. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.. 1.. 1960. 1970. 1980. 1990 2... 3... 4.... 1....... 2........... 3......
.... 1. 2. : < -1> < -2> < -3> < -4> < -5> < -6> < -7> < -8> < -1> < -2> (1996 ) < -3> < -4> / < -5> < -6> < -7> (3 ) < -8> ( ) < -9> < -10> (3 ) < -11> ( ) < -12> < -13> < -14> < -15> < -16> < -17> < -18> < -19> < -1> < -2> '96 < -3> < -4> < -5> < -6> < -7> < -8> < -9> < -10> < -11> < -12> 1 < -13>
< -14> 1 < -15> < -16> < -17> < -18> < -19> < -20> < -21> < -22> '96 < -23> < -24> < -25> < -26> < -27> < -28> < -29> < -30> < -31> < -32> < -33> < -34> < -35> < -36> < -37> < -38> < -39> < -40> < -41> < -42> < -43> < -44> < -45> < -46> < -47> < -48> < -49> < -50> < -51> < -52> < -53> < -54> < -55> < -56> < -57> < -58> < -59> < -60> < -61> < -62> < -63>
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< -23> < -24> < -25> < -26> (1-2 ) < -27> 1 /2 < -28> (1-2 ) < -29> ( ) < -1> (1986/1995). 30 90.,,...,...,,,,.,,,,,.. 1996 12,.,,,,.,. (, /,, ) 30 1,460 299,, t,. 1., 2 21 16,,
2.. 2., (6 ), (6 ), (4 ). 3. 1996 3. 3 2 15 2 20, 151 2, 101 150 2, 51 100 1. 4., 95.4, 92.8. 15.9, 14.8 3. 5. 1 23.3, 4.5, 26.8, 7.7, 9.3, 0.7. 6.,,. 7. 30 17.,, 1, 2. 8. 1 215, 1 7.5. 1 10.0, 5.1, 5.5. 386 50.8% 1 2. 1 77.1 ( :90.5, : 40.9, : 47.0 ), 64.8%. 9.,.,. 10. 30 15, 9.,. 24 30% 10 40% 5. 11. ' ' ' ', ' '. ' ' ' ' ' '. 12. '96 27 90% 13, 80 89%, 71 79% 5, 70% 4. 10% 4, 5 9% 8, 5% 15. 5% 12, 10 19% 4,
20 29% 2, 30% 3. ' '(51.7%),,. 13. 28 10 (35.7%), 3. 14. 26 20, 26 7.. 21 8. 1. 52.9%, 47.1%, (28.2%) (24.7%). 2. 98.6%, (29.2%), (25.2%), (20.5%). (61.8%). ' '(31.4%), ' '(25.7%). 71.8%, ' '(38.4%), ' '(19.6%), ' '(12.3%). 3. ' '(1.65), ', '(1.43), ' '(.86). ' '(77.7%).. 4. ' '(35.0%), ' '(29.0%). 5. 64.5%, ' ' 41.5%, ' ' 20.1%, ' ' 14.6%., ' ' 35.1%, ', '(29.0%). 6. 87.8%, ' '(63.2%) ' '(24.3%). ' '(33.4%) ', '(17.8%). ' '(19.0%), ', '(17.9%), ' '(16.3%). 7., 2 46.9%, 1 29.9%, 4 (3.1%) 5 (3.1%). 27.0%. 8. ' '(78.2%), ', '(39.2%), '
'(31.4%). ' '(46.6%), ' '(29.4%). 9. 72.0%, 62.2%. 93.8%, ' ' 53.8%, ', '(29.9%). 10. 74.7%, ' '(1.15), ' '(1.08). 11. 28.9%, ' '(22.0%), ' '(18.6%), ' '(15.1%), ', '(7.0%). ' '(50.8%). 12. 60.3%, (52.0%) (75.5%). ' '(25.5%), ' '(20.4%). 13. 90.7%, ' '(37.5%),' '(19.5%), ' (11.6%), ' '(9.6%), ' '(4.8%). 14. 63.4%, ' ' (35.5%), ' '(25.8%). 68.6%, ' '(32.5%), ' '(27.3%). 15. 10%, 27.2%. 16.,,,. (.43) (-.35). 1. 44.1% 62.3% 3 2 (24.5%). ( : 3%)., ' ',, ' ',. 2.,. 3. (29.9%), (18.3%), (11.3%), (8.2%) 5. 4. 22 (19.7%), (16.8%), (14.0%),
(10.7%). ' '(32.7%),,,, ' ',,, ' '. ' '. ' '(23.3%), ' '(16.3), ' '(16.3%). 5. 75.1%,, (26.9%) (23.3%), (22.5%). 63.4% (36.1%), (29.6%), (14.7%). ' '(55.9%) 78.0%, 91.9%. ' '(36.3%). 5., ' '(25.5%), ' '(23.8%) 56.3% ' ' ' ' (31.2%). ' '(14.3%), ' ', ' ' 45.9%, ' ', ' ' 42.5%. ' '(20.5%) ' '(11.0%). 6. 78.1% 1,140 76.8% ' ' 59.4%. (73.8%) ' ' (15.6%) (5.3%)., (32.6%) 2, 3, (15.0%) (10.0%). 7. ' '(38.5%), ' '(23.0%), ' '(23.0%) ' '(35.2%). ' '(40.2%), ' '(28.5%), ' '(24.5%) (32.3%). 8., ' ' 56.4%, ' ' 12.1% 78.8% 53.9%., 21.9% 320 (70.9%) 4 (27.5), 75.9%. 30.9% 69.1%(208 ). 9. ' ' (25.4%), ' '(15.0%). ' '
44.9% ' ' 31.5%, 22.7% 41.5%, 37.2% 7.2%. ' ' 35.9%, ', ' 25.1%, ' ' 20.6%. 10. 84.3% ' ' 14.0% ' '. ' (40 60 ) ' 48.0%, ' ' 24.5% ' ' ' '.. 11. 1 2 1 (.04) 2 (-.09).,, 1 2.,. 12.,. 1 2. ' ' ' '. 1. 1) :,,,,. 2) :. 3) :. 4) : GNP 5%. 5) :. 6) :,.
7) :,. 2. 1) :. 2) : 11,,. 3) :.. 1...,,,.,.,,.,..,. 1980. 1995 1990,. 1995 50 : 50, 1990 28% 1995 45%,.,, '95 50% '98, 2000., ('95. 5.22. )., ('96. 2. 9).,..
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)... '96 48.2%, 36.1%, 3.6%. 1960 5,...,.,. 81.7%(1996).. '96 : 54.7:45.3 (61.3:38.7).. 3/4 (75.6%) 8.0%. ( :18.4%, :66.6%).,..,...,..,.
. ' '(1992) ' '(1993).. ', '(1995) ' ' (1995)...,. 2.,. 3..., 1970...,,,,,,,... 4...,,,..,. 1) 30 10, 20, 11, 19, 11, 2, 11, 6. 19, 11. < -1>
, ( ). 1),,.,,,.. 2. 50%. 3 1 2 1 2 1 4 2. 1,460 42.8% 625 429, 406 29.4%, 27.8%. 37.6% 549, 10.0% 146, 30.8% 450, / 21.6% 315. 27.8% 406, 72.2% 1,054 976 66.8%, 484 33.2%. 1 1,290 (88.4%) 2 170 (11.6%). 56.9% 829 30.3% 441 (,,, ) 187 12.8%. < -2>
< -3> 299 33.1% 99, 33.7% 101, 33.1% 99. 43.5% 130, 37.1% 111, 19.4% 58. < -4>
2) < 1-5 4... < -5>. < -6>. < -6>
'95 ' '. ' ' ' ' 2) (Cronbach ).58. 3) (Cronbach ).84. < -7> (Cronbach ).82. < -7>
3),. '96 4 29 5 2 1, 2 129 ( :38, :91 ), 28 ( : 10, : 18 ). '96 5 28 6 5... 4) 10, 20. %,. 1,460 1 299.,, SPSS PC+. Cronbach,,, %, 2, t,....,. 1)
4., 1, 1, 3. 7, 8. 2). < -8> 1),,, 4. 2) 8 4. 3) (Self-Esteem),.(Riordan, 1990). Coopersmith SEI (Self-Esteem Inventory) SEI. ' ', ' ' 2 4.
5...,.. (,, ), ( ),,.. 1960,.. 1.., 1960 (, 1996;, 1995;, 1993;, 1992;, 1990;, 1983).. 1960 1960. " " 1, 2 5. 1963.,,. 1963 50% 50%. 1963., 4., 1969 23. < -1>
1967 1971 5. : : 1:5:25. 1960 1969 48.1:51.6, 55.5:44.5.. 1962 1969 15.7%, 41.0%, 52.7%, 18.3%, 65.2%, 101.1%.. 1970 1970.. 1973,. 1981 1,015,400.
1974,,,. 3. 1973 1975.. 1970.. 1960,. 1970. '70 46.6% '73 51.0%, '79 56.7 : 43.3.. '70 '70, '73 '72 54.4% '79 44.1%. '70,. '70 '79 37.6%, 161.5%, 183.0%, '70 49.3% '78 66.7%.. 1980 1980 7 30 ' '.. (1982),,.,. (1981).,,..,, (1981),. 80 '80 43.3% '89 35.9%. '89 '80 0.4%, 0.8%, 44.1%. 70, '80 42.1% '89 52.1% 10%.
'89 80.0%,.. 1990 1980 80... 1990 68:32 1995 50:50 1990 28% 1995 45%.,,, 2+1.., '95 50% 1998, 2000. 1996 2 9. 2.9.,,,. '90 '90 35.5% '96 41.9%. '96 90 32.0%, 0.4%, 70.8%., 80%. 1960 1970 5. 1980. 80 1990. 30,. 30,. 2. ( ).. 1996 771 32.2% 248 237 (30.7%), 184 (23.9%), 66 (8.6%).,,. < -2> (1996 )
248 40.0% 99 60.1% 149. 60.0%(60 ), 29.3%(29 ), 10.1%(10 ), 73.2%(109 ), 16.1%(24 ), 10.7%(16 ). 44.0%., 1996 453,169 4 81.7%(375,245 ). < -1>. 1967 42.2%, 1975 60.6%, 1985 75.0%, 1990 80.6%, 1996 81.7% 30. 1990. (< -2> ). < -1>
< -2> 1996 11.6% 1/3 32.9%., '70 '80 1.0% 1990 1980. '90,. 1) 1967 22.8%, 1975 33.3%, 1985 49.3%, 1996 52.1% '90 (< -4> ). < -2>
( -3). 1960 1980 (1967 : 79.6% 1987 : 84.8%), 1990 (1992 : 1.6% 1996 8.0%), '60 '70 '80 (1982 : 1.0% 1996 8.0%). '90 75.6%., (1967 : 32.2% 1996 : 18.4%), (1967 : 32.1% 1996 : 66.6%), (1967 : 29.7% 1996 : 5.0%) 1960,, 2/3. < -3>
< -3> ( -3), 1960 62.4%: 37.6% 1996 58.1%: 41.9% 4.3%, 1960 13.2% 1970
35.2%, 1980 44.6%, 1996 45.3% 1:1. 1960 45.9% 1970 53.3% '70 1980 45.4%, 1990 31.6%. '90 1996 38.7%.(< -5> ).. 48.2% 75.6%. 81.7%. 1996 52.1%. 96 54.7% 45.3% 1:1.. 2)., 1980. 1979 76.0%, 62.5% 1983 60.8%, 1985 34.1% 1996 94.1%, 85.8%.. 1967 ( : 9.1%, : 17.4%) 70 1979 2.1%, 9.8% 80 1983 8.0% 1982 18.4%. 80 1991 1996, 10.8% 20.6%. 1980 3 4.. < -4> /
,, 1970 85%. 90% 1996 96,403 87.3% 84,207. 1970 85.7%, 1980 79.1%, 1990 74.0%, 1996 66.7% (< -6> )., 1 2 1996 1%, 2 1970 30%. '90
.. 1990. 1990 22.8% 96 17.6% 1995 12.5%. 3 2%, 4.7%. 3 '96 49.4% 19.1%, 17.6%, 8.6%, 4.1%. 1976 13.5% 1996 8/6% 90. < -5>,,. 1970 65.9%, 1975 58.5%, 1980 51.0%, 1985 51.8%, 1990 63.9%, 1992 65.3% 1980.. 9.5% 8.6%, 7.8%.,, 3D. 59.4%, 14.3%,, 9.4%, 2.0%, 1.6%
. < -6>,,,. 3 49.4% 1990. 1975 58.5% 1992 65.3%... 3 2 (, 1993).., 1995 90% 27 48.1%(13 ) 80% 89%, 71 79% 5 18.5%, 70% 4 14.8%. < -101> 76.8%,. 1) 1990, 1990
92 1 ( ), '93 3 ( ), '95 8 ( 3, 5 ), '96 9 ( 4, 5 ), 1990 17 '93 66 ( 56, 10 ), '96 96 ( 75, 21 ). 2) =--------------------------------- - - 3..,.
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9, ( ) 7 8%, 2010 30%, 2000 11%, 2010 20%., 2) 1965 58.4% 93 14.5% 43.9%. 1993 8.8 11%, 80 4.6 6.0%. 1993 31.9%, 15.9%, 15.0%, 12.3% 2010 28.1%, 18.4%, 16.8%, 16.6%. < -9>
., < -4> 3) 1 1970 2 1990 90. 1965 79 6 95 526 1 6.6., 1965 1, 2, 3 63.7%, 8.2%, 28.0% 1995 14.7%, 21.4%, 64.0%. 49.0% 13.1% 30 36.0%. < -4> (3 ) < -10> (3 )
. 3 4) 1 2 3. < -10> 3 1995-2000 4.0%, 2001-2005 3.6%, 2006-2010 2.6% 2010 2/3 73.3% 3. 9 ( -11),.. < -11> ( )
, 1970, 1990,,,,. 65 3 3 93 118 8 36 68 6 4.2 17.7. 1965 (64.0%), (15.8%), (9.2%), (8.3%), (1.4%), (1.1%) 1993 (20.4%), (18.7%), (18.6%), (17.1%), (15.3%), (9.6%). 14.2% 11.2%, 10.4%, 8.1%. < -5>
5), ( -12)..,,,,.,,,,, (, 1995). ( -10), 2000 2010 1 4% 2 ( 20% ) 3 70%. < -12>
3,, 1980,,,,, (, 1992).,,,,. 2010 18.5% ( -8) 27.2%( -11).,,,.,, 2010 ( :22.4%, :15.9%) ( :18.4%, :15.9%). (1995) 1990,,, 2000,,. 2000,,, 1990, 50% (< -6> )..
, '90 2000,.,. 2000 20.8%, 2005 19.9%, 2010 18.8% ( -12),.,., ( ),,, (, 1995).. 6). 7) 15 19 20 24 15 29.,.. 1). (1996) 2000, 2005, 2010 22.9%, 22.1%, 20.9%, (1995) 25.8%, 24.9%, 24.2%, (1992) 2000 24.5%. 2) 3) 1963 37.0% 1995 48.3% 11.3. 4).(, 1995) 5) 6) 1994 68.4%, 57.3% 2010 78.6%, 75.6% (, 1995) 7) 1995 61.7% 2010 65.7% 4.0% 95 48.4% 2010 55.1% 6.7% (, 1995).
4..,..,,,,,. 1), (, 1995).,. 1965 40% 1995 25%.,, 1995 3 (, 1995).,,,,.,,.,.,,. 5 (, 1995).,, (1992), (1993), (1994).,,
. 1990 4 (, 1989) ", ".,,,,,. 30, 21,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. 2), 3,174 2,423 (76.3%) 23.7%. 2 63.7%., 71.0%,, 94.8%, 93.6%, 94.1%. < -13> (< -8> ). 39.9% 93.6%. 1995 74.3 : 25.7% 3/4.,. < -14>
10 1986 2.9%, 10. 1986 1995, 69.4% 76.2% 6.8%. 1986, 1995. < -15>. 37.1%, 34.2%. (56.1%), (15.7%). 6.0%. (57.3%), 21.6%.,,. (48.2%),. < -15> < -16> (1986/1995)
1986 1995 61.9% 56.1%,.,. ( -16),,,, 5, 70.8%. 18.8%,,,., ( -21). < -16> < -17>
< -17>. 56.9%. 73.7%, 68.4%, 67.1%, 57.5%., (62.3%) (50.7%). 14.4% (18.8%) (10.6%). 22.2%, 30 40%.. 90%.. 1),. 3 5. 5..,,. (, 1992),,, (, 1992).,,,,,,
,. 2) 1992 95 121. ( -18),. 1965 38.9%, 1975 60.4%, 1991 68.2%. < -18> 235,350 (53.7%)., 49.2%, (34.7%), (7.3%).. (56.9%) (18.8%), (84.4%). < -19> (1990)., (88.2%).. (18.8%) 3/4 8.0%...
,.,,,,.. 3. 1.,.. 1) 1/3 10 1960, 1970 7, 1960 6, 1990 4. 1960 10 7. 1970 6, 1960 1990 4. < -1> 2) 50%(15 ).. ' ' ' ' 19 6, 2,
' ' 1. (6 ) (1 ).,, 6, (4 )., 1973, 1974 1970, 1993 1, 1995 3, 1996 2 1993.., 1970 1962 5 1, 2, 3. 1993.. 1) < -2> '96,. 30 1 21 < -2>. 15, 2,, 1... 2) 60.0% 18, 12 (40.0%). ( : 47.4%, : 27.3%).. '
' ' ', ' '. Y '80 10% 30 60% '.. < -3>,. ' ' 3 2 ' 5 ', ' '.. 3) (15, 51.7%),. ' ')6 ) ' '(6 ), ' '(4 ), ' '(4 )..,,, / (, 1992). 19 1,. O 2,., ' '(K, D ). < -4>
4) 3.,.. ',,,,, O '. 2.. 1996 1.6%, 1.0%.. 1996 4.8%, 2.9%. 3. < -5>
3 2 < -5>. 55.5% 15 2 20,. 151 2, 101 150 2, 51 100 1. 2 1 3..,., ' ' (39.0%), ' '(29.3%), ' '(17.1%). (46.4%),...
. J ', '... D (D, 1994), 20% 1, 55.5% 1. ( -5), ' '(40.0%), ' '(17.1%), ' '(14.3%).,....... 1) < -6>. 1 23.3, 4.5 1.8. 1 26.8, 7.7, 1.7. 9.3, 0.7 0.2, 0.3. 1 0.7 1.. 15.2% 21.1%, 22.2%( 27.1%). < -6>
3 ( 286, 1971. 8. 14) 6.. 3 24. 2) 1996 6 3 204. 82 40 60%. (1994), 82 106,., 88 106.( -1). 82 100 204 28, 196 210 1. 30 95.4 92.8. < -7> ( -7), 50% 12 (40.0%), 49% (6 ). (2 ) 45%, (2 ) 53%. 50% 50%. 6,. < -8>,,. 26, 24,
5. 3 93.4, 93.7, 92.7. < -8>,,,,.,,.,..,
.,,. 3 < -9> 15.9, 14.8., (14.4 ), 15.1.. 14 15, 20 5. 11 20 9. 14 15. 30 31. < -9> 3) 6,. (, 1994). 1992 10.,,,,,,,, 8.
< -10>., 30 17..,.,., 1 2. 7 12 2. 8 1... 1.. < -10>
, 6 ' 50%, '. '96 6,.. < -11> 30,. < -11> 30 6,451 1 215. 233.2, 402.8, 91.2. 1 5.1, 5.5 10.0. < -12> 1
386 50.8%, 386 56.6% 42.4%.,. 50% 386,.. < -12> 17 1 9. 1 3 6 4, 7 9 2 13 6.. 30 755 25.2. 25.7, 50.5, 10.6. 1, 2 1 90.5 1 40.9 47.0 1 1. < -13> 64.8%. 3/4, 70%. < -14> 1
, 1 50 11 151 4.,.,. 4) 1981, 4. 4,,,. 5 (, 1988), 6,, (, 1992). < -15> 1995 13., 60.2% 28.2%, 5.3%, 2.4%.,. 1996,. 6
,,,,. 6 5.. 6.4%,. < -16> 3,,,, (, 1992). < -16>. / / (25.9%).,, /.,.,,,.,,,,.,. (S )..,.. < -17>. < -17> ' '(8 )
' '(12 ),. < -17> 5).. 1992 '96 6. 6,,.. 6 20,. < -18>,. Y " 6, "..,.. S,.
. (1996. 2. 9).,.......,..,,. Y,, ' '. 2,.. < -19>. 1),, 30 9.,.
.,,,. F ", ". D ", ".,. 24 10 30%, 41% 5 (< -2>).. < -20> 30 16 ( :9, :7 )., (10 ), (2 ), (2 ). 2) ' '(5 ), ' '(4 ), ' '(4 ), ' '(3 ), ' '(3 ).,
,. D ", ". T. DOS, BASIC, WORD PROCESSER, DATA BASE, WINDOW, EXCEL.. ", ". ' ' (4 ), ' '(3 ).,. ' / '(4 ), ' '(2 ). ' ', ' ' ' '. < -21>. 1) '96 90% 48.2% 13, 80%
70% 5 70% 4. 5% 15,. ' 1,000 1,400 '.. D.. 4% 44.4% 12 10% 6. 30% 3, 20% 2. < -22> '96, 54.4% 32.0%, 12.5%, 1.3%. (45.5%)... S S. 10 1. < -23>
2).. ' '(51.7%).. Y ' '.. < -24> ' 3 ', ' ', ' / ' 3. 3 3, 3. 5, 6,. ' '.,,..
1996 2 9 < -25>... < -25>
1),. 1990 ( 2) 1), 2) 3) (, 1993).,, (, 1996). < -25>. 28 10... ' ', ' ' 3. ' ', ' '. M hardware, (Y )., 5. 5 T, S. 1 (S ). ' '.. 2) (, 1996). 1995 10...,,,,,,,,.
26 20 4. 2. ' '(9 ), ' '(8 ) ' '. S ' ', Y ' '. ' '(5 ). 3) 2 3,..,.. 26 19. ' '(10 ).,,. T " ". ' '(4 ), ' '(2 ). < -26>. ' '(5 ), ' '(3 ), ' '(3 )... " " (S ). < -26>
4),. (21 13 )..,. 2.,,. 299 138 (46.2%), 161 (53.8%) ( -27).., 30 39 52.5%. 40 49 24.6%, 29 11.8%.. < -27>. 11.7, 9.6., 1.7, 2.8 ( -3) 299 105 194. 30.2%( : 27.7%, :34.5% : 30.9%), ' '(48.2%), ' '(12.9%), ' '(11.8%). (5.9%), (4.7%) 60%.. 1) < -28>.
52.9%, 32.0%, 15.1%. (57.1%), (47.2%). < -28> ( -5). ( : 58.4%, : 50.0%), : 23.8%, ; 10.5%), ( :17.8%, : 39.5%). 2) 6,,,,,... < -29> < -29>. ' ' 47.1%. ' ' (46.5%) ' ' (6.4%).,.,.
< -30>. ' '(28.2%), ' '(25.9%), ' '(24.7%).. ' ' ' '.,. < -30>.,..(, 1994) 1) < -31>.. ' ' 58.9%, ' ' 39.7% 98.6%..., 30%.. 54.4%. < -31>
2), ' '(29.2%), ' '(25.2%) 54.4%. ' '(20.5%), (10.6%).. (7.1%),,. < -32> 3),.?.
< -33>. 61.8%.. 33.3%, 31.1% 59.5%.. < -33>. ' '(31.4%), ' '(25.7%), ' '(17.1%), ' '(14.3%), ' '(11.4%).. < -34> 4) < -35>. 71.8%. < -35>
< -36> ' ' 38.4%, ' '(19.6%), ' '(12.3%), ' '(12.3)., /,.. 1). 231 3,., ' ' (1.65), ', '(1.43), ' '(.86), ' '(.35). < -37>
, ' '( :1.81, :1.38), ', '( :1.55, :1.23), ' '( :.97, :.67),. 2), < -38>. ' '(77.7%). ' '(6.1%), ' '(3.1%), ' '(2.6%) (11.8%).. ' '(12.2%). < -38>..
K " ".,. 3). S 1992 200 300, 3 50. H 94..? < -39>. ' '(35.0%). ' '(29.0%) ' '(19.9%)..,. < -39>. 80.....,,. < -40>
. 64.5%(189 )., ' '(41.5%), ' '(20.1%), ' '(14.6%), ' '(10.4%).( -40)... 40%.,. < -41>
. ' '(51.5%), ' '(30.5%), ' '(16.1%) ( -41)., ',, '(17.0%), ' '(16.4%), ', '(7.5%), ' '(6.7%),. 30%.. 1). 87.8%. < -42>
' '(63.2%), ' '(24.3%), ' '(7.0%).. (5.0%). 2),.? < -43>,. ' '(33.4%), ' '(21.3%) ', '(17.8%), ' '(14.2%)....,. < -43>
< -44>,,. < -44> ' '(19.0%) ', '(17.9%). ' '(16.3%) ' '(12.7%),.. 1). '1 ' 29.9%, '2 ' 46.9%, '3 ' 17.0%, 76.8% 1 2 ( -45). 4 (6.2%)., 3 30.3% 4 10.6%.. < -45>
2).. < -46> < -46>,. 27.0%. (15.0%) (32.8%). 30%.., 16 11 (68.8%), 36 18 (50.0%), 4 2. 56 31 25.,. 6.,.
3).< -29> ' ' (78.2%), ' '(67.1%), ' '(46.7%). (, 1992;, 1989)... < -47> ' '(31.4%), ' '(8.8%) ( -48). (, 1994). < -48> ' '(66.7%),
' '(23.8%), ' '(9.5%).. < -49>,. Y, ", ". < -50> < -50>. ' '(46.6%) ' '(29.4%) ' '(14.7%).... 1)
.,,. < -51> < -51>. 72.0%,. < -52> ' ' 62.2%, '1 ' 32.2%. 1,.., ' ' 50.4%, ' ' 30.1% 80.5%.( -53). < -53>
2) ( -6), ' '(59.6%) ' '(34.2%) 93.8%. ' ' 53.8%, ', ' 29.9%, ' ' 11.7%.. < -54> '2 ' 26.1%, '1 ' 23.9%, '3 ' 22.2%, 72.2% 3 ( -7).. < -55>
< -55>. 288 74.7%. 25.4% 4 3. (78.5%) (66.12%). < -56>. < -56> 3., ' '(1.15). ' '(1.08), ' '(.70) ' '(.69).,,. < -56>..
1) 6,,,,,,,. 1992 < -57>. 28.9%, 35.4% 7. < -57> ( -58) (22.0%), (18.6%), (11.6%), (4.7%) (15.1%), (7.0%). ' ' 50.8% ( -59). ' '(24.6%), ' '(11.0%), ' '(10.2%). < -58>
< -59> < -60>. < -60>
29.5%. (38.8%) (20.4%). < -61>, ( -61). ' '(52.6%). (8.8%), (8.8%), (7.1%), (7.1%). 2) 1990. 1995,. < -62>
60.6%, 39.3% 20% ( -62).,., 52.0% 75.5%. (35.7%)... ' '(25.5%), ' '(20.4%), ' (19.4%). 65.3%. < -63> 3),. < -64>., ' '37.8%, ' '52.9% 90.7%.,
. (76.9%). < -64> < -65> ' 3 '(45.8%) ' '(37.5%) ( -8). (37.5%), (19.5%), (11.6%), (9.6%), (4.8%), (3.6%) ( -65).,,. 4) 2, 3
,., < -66> 63.4%, 36.6%. (71.2%),. < -66>. 26.9%. 10 2.. ( -67) ' '(35.5%). 1 2. ' '(25.8%) ', '(19.4%).. ( -26 ). < -67>
5),. < -68>. 68.6%, 31.4%.,. < -68> ' ' 32.5%, ' '(27.3%) ' '(18.2%).. < -69>
..,.. 1).?.. < -70> < -70>. ' ' 3.9%, ' ' 23.3%, ' '51.6%, ' '9.7%, 11.5%. 10%, 27.2%
.,.. ' '( :13.4%, :6.6%), ( :13.4%, :38.9%). 2)... < -71> 4 8. 1 4., ', '(3.46), ' '(3.11) '.'(3.08), ' '(3.04) 3.,. < -71> ' '(2.40), ' '(2.68), ' '(2.84)...,.
< -71>, Z. (-.56) (.11). 3.,,,,.,.,. 1),, 3 (49.0%) ( ) 55.7% 3 18.1%., 1 21.9%, 22.9%. ( : 56.4%, : 54.6%, : 42.0%),, (39.2%) 44.9% 39.5%. (35.2%).,,., SES (< -9> ). < -72>
2), 4 ( : 61.4%, : 57.4%, :62.1%) (< -10> )... 3%. < -73>,
2/3 62.3% 3 2 3 1 87.2% 3. 51.3% (28.9%), (13.1%), (4.5%). (40.5%), (20.0%) (< -11> ). ' '(44.1%) 50.1%. ' ' 24.8% (19.5%). ' '., ' ' 1,449 0.8% 12. < -74>
< -76>. ' ' 11.1%, 10.5% 4.7% ' ' 38.7%, 27.3%, 20.7%. ' ' ' '. (' ') 3), (91.7%), ((89.1%), (75.5%), (73.4%), (59.2%) (67.5%) P.. (67.5%) (73.4%). < -75> < -76> /
,, (37.0%), (26.9%), (18.0%). (17.1%), (36.2%), 14.3%(64 ). ' ' 23.9%, 29.1%. ' ' 28.0% ' ' (14.6%). 12.1%. < -77>
. (30.6%) (73.9%) ' ', (30.0%) (25.7%) ' ', (42.6%) (30.4%) ' '. ' ' ' '(13.0%).,. < -78> 8.6% ' ', 47.5% ' ' (' ' ' ' ) 52.3%.
., ' ' (92.7%), (83.7%), (80.6%) ' '., (66.0%), (48.1%) (43.0%) ' ', ' ', '. < -79> < -80> (29.9%), (18.3%), (11.3%), (8.2%) 5.,,,,, ( ).,,,,. ( ),. 3,,
. < -81>, 14.7%, 12.4%, 8.0% (< -12> ).. (' ' ) 65.5%, (' ' ) 45.2%, 73.2%, 57.6%. < -82> /
< -83> ( ) (177 ) 8.6 10.2, 4.9, 8. (9.2 ). 1 23.5% 2 4 30.7%, 5 10 22.9% 18.7% (< -13> ). ' ' 2/3 65.7% ' ', ' ', ' ', ' '. (14.6%) (29.4%) ' ', ' '(14.8%) ' '(14.8%). < -84>, 1 74.2%
' ' 2-4 ' ' 27.3%. ' ' ' ' (< -14> )... ' ' (, 1992). 22 (19.7%), (16.8%), (14.0%), (10.7%). < -85> ' '( : 50.8%, : 30.8%), ' '( : 20.1%, : 29.5%). ' '(41.3%), ' '(29.7%).
... ' '(37.3%) ' '(28.2%), ' '(20.9%).,. < -86> ' '(32.7%) ' '(22.1%), ' '(24.7%) ' '(24.(%). < -87>
, ' ',,,,,,,. ' ',,,. ' ',, ' '.., ' ', ' ', ' ' 59.9%.. ' '(23.3%) ' ' ' ' 16.3%. ' ' 5.6%. < -86>
' '(21.8%), ' '(20.9%), ' '(15.2%)., ' ' (21.1%) (13.0%), (9.5%) (< -15> )..,, 70%,,. (83.1%) (71.5%), (81.9%), (77.1%), (73.6%). (82.5%) (68.6%). (26.9%) (23.3%), (22.5%) (28.1%), (31.1%), (27.7%). 1990 2.7%, 2.5%. < -89>
< -90> / ( 75.1% 1,095 ) (63.4%, 925 ) 68.0%. < -91>
,, (36.1%), (29.6%), (14.7%)., 28.0%, 27.1% (26.8%), (24.5%). (85.4%).,,,. ' ' 55.9%, ' ' 22.1%, ' ' 9.9%, ' ' 5.2% 78.0%.. < -92>
, 100%,,.,...., 58.9% ' ' ' ' 39.7%..,, 91.9% 97.1% 100% (< -16> ). 78% 44.9%.,. < -93>
1 12.1 11.5, 11.6, 13.3., 6 1 32.3% 6 28.5%, 1 1 6 18.6% 1 60.8% 2/3. 1/3 1 40%. < -94> ' ' 36.3% ' ' 27.0%, ' ' 12.9%, ' ' 11.9%. ' ' 12.8% 10.1%, 7.1%. < -95>
26.8% ' ' ' ' 55.2% 82% (< -17> ). 85.3% (< -18> ), ' ' 41.6% ' ' ' ' 20.4%. ' ' 24.5%., ' ' 17.1%. < -96>. <. >,. 49.6% ' ' 12.5% ' ' (< -19> ), ' '(25.5%), ' '(23.8%)
' ' 7.0% 56.3% ' '. ' ' (16.3%) ' '(14.9%) 31.2%. ' ' 7.5%. < -97> < -98> /, ( -98). 1,140 27.3% 311, 320 32.8% 105. ' '(18.3%) ' '(18.3%), ' '(35.2%) ' '(16.2%)
.,,.,. < -99>, ' ', ' ', ' ', ' (, )' 45.9%, ' ', ' ', ' ' 42.5%. ' '(14.3%) (20.9%). < -100>
' '(20.5%) ' '(11.0%) ' 4) '(18.4%), ' '(16.9%).. ' '(14.2%) ' '(24.4%) ' '... 1,460 78.1% 1,140 1/4 320 (21.9%). 1)., ( ) 76.8% ' ' 1/4 23.2%. (81.9%) (74.5%) (77.5%). < -101>
(84.0%) (80.0%), (76.6%). (< -2> )., ( ) 59.6%, 14.3%, 9.4%, 6.6%. 74.3% (58.4%) (49.2%). (14.3%).. < -102> / ( ) (6.6%),.., (15.6%) (5.3%)., ( 23.2%), (32.6%). 2, 3 ( : 15.6%, : 17.8%) ( : 10.9%, : 13.3%) 2, 3 (15.0%) (10.0%). < -103> ( )
' ' 35.9% 2/3 (< -21> ). ' ' 61.7% ' '(28.4%), ' '(8.6%) (< -22> ).. ' '(38.5%) ' ' ' ' 23.0%. ' ' (53.7%). ' ' ' ' ' '. ' ' ' ' '. < -104>
, ' ' 23.0%, 91.9%. ' ' ' ' ' '., ' '(35.2%). ' '(18.5%), ' '(16.9%), ' '(15.9%). (5.8%),. < -105>
' ' 40.2% ' ' 28.5%., (32.3%). 24.5% 1/4 ' '. < -106> 24.5% 6.2.3%.,. < -107> ( ) ( -107) ' ' 30.5% ' ' 21.9%, ',, ' 20.6%, ' ' 15.7%. ', ' 1,377 67 4.9% ' ' ' ' 1.5%(20 )., 56.4% '
' ' ' 12.1%. 5.8%. ' ' ' ' (70.5%) (74.7%) (59.8%). < -108> 78.8% 4 15.7% 5.5%. 4 ( -109). 53.9% 25%. 20% ' ' ( -110).,., < -108> < -109>. < -109> / < -110> /
2) ( 21.9%, 320 ),,. < -109> 4 27.5% 70.9%. 75.9% 22.5% 3 (25.0%) ( -110).. 5) 30.9% 69.1%(208 ). < -111> 44.5%. 76.6% ' ' 30%. 30.4%, 18.0%, (< -23> ). 7.61 (139 ) 62.6% 6, 23.7% 6 1 (< -24> ).
97.5% ' ' < -25> ), ' ' 47.0%, ' '(22.6%). ' ' 25.4% 3. < -112>. ( -113) ' ' (27.1%), ' '(15.0%). ' ' 46.4% ' ' 31.5%, ' ' 21.8%. ' ' ' '(27.1%) ' (10.6%) ' '(5.4%) ' '(3.3%)., ' ' ' '(15.0%), ' '(5.9%), ' '(5.3%). < -113>
22.7% ( -114). 41.5% 18.2%. 32.2%, 37.2%, 21.9%. 22.2%, 7.2%. 35.9% ' ' 25.1%, ' ', 20.6% ' '. ' '. < -114>
< -115>. 84.3% ' ' 14.0% ' '. < -116>, ' (40 60 ) ' 48.0% ' ' 24.5%. ' ' ' ' 13.4% 13.0%. ' ' ' ' (59.2%) (60.0%) (65.7%).
< -117>. ' ' ' ' ' ' 64.1% ' ', ' ' 49.0% ' ' ' ' ' ' 22.7%. ' ' ( -118) (, 1995) 58.1% ' ', 26.5% ' '. < -118>. 1). Z 6),, 1 /2. 1 2 1, 2, ( ) ( ), 1 2 ( -119).
(Riordan, 1990;, 1990) (,, 1995)., 1 (.04) 2 (-.09) (< -26> ). < -119>, t, ' ' ', ' (< -27> )., ', '( : 3.589, : 3.479), ' '( : 3.523, : 3.549), ' '( : 3.436, : 3.444), ' '( : 2.351, : 2.303), ' '( : 2.753, : 2.640). < -120>
2), (.04), (-.00), (-.11). (-.03) (.00)., 1 2. (< -28> ). (,, 1995)., ( :.04, :-.02). < -121> ( / ) t, ' ' ' '. ' '., ' '( : 1.881, : 1.971) ' '( : 1.759, : 1.824) ( -122).,., (academic track). < -122>
1)
2) 1 : 7 : 3),,,, 1. 4),,,, 5),. 6) (,, ).
.,,. 1. 1990 95%, 1995 49.8%.... 48.2%, 36.1%, 3.6%, 0.8%, 0.6%, 0.1%.. 81.7%, 88.4%.,.,..,. 1990 334,822 73.6%, 1996 49.5% 24.1%, '90 14.9% '96 39.5% 24.6%. '93 30 1/5 6. 35.4%.,,..
.,,.,,,.. 3 2, 3.,... '96 6. 85% 15%. 4.5, 7.7, 0.7. 1,. 4, 2 386. 30 80..,.. 93.8%, (53.8%), (29.9%), (11.7%). (72.2%) 3.. 1996 6 50%.,,.,.,., 91.9%, 4.8%. 82%, 85.3%... 1960. 1960, 1970,. 1980. 1980 1990. '98 50 : 50
. 35...,,.,.... 3 87.2%, 52.7% 0.8%.. (74.7%).,. '96 1.0% 2.9% 3.. 30 3 2 3 2, 2 3 2, 1 2 1. 2 1 1. '96 94.1%. 90% 27 48.1% 13 80% 5, 70% 4. 30% 3, 20 29% 2, 10 19% 4. 1, 2 ' '...,,,,,.,. 50%.
. 37.1%, 34.7% 48.2%., 56.1%, 15.7%, 6.0%, 56.9%, 18.8%, 13.4%.,., ( : 76.9%, : 90.7%), ( : 35.7%, : 60.3%) ( : 26.9%, : 63.4%) ( : 38.1%, : 68.6%)..,,,.,,.... 6,,....,,.. '98 378,842, '99 342,322, 2000 340,235, 2001 289,242, 2005 278,804. 1996 386,693 212,487, 174,206. 2000 127,748 46,458, 2005 107,889. '99..,.,.. 2. :.
. 1).,,.. 3... 2)......... 3),,.,..,,.,.... 4) (terminal education).
.,. '96 2. (2+2) (2+4),.....,,..... 1)..,, 3. 2010,,..,,,,. 50%.. 25%..,,,..
,.,.,.,.,.. 2 2.,,,,,,.,,. 97 40%..,. 60%.... 2.. 6,,,,,, 7..,,. '96, 6,,, 6
9...........,.,.. 7...,,.. (,, 1995). (, 1996).,.. GNP 5%..
39.1% 60.1%. (80.0%)..,....,. GNP 5%. 1960,..,...,..,,..,,,,.,... 72.8%, /..,.,.,.
.,.,.,.... 69.1%. 68.,5%.. 1,.,,. 2,.. 3,,.,....,. 15% / 22.2%..,.,,.,,.
...,...,, 6. 2), 59.3%., 1 1.,,...,,,,,,.,.,.,.,,,.,,., 3 4. 3, 4..,,, ( ),,,,,,,.,
... 11,,.,.. '98 4.04,571, '99 367,140, 2000 363,571, 2005 314,949. '96 127,197 16,086 12.6%., 278,561 '99.,, (, 1993;, 1990)..,. M.,,.,, 90%... '96 29, 2. ( : 1, : 4, : 2, : 2, : 1, : 1 ) 11.. 2 3,..,,......,,,,,.
,.....
. < -1> < -2>
< -3> < -1> (1996 )
< -2> (1996 )
< -3>
< -4>
< -5> /
< -6>
< -7> / /
< -8> (1996) < -1>
< -2>
< -3> < -4> < -5>
< -6> < -7> < -8>
< -9> SES < -10> < -11>
< -12> < -13> < -14> < -15>
< -16> < -17> < -18> -
< -19> < -20> < -21> < -22>
< -23> < -24> < -25>
< -26> (1-2 ) < -27> 1 /2 < -28> (1-2 ) < -29> ( )
< -1> (1986/1995)..
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