태독성 (terrestrial ecotoxicity, ET) 로총 8개영향범주에대한환경영향을평가하였다. Figure 1. Process flow diagram of wet tissue manufacturing process.
272 안중우 Table 3. Data sources for LCI Input Output Group Material Data source Survey Calculation Estimation Remark Main materials DI Water V [Ministry of Knowledge Economy] Demi-water Sub materials Preservative 1 V V [Ministry of Knowledge Economy] Glycerin Surfactant V Chemicals organic, at plant/glo S Moisturizer V Propylene glycol, liquid, at plant/rer S phregulator 1 V [Ministry of Knowledge Economy] Glycerin phregulator 2 V Adipic acid, at plant/rer S Fragrance V Chemicals organic, at plant/glo S Antifoaming agent V Silicone product, at plant/rer S Skin conditioner 1 Chemicals organic, at plant/glo S Skin conditioner 2 Chemicals organic, at plant/glo S Preservative 2 [Ministry of Knowledge Economy] Glycerin Non-woven fabric Film Sticker Cap Bundle Box [Ministry of Environment] Polyethylene terephthalate, PET Packaging film, LDPE, at plant/rer U [Ministry of Knowledge Economy] Randaom Polypropylene, RPP [Ministry of Knowledge Economy] Randaom Polypropylene, RPP Packaging film, LDPE, at plant/rer U [Ministry of Knowledge Economy] Printing paper-containing waste paper over 50% Electricity V [Ministry of Knowledge Economy] Electricity Energy Gas [Ministry of Environment] Natural Gas, NG Transportation Transportation (Truck) [Ministry of Environment] 3.51-5ton Truck Product Wet tissue V Waste Solid waste (Incineration) [Ministry of Environment] Hazardous waste incineration 물티슈완제품 1개제조를기준으로계산된특성화값은 Table 4, Figure 2와같다. 물티슈제조공정에대한환경성평가를수행한결과, 물티슈완제품 1개를생산할때오존층파괴 (OD) 는 3.46.E-06 kg CFC 11, 산성화 (AD) 에서는 5.11.E-01 kg SO 2, 자원고갈 (ARD) 에서는 3.52.E+00 1/yr, 지구온난화 (GW) 는 1.04.E+02 kg CO 2, 부영양화 (EUT) 는 2.31.E-02 kg PO 3-4, 광화학산화물생성 (POC) 은 2.22.E-02 kg C 2H 4, 인간독성 (HT) 은 1.55.E+00 kg 1,4 DCB, 생태독성 (ET) 은 5.82.E-04 kg 1,4 DCB로나타났다. 영향범주별주요물질을살펴보면, 오존층파괴범주에서는보습제가 73.5%, 부자재인부직포가 8.2%, 에너지로사용된천연가스가 18.0% 로나타났다. 산성화범주에서는전력이 3.3%, 천연가스는 96.4%, 자원고갈범주에서는전력이 1.0%, 천연가스가 98.8% 로나타났다. 지구온난화범주에서는전력이 9.8%, 천연가스가 90.0% 의기여도를보였으며, 부영양화범주에서는전력이 13.8%, 천연가스가 85.4% 로나타났고, 광 화학산화물생성범주에서전력이 3.4%, 천연가스가 96.4% 의기여도를보였다. 이외의인간독성범주에서는부직포가 25.9%, 전력이 2.0%, 천연가스 70.7% 로나타났고, 생태독성범주에서는보습제 9.4%, 부직포 25.9%, 필름 2.7%, 번들 1.5%, 전력 4.6%, 천연가스 54.2% 의기여도를보였다. 5. 결론본연구에서는물티슈제조공정의환경부하량을전과정평가를적용하여정량화하였고, 산업통상자원부의 8가지영향범주에대해분석하였다. 영향범주각각에대한투입물과배출물의기여도를보기위해특성화를실시했으며, 영향범주에관계없이에너지로사용된천연가스와전력의환경영향이크게나타났다. 특히천연가스의경우대부분의영향범주에서약 70% 이상의기여도를나타냈으며전력의경우영향범주별로적게는 1.0% 에서많게는 13.8% 로나타났다. 이를통
물티슈제조공정의전과정평가 273 Table 4. Results of characterization Input Output Energy Transportation Impact category OD AD ARD GW EUT POC HT ET Unit kg CFC 11 kg SO 2 1 yr -1 kg CO 2 kg PO 4 3- kg C 2H 4 kg 1,4 DCB kg 1,4 DCB Total 3.46.E-06 5.11.E-01 3.52.E+00 1.04.E+02 2.31.E-02 2.22.E-02 1.55.E+00 5.82.E-04 DI Water 3.49.E-10 4.24.E-07 1.66.E-06 1.19.E-04 4.69.E-08 1.29.E-08 1.83.E-05 8.38.E-09 Preservative 1 1.68.E-12 5.01.E-07 1.11.E-06 1.47.E-04 6.14.E-08 1.62.E-08 2.56.E-06 7.20.E-10 Surfactant 1.20.E-10 4.58.E-07 1.36.E-06 1.36.E-04 7.15.E-08 5.17.E-08 1.01.E-04 8.31.E-07 Moisturizer 2.54.E-06 1.21.E-05 1.90.E-05 3.11.E-03 3.54.E-06 1.63.E-06 1.04.E-02 5.46.E-05 phregulator 1 1.87.E-13 5.57.E-08 1.23.E-07 1.63.E-05 6.83.E-09 1.80.E-09 2.84.E-07 8.01.E-11 phregulator 2 2.15.E-10 3.46.E-06 4.87.E-06 3.95.E-03 3.61.E-07 4.09.E-07 1.71.E-03 5.22.E-06 Fragrance 7.18.E-11 2.75.E-07 8.15.E-07 8.19.E-05 4.29.E-08 3.11.E-08 6.07.E-05 4.99.E-07 Antifoaming agent 1.83.E-10 4.56.E-07 4.26.E-07 1.14.E-04 4.61.E-08 2.65.E-08 2.72.E-05 4.52.E-07 Skin conditioner 1 1.71.E-12 6.55.E-09 1.94.E-08 1.95.E-06 1.02.E-09 7.39.E-10 1.44.E-06 1.19.E-08 Skin conditioner 2 1.71.E-12 6.55.E-09 1.94.E-08 1.95.E-06 1.02.E-09 7.39.E-10 1.44.E-06 1.19.E-08 Preservative 2 3.74.E-13 1.11.E-07 2.47.E-07 3.27.E-05 1.37.E-08 3.60.E-09 5.68.E-07 1.60.E-10 Non-woven fabric 2.84.E-07 1.08.E-03 7.92.E-03 1.93.E-01 1.57.E-04 4.01.E-05 4.02.E-01 1.51.E-04 Film 9.09.E-10 3.28.E-05 7.71.E-05 8.51.E-03 2.60.E-06 1.70.E-06 9.60.E-04 1.56.E-05 Sticker 2.12.E-11 1.50.E-06 1.94.E-05 8.06.E-04 3.54.E-07 1.36.E-06 2.92.E-05 1.60.E-08 Cap 8.86.E-11 6.30.E-06 8.13.E-05 3.37.E-03 1.48.E-06 5.71.E-06 1.22.E-04 6.71.E-08 Bundle 4.92.E-10 1.78.E-05 4.18.E-05 4.61.E-03 1.41.E-06 9.21.E-07 5.20.E-04 8.46.E-06 Box 3.47.E-09 5.48.E-05 9.92.E-05 1.51.E-02 9.20.E-06 1.68.E-06 3.63.E-03 1.37.E-06 Solid waste (Incineration) 3.00.E-12 2.35.E-06 1.99.E-06 5.93.E-04 2.91.E-07 5.35.E-09 3.03.E-03 1.91.E-06 Electricity 7.06.E-09 1.71.E-02 3.54.E-02 1.01.E+01 3.19.E-03 7.55.E-04 3.18.E-02 2.67.E-05 Gas 6.20.E-07 4.93.E-01 3.47.E+00 9.36.E+01 1.97.E-02 2.14.E-02 1.10.E+00 3.16.E-04 Transportation (Truck) 6.97.E-13 4.37.E-08 1.88.E-08 2.26.E-06 7.91.E-09 1.66.E-09 1.06.E-06 3.53.E-10 Figure 2. Contribution to characterization results.
274 안중우 해전체환경영향범주에있어전력과천연가스가주요이슈로도출되었으며이에대한대안이필요함을확인할수있었다. 투입물중에서는보습제와부직포가오존층파괴와생태독성범주에서일부영향을주고있음을확인할수있었다. 또한경제적측면에서물티슈제조공정비용이에너지가격변동에영향을받을수있음을부수적으로알수있었다. 제조공정의환경영향을줄이기위해서는공정을개선하고, 환경영향이적은원자재로변경하거나포장재를변경하는등의방안이필요하다. 특히이번물티슈제조공정의경우에너지가주요이슈로도출되었기때문에, 이에대한개선이본공정의환경영향을줄이는효율적방안으로생각된다. 따라서제조공정의에너지사용량을줄이고, 수율을향상시키는공정시스템설계가필요하다. 또한환경영향이낮은에너지원으로변경하거나신재생에너지를적용하는등이환경영향을저감하는방안으로판단된다. 다만신재생에너지를적용하기위해서는적용할에너지의종류와에너지원별구성 ( 에너지믹스, Energy Mix) 에대한추가적인연구가필요하다. 본연구의경우다음과같은한계점이있다. LCA는수집된데이터에이미만들어진 LCI DB를활용하여환경영향을산출하는것으로실제환경영향이아닌잠재적인환경영향추정하는것이다. 모든물질에대해국내데이터베이스가구축되어있는것이아니기때문에본연구에서도해외 LCI DB나유사물질의 LCI DB를사용하기도하였다. 따라서적용된 LCI DB에따라결과에변동이있을수있다. 뿐만아니라 LCA를수행하기위해서는제조공정의모든투입 산출물의정보가필요하며이정보는회사의기밀로유지되고있어수집하기가용이하지않다. 본연구에서분석한물티슈의제조공법이외 에도제품 / 용도별, 회사별로다양하다. 따라서본연구의제조공정환경성평가가모든제조공정을대표할수는없다. 감사 이논문은성신여자대학교 2016년도성신여자대학교학술연구조성비지원에의하여연구되었음 References 1. You, H. J., Hwang, H. S., and Song, E. G., A Study on the Improvement for Safe Consumption of Wet Tissue -Focusing on Consumer's Subjective Safety Assesment and Labeling Condition, KRCEM., 10(8), 81-97 (2014). 2. Park, J. S., Domestic Wet Tissue Consumption Pattern Analysis, KHIDI Brief, Report No. 202 (2015). 3. Ji, K. S., Kim, J. Y., and Kim, D. Y., A Study on the Improvement of Consumer Product Safety Regulation, Korean Consumer Agency, 1-184 (2018). 4. ISO 14040, 2006: Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework. 5. ISO 14044. 2006: Environmental management Life cycle assessment Requirements and guideline. 6. Environmental Declaration of Product LCI Data base, www.edp.or.kr (accessed 2017). 7. Ecoinvent Database, www.ecoinvent.org (accessed 2017). 8. Lee, K. M., Hur, T., and Kim, S. D., Theory and Guidelines for Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).