,,. 1 1 OA. 5. ( ), ( ).. ( IS O ),.,,,, 5., 4 0 %.,. 2,.. 2 0 0 5 18 0.. 1 2 0 0 5 9 0 4 3 %, 6 %.,,,, 5., 3., 9. 6 2 0 0 5 3. 9 8 6 0, 2 0 0 0 5 0 1 8 0. 4 0 5. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1. 13, KOT RA, )
E U, 3 E U. E U 12 E U ( L 3 0 2 ) 3.,,. 1.,. 2.,,,,, 5 %. - : ( ) : 0. 1p p m : 0.5 p p m, 0. 1p p m, 1.0 p p m, 0.5 p p m, 2.0 p p m, 1.0 p p m, 0.0 2 p p m - : 0. 5 p p m, 0. 5 p p m, 0. 1p p m, 1.0 p p m, 0.5 p p m, 2.0 p p m, 1.0 p p m, 0.0 2 p p m - :. - :. - : ( E N 3 1 2-1 E N 6 2 2-1 ). - C F C s, H C F C s, H F C s - : (V O C s ) 10 %,. -,,,, - 2 0. - 2 0 %.
E U 1 1, 3 8. 1 9 5 2 5 1 1 2.,,, 1 0. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1. 16, KOT RA, ) OE CD, - O E CD ( ) 1 1 10. 1 1 4-6 2 8 O E C D. 2 9 O E C D,, 8.,, ( PRT R ). (G H S ). G H S 1 9 9 2 G H S 2 0 0 0 (c h e m ic a l h a z a r d s y m b o l ),. G H S,,,,. O E C D 8 ( IO M C ) : / /
/, S ID S O E C D S c r e e n in g In fo r m a t io n D a t a S e t s Pr o g r a m. O E C D. O E C D O E C D, 3 4 9 1 13.,. 4, O E C D.., ( G M O ). ( 1 9 9 9. 1 1.2 5, La w r e n c e S p e e r, In t e r n a t i o n a l E n v ir o n m e n t, V o l.2 1, N o.2 4 ) OE CD O E C D ( P PC G ) 1 1. 16 O E C D (9 6 ) O E C D G D P 9 2 5 % EU 9 9 EU
( E M S ) E M S,, ( E M S ) E M S,, E M S E U E U ( E M S ) E M S 9 3.7 E MA S, - 2 0 2 0 1 5 2 0 %, 2 0 0 5 9 0 2 0 %, 2 0 10 2 5 % - 3 0 %, 2 0 0 5 3 0 %, 6 0 % -, 2 0 0 0 9 0 5 0 % 5 % - (N o W a s t e ) 9 7 8 0 %, < >
E MAS E M S < > 1 0 O E C D, E U O E C D O E C D O E C D -,, O E C D ( 9 6 ) -,, - O E C D, O E C D -,
-,,, ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 6. 14 0 7, ),,,,,, ( 5.5 ) 9 9 ( 6.2 4 ) - 2 0 0 0 9 0 % - 3 10 0 2 0 0 3-2 0 0 5 (9.2 ), 6 3 1,0 0 0 ( 1 0. 1 2 ),, S G S (C F C ), IB M,, 1 3 ( E PA ) ( E RP ) ] IB M 1 0 6 0 0, 5 2,5 0 0
N E C - ( PV C ) ] 2 0 0 2 9 7 2 0 % R & D ( 7.4 ) - 3 6, ( 10.2 2 ) 9 9 1 3 ( 9.8 ), ( C ) ( 8. 1 9 ),, A 2 0 0 0 5-6 ( 9.9 ) ( B P ) - 12 9 0 1 0 % - 9 0, ( 9. 1 8 ) (V O C ) PV C ( 8.2 8 ) PV C (9.8 ) 1 5 10 0 %, 8 9 8 % ( 9 8. 1 ) 9 7 1 0 8,0 0 0, 7 4,0 0 0 9 8 5 ( 8.2 2 ) ( H F C ),
- R & D,, -,, - -, ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 14 14, ) (In d u s t r ia l E c o log y ) ( N S F ) 1 1 1 9 1 1 ' ' ( In d u s t r i a l E c o lo g y R e s e a r c h F e ll ow s h ip s ). 1 2 5 0. (in d u s t r ia l e c o lo gy ).. " ". NS F NS F.,.. 1 9 9 3...
- : (U. o f T o le d o ),.. - :, ( B r u n s w ic k m e t h o d ).,. - :,.,,,. - S. :,.,. - : (U. o f O r e g o n ), IS O 14 0 0 1. ( In t e r n a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d O r g a n iz a t io n ; IS O ). - : (U. o f Illin o is, U r b a n a - C h a m p a ig n ),. ( c h lo r o flu o r o c a r b o n ; C F C ). - :,.. - : (U. o f C a lifo r n ia, B e r k e l e y ), G M IP (G r e e n M a c h in in g In c r e m e n t a l Pl a n n e r ).. - : (Mi c h ig a n T e c h n o l o g i c a l U. ),. (m u lt ip l e ). - : (T u ft s U. ),. /. - (T h o m a s T h e i s ) :,.. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, )
; (p o p u l a t i o n ) 1 1 2 3., (J o h n Pr e s c o t t ).,. (h o u s in g ),,,,,.,.,. (g ov e r n m e n t b o n d m a r k e t s ). (Mic h a e l M e a c h e r ) ( c lim a t e c h a n g e ),.... " ( F r i e n d s o f t h e E a r t h )" ( C h a r le s S e c r e t t ) B B C... ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, ) ( 9 9.4 ) 5 ( 9 8.3 ) 12 ( ) (T o p Ru n n e r ) ( 1 0. 1 3 )
T o p Ru n n e r : TV 4 9 9 < 4 > T V : 2 0 0 3 9 6 12. 7 % V T R : 2 0 0 3 9 6 6 1.2 % : 2 0 0 5 9 6 2 0 % : 2 0 0 4 9 7 5 0 % < > AV 1 0 % VT R AV 7 0-9 0 %, ( 9 8. 1 1 ), ( ) 2 0 0 1.3 9 5 3 0 % < > AV 2 0 0 0.3 1W ( ) 1-8 W AV 2 0 0 0.3 1W 1-1 2 W 2 0 0 1.3 0.5 W 0.5 W H DTV 2 0 0 1.3 0.2 W 0.6-0.8 W TV 2 0 0 3.3 9 7 3 0 % - < > ( ), ( IC ) ( 1 1.2 7 ) 5 0 (LE D ) 6 0 % 1/ 1 0 0-1/ 1,0 0 0 ( 1 1. 14 ), 9 9 TV 9 9.9 %, VT R 9 9 %
< > TV VT R 9 7.9 9 8.9 9 8.7 9 8.7 9 8. 10 9 8. 1 1 9 8. 1 1 0 W 0.2 5 W 0.5 W 0 W 0.9 W 6 0 % 9 9-9 9.9 % ( ), ( ), - 5 ( 2 1 ) ( 1/ 2 ) ( 9 8. 7 ) - LE D,, ( ) 1 5-2 0 % - 4 AV - ( ), ( ) - -,, - ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 8, 14 1 7, )
.... 8 0,,....... 4 0.... 8 0.. 9 0 1 0 %. 2 0 %. < 9 7 > ( : % ) P C 8.5 3.6 2.6 2.4 1. 7 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.2 0.5 0.4 ( : B B E, )
< 9 7 > ( : % ) - 1 5.6-1 3.0-9.8-5.2-5.0-3.9-3.4-2.8-2.4-2. 1 ( : B B E, ) 9 2 7 0 % 9 8 5 4 %........... 4 1%. 8 0 3 0 %.. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 16, KOT RA, ) (NG O ) (N G O ) U N U N,,,
N G O,,, ( c it iz e n ' s g r o u p ) N G O N G O U N ( U N ) N G O N G O - N G O U N 9 8 1,5 15,, N G O : 4 8 4 1 6 8 3 7 7 9 8 1,5 1 5 - N G O 3 8,0 0 0 ( N G O ) U N CTAD, U N D P U N N G O U N N G O : U N CTAD ( 1 7 7 ), U N D P ( 3 0 ), U N IC E F ( 1 9 1 ), FAO ( 1 9 0 ), U N E S C O (5 8 0 ), W H O ( 1 8 0 ), IM O ( 5 4 ), U N ID O ( 1 0 0 ) U N N G O U N 7 1 U N N G O, U N N G O U N 1 9 9 6 - N G O U N U N - N G O,, (r o a s t e r ) 3, N G O U N N G O 4 U N N G O N G O U N N G O ( C O N G O ) (4 8 ) - 7 2 U N N G O,,,, U N - 8 5 2 N G O, 9 0 N G O
- 9 2 (U N C E D ) N G O N G O 7 0 0 N G O N G O N G O, ( 2 0, 2 1, 2 2 2 1 3 ) - 9 4, 9 5, 9 6 9 9 3,0 0 0 5,0 0 0 N G O,,,, N G O - 9 8 N G O -,,, U N, - 3,, N G O -, N G O N G O - N G O U N 1 9 9 6 ( 9 5 ) (9 8. 1 ) -,, N G O U N - U N ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 2,, 14 2 9, ) 10 OE CD 1 0 1 2. 14 1 6,,
9 9. 1,,,, - - O E C D ( ), 9 9.2, ( Re fe r e n c e Le v e l s ) 9 (9 8.7 ) 9 9. 1 9 9.2 9 9. 10
, WT O,, 2 0 0 0 9 9. 1 0 (9 8.9, ) 9 9. 1,,, (9 8.9 ), 2 0 0 0.6 9 9.6, 9 9. 10 O E C D - 9 3-10,, ( 9 7. 1 2 ) -,,, - - O E C D, ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 3,, 14 3 0, )
E U 3 EU E U 9 5,, E U. EU,, E U E U. 9 5 1 1 3 E U 3 E U. ( Rev ie w Cl a u s e ) E U 4 E U 3. 4 E U 3 E U, 3. 4,, 3. 4,,,. 3 % E U 5 %. Au t o - O il ( 9 8 / 7 0 / E E C ) 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 %. 0. 1% EU 0.2 %. E U ( C O M ( 9 7 ) 8 8 ) 0.2 % 2 0 0 8 1 1 0. 1%., 2 0 0 8. 3 E U., 10 0 E U. E U E U.
3 E U.. 3 PC P (p e n t a c h l o r o p h e n o l ),.,,. 4 PC P ( 7 6 / 6 9 / E E C ).., ( IM O ) E U.,,. 3 E U 4 E U. 4 E U. E U, 3 E U. ( 1 9 9 9. 1.4,, KOT RA ) 2 1 ( 9 8. 1 0-12 ) 2 1 ( 1. 1 ) 9 8. 1 0.3 0-1 2. 7 ( 4 4 )
2 0, 2 1 2 0 2 1 < > 2 0,, P a p e r l e s s ( IT S ) < > - -, -, -
-, (U p - d a t e ),, 2 1 < >,, 2 1-2 0 2 1 - - - - ( 1 9 9 9. 1. 6. 14 3 9, ),,,,,..
E B I( E n v ir o n m e n t a l B u s in e s s In t e r n a t i o n a l ) 1 9 9 7 4,6 9 0. 4.9 % 2 0 0 0 5,4 3 0 2 0 0 8 8,0 0 0. 1 9 9 0 3 2,4 10 19 9 7 7 4,7 0 0 1 2.7 %.. 19 9 0 3,0 2 0 19 9 7 6,5 4 0 1 1.7 % 1 2.3 %. 1 9 9 7 IM F 1 9 9 9 1 9 9 8 2 0 0 3 1 3.0 %, 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 8 10.8 %. 2 0 0 0 8 8,6 6 0 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 8 6...,,.,..,..,,..
..,,. ( E D C F ) ( IB RD, AD B ). (VA ),. 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 8 6,3 2 5 6,6 1 1 7,5 4 4 8,5 9 1 9,8 2 4 1 1, 18 4 1 8,4 2 5 5,9 4 4 6,2 3 7 7, 1 0 8 8, 13 9 9,0 4 1 10,9 5 2 1 8,2 8 8 ( 5 19 ) ( 5 6 0 ) ( 6 7 2 ) ( 7 6 9 ) ( 8 8 8 ) ( 1,0 3 5 ) ( 2,5 4 4 ) 0.9 0.8 1.0 1. 1 1.2 1.3 2.4 * : G D P, ( ) ( 1 9 9 9. 1. 7., ) 1,3 0 7,, IS O 9 8 9 7 9 8. 1 0-1 1
- ( 3 3. 1 % ) ( 3 0. 1 % ) * ( 6 6. 7 % ), ( 5 3.8 % ), (4 7.2 % ) - 15.8 %, 2 0 0 0 1 1.6 %, 2 0 0 1 6.5 % - 6 8.5 % - 0.9 %, 1.8 % 16. 7 % 3.9 % - 9 2. 7 % 1 -,, C O 2, C O 2,, 1 3.4 % - 2 2.6 %, 2 6.4 % * ( 7 5 % ), ( 6 6. 7 % ), (2 5.6 % ) - (4 5.6 % ) N G O (4 3 % )
1.5 % - 2 9.3 %, 3 6.9 % 6 6.2 % - 3 3.3 % * ( 8 7.5 % ), ( 6 9.2 % ) - 6 7 % 3. 1% * ( ) 2 2.4 6.8 5 1 %, 1 7 % - ( 9 0.2 % ), ( 5 0.3 % ), ( 3 3.3 % ) IS O - 14 0 0 1-3 0.2 % 2-5,0 0 0 6 9. 1% 1,0 0 0 5 0 % - - - - E U
- ( P RT R ) 2 0 0 1, ( 1 9 9 9. 1. 12,, 14 4 4, )
E U,. ( 1), E U 3 2 2.2 % 4 1 2, 4 3 1 2. E U. E U,,,. E U,. (U ST R ) E U E U. ( ) 1.,, E U,,. E U. (N e w Ap p r o a c h ) 1 ) E U,,,,. E U. 1 ) (E s s e n t ia l Re q u ir e m e n t s ) E U CE NE LE C ( ), C E N ( ), ETS I( ) (TAB D : T r a n s - a t la n t i c B u s in e s s D ia l o g ) E U. E U E U 5 0 %. E U E U. E U. E U,,,,,. E U.
E U. E U E U. (N o t ifie d B o d y ).. E U., E U. E U (M RA ). M RA E U. E U M RA, M RA. E U 9 6 9 7 E U. 9 0 / 2 2 0,.,. E U. 9 7 9 8 4. E U,.. E U. E U,.,, 6 9 E U 2.
E U E U.. E U. 5 9 0 / 2 2 0 E U (N ov e l F o o d Re g u l a t io n, 2 5 8 / 9 7 ( L4 3, 9 7.2. 14 ) ) ( G M O : G e n e t i c a lly M o d ifie d O r g a n i s m s ) E U. 7 E U E U,,.. 9 E U. 2 1 1 1. 1 2 D NA........ ( S R M s ) 9 7 7 3 0 E U,,,, ( S RM s : S p e c ifi e d Ris k M a t e r i a ls ). E U B S E, E U. 9 8 1 1 9 8 4 1.,,, 1 2,,.,, ( ). 2 0 0. S RM s WT O.. B S E.
E U. (T a llow D e r iv a t iv e s ). S RM s,,, (T a ll ow D e r iv a t iv e s ). S RM s. E U B S E.. 1 0 E U. 9 6 5 E U WT O. WT O E U ( S PS : S a n it a r y a n d Ph y t o s a n it a r y ) 2 ) WT O, E U WT O S PS WT O. E U,. E U WT O. 2 ) S PS,,,. 9 2 3 2 3 E U E U... 1 1 E U,. 1 1,,,,, ( 1 2 ),,, T,,.,,,. E U 9 6. E U 9 8. E U. 9 6 E U. 2.
E U IS O E U. E U 4. E U. E U IS O E U IS O. IS O.. H C F C ( ) E U 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 H C F C s (h y d r o c h lo r o flu o r o c a r b o n s ) E U 3 0 9 3 / 9 4. C F C H C F C s C F C. E U. E U E U., 3 0 9 3 / 9 4. ( 1 9 9 8. 5.2 2, KOT RA, ) E U,. (2 ), 2. 9 1 1 1 E U E U.. 8, E U 9 7 1 2 1 8.. E U..
3. - - E U.. E U,,. E U. E U. ( 1 9 9 8. 5.2 3, KOT RA, ) E U,. (3 ), 5. E U. (W IP O : W o r ld In t e lle c t u a l Pr o p e r t y O r g a n iz a t i o n ) E U (T RIP : T r a d e Re la t e d In t e lle c t u a l Pr o p e r t y ) ( IPR : In t e ll e c t u a l Pr o p e r t y Rig h t ). E U WT O T R IP WT O 3 0 1. E U.,,. ( E P O : E u r o p e a n P a t e n t O ffi c e ) 9 7 7 2 0 %. ( ).
9 7 (D G : D ir e c t o r a t e s G e n e r a l ). 7 5.,,... 9 7 E U 9. E U., ( ).,. ( ). 2. ( 1 9 9 8.5.2 5, KOT RA, ). 2 0 1 0.,,.,.
15,,.. 7 0 RM B ( ). 2 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 5 9 5 (9 6-2 0 0 0 ) 1,3 5 0. 2 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 5. 2 0 0 0 1 8 0, 2 0 10 6 2 0. 2 0 0 0 5 2 0 1 0 1 2. < > : 1,3 5 0 - - - - 5 4 6 6 2 4 15 0 3 0 -, - - 6 0 0 3 15 4 3 5 5.,,,, (B a g ). 2 0 0 0 6 0 %. 2 3. 1 0 t 1 t 10 t.
,.,,,... 1 ) ( ), 2 ), 3 ) 3 2 1.,, 2 0 0 0. 1 1 5 0 t, 3 0 0 t, 5 0 0 t, 1 t. 2 0 0 0. (, ) 2 0 0 0,.,,,,,. 2 0 0 0 2 5 3 0.,,., ( )
,,, (, ) 2 3.. 7 0 7 0 1 7, 1 5, 1 8, 19. 2 1 2 0 1 0.,..,. ( 1 9 9 8. 9., ) E U 2000 5ppm, 2008 E U. 1 0 E U E U. 2 0 0 0 5 p p m, 2 0 0 8.
5 p p m, 5 p p m.,.. 5 p p m. E U 2 %. - (NiC d ), 7 0 %.. 5 1 5 %,.. (T h e E u r o p e a n P o r t a b le B a t t e r y As s o c i a t io n ) Ni C d,.. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.9, KOT RA, ), WT O 9 9 WT O. - E U, WT O, WTO 9 9 WT O.
WT O. WT O, 8.,,. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1. 1 1, KOT RA, ) E U, 2000 WT O 2 0 0 0 E U. E U E U. WT O, WT O WT O WT O. E U ( E u r o p e a n S e r v i c e N e t w o r k ).. WT O 1 5. (S IS : S e r v ic e In fo r m a t i o n S y s t e m ),.. (w w w.e r u o a.e u.in t ). ( 19 9 8. 1 1.2 8, KOT RA, )
E U : E U 1 1 2 7. 5 3 E U 9 7 E U. U R E U...,,. 9 6 9 6.. E U,,,,,.. WT O. U R,,,,.,. 2 0 0 0 WT O. TV.. E U E U. E U E U. 0. 12 5 % (H a r b o u r M a in t e n a n c e T a x : H MT ).
.,,,.. ( ). 1 9 9 0 ( F a s t n e r Q u a lit y Ac t : F QA ). (s u b s t a n d a r d s )., (N IST ), NA FTA... 1 9 3 3 B u y Am e r ic a n E U,. 1 9 6 2 2 3 2. 3... 2 5 %.. In t e r n a l Rev e n u e C o d e 1 6 3j.. E U 9 7 9 7 4 E C U. 2,7 7 0 E C U 2 3 %, 2 1%.
E U 9 0 9 2 3 9 3 9 7, 9 7 E U E U 3 5 E C U. E U 19.6 %, 2 0.5 %, E U 2 0.5 %, 1 8. 1 %. 7 %. E U 2,8 3 0 E C U, E U 2, 7 5 0 E C U. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.3, KO RTA, ) E U, (E U ) 2 (WT O ). WT O ( ) 2 0 0 0. 7. E U 2 0 0 0 WT O. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 2 8 ) (J ET RO ),,.,. (, ).
H. S.C o d e : 3 9 2 5 10, 7 3 0 9 0 0, 7 6 1 1 0 0, 8 4 7 9 8 9 :,,, :, ( ), -,.,. - (, ),. -. ( ),.. -... - ( ) ( 2 0 ). -, - ( ), In v o i c e, B/ L, ( F O B, C & F )
( ) H. S.C o d e : 2 8, 2 9, 3 8 0 8 2 0 :,,,,, :,,, - ( )... -,.,,...,,,,. -.,,..,.,.. -.,. -,
- ( ), In v o i c e, B/ L, ( F O B, C & F ) ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, KOT RA, ), WT O WTO, 1 1 3 WT O, WT O. 1 1 3 WT O WT O WT O. WT O. 7.,. WT O WT O., WT O. 9 5 WT O. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.9, KOT RA, )
OE CD (MF I) O E C D 12. 3 8 (WT O ) (M F I) (M F I) : Mu lt ila t e r a l F r a m e w r o k o n In v e s t m e n t 9 0 O E C D E U 9 7.5 (MAI) 9 5. 1 0 9 8.4 9 9.4 6 MAI ( 1 0.2 0 ) WT O, (MA I) - (MAI) -,,,, - (MA I),, 2 1 - (M F I) 2 1 - - MAI M F I
- (MAI) - O E C D ( C IM E ) (M F I) - C IM E 9 9.2 - - 2 1 O E C D (M F N ) - E U - MAI (M F I) ( C IM E ) - 9 9. 1 WT O - O E C D WT O - 9 9.2 ( C IM E ) (M F I) ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 12, 14 2 1, ), WT O 9 9 WT O 9 9. WT O ( ) 1 1 2 0 0 0 WT O WT O WT O.
WT O. -. 9 8 0 %,,.. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 15, KOT RA, ) E U 9 8 E U, E U 9 8 E U,,,,, 14 E U E U (5. 18 ) WT O (T E P ) E U T E P ( 9 8.9 ) 6 (M RA ) (TAS B I), E U - 9 7 E U 2,7 7 0 E C U E U 1 9.6 %, 2 0.5 %
- 7. 1% ( 6.9 %, 4. 7 % ) - 9 7 E U 3 7 5 E C U 4 1% E U 2 14 E C U 5 1%, (ITA ), ( 3 0 % ),, E U ( C B I ) 0.2 1% (M PF ) 0. 1 2 5 % ( H MT ) E U H MT WT O, (3.2 5, 6. 1 0 ) H MT < > E U E U < > ( C O D EX ) ( IN D ) < > B u y Am e r i c a n Ac t ( ) 6 0 % ( FAR ), 6 2 NAT O 5 0 %
< > E U (LCA ) ( T h e J o n e s A c t ), (G LP, Tit le X I ), O E CD ( E E P ), (MAP ) < >, 8 8 5 0 2 1 ( E x o n - F l o r i o ) - (M &A ) (C F IU S, ) - M &A, ( C NT ) 1 7 < > ( F C C ) 2 0 % (COMSAT) (INTELSAT) (INMARSAT) F CC (AMS C ),
< > E U ( 19 4 0 ), ( S E C ) < > : 4 9 % (V o t in g S t o c k ) 2 5 % ( FAA ) : (C PA, 1 9 5 4 ) 5 0 % - ( 1 9 7 6 ) 1 10 E U E U 3 0 0 6 0 0 ( IM RO ) E U (T B R ) ( 2.3 ) - (M o s e lle ) ( C h a m p a g n e ) - 1 0 4 : ( ILSA ) - E U 3 E U 9 8 - E U
- WT O E U E U -, E U - E U, (T B R ) WT O ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 16, 14 2 4, ) 2 0 0 0, (E u r o C h a m b r e s ) 2 0 0 0 E U. E u r o C h a m b r e s,,... 9 8 7 2 0 WT O 9 9 1 1.,.,,.. WT O,
9 9 WT O.. WT O 9 7. WT O (W C O ).. W T O WT O. WT O. E U., E u r o C h a m b r e s. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 19, KOT RA, )
, 2 0 1 0 ( ),,., 15,,.. 7 0 RM B. 2 0 0 1 2 0 10 6 0 4 2 0 0 0 2 2, 2 0 10 7 5. 5.,,,, ( B a g ). 2 0 0 0 6 0 %. 2,4 0 0 3,6 0 0. 1 0 t 1 t 10 t.
,.,,,.,.. 1 ), ( ), 2 ),, 3 ) 3.,, 2 0 0 0. 1 1 5 0 t, 3 0 0 t, 5 0 0 t, 1 t. 2 0 0 0. (, ) 2 0 0 0.,.,,,.,,,. 2 0 0 3 3 6..,,., ( ).,,, (, ) 2 3. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 4, KOT RA, )
WTO?,., (G MA ) 1 1 2 WT O.,, LM O ( ). G MA, (Ad v a n c e d In fo r m e d Ag r e e m e n t ). LM O, WT O, T BT S P S, (b io - e n g in e e r e d ). G MA,, WT O. ( 19 9 8. 1 1-1 2, B R ID G E S, V o l.2, N o.8 ) 19 9 9 WT O - 3. 1 1 1 8. 3 1 7-1 8 3 1 5-1 6.,., WT O.
WT O WT O,,. WT O E U Le o n Br it t a n,, WT O, 2 WT O.. : WT O,,., 3,, WT O. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1-12, B RID G E S V o l.2 N o.8 ) 2 0 9 9,.. 2 1. (WT O ) (U R ) 9., 1 1 3 0. WT O 3. 1 3 2 WT O 5 2 3... WT O, ( ). ( E U ).
E U ( s in g le u n d e r t a k in g ) ( s e c t o r a l a p p r o a c h ). U R.. (t r a d e- o ff) (fr e e - r id e ). ( c lu s t e r in g )... E U U R (B IA : Bu ilt - in - Ag e n d a ),,,.,... (AS EAN )... 9 6 1 WT O... WT O ( O E C D ), (APE C ),. 1 1 3 WT O. ( 1 9 9 9. 1. 15, 1 0 )
, (n e w i s s u e ). (U R ).. = (WT O ). WT O ( CT E : C o m m it e e o f T r a d e a n d E n v ir o n m e n t ) 9 6 1 1 0. ( 2 1) ( 3 ) ( 6 )... ( 1 9 9 9. 1. 15, 1 0 )... 150 3. ( E U ) 3. 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 2. ( C a ir n s ). 8 6 16.. 8. 1, 2 1 3, 4 2, 5 3, 6 4, 7 7, 8 9.. 1 2 3 9 (U R ) 1 7..
. (WT O ) 1 3 2 U R 2 5. 3 1 1 5 0 1 6 0. U R... 1 (4 7 ) 2 3 4 5 2 (4 9 ) 13 5 3 (5 0 5 1 ) 3 8 8 7 4 (5 5 5 6 ) 2 6 2 5 5 (6 0 6 2 ) 2 6 4 4 6 (6 4 6 7 ) 6 2 7 (7 3 7 9 ) 9 9 8 (8 6 9 4 ) 10 7 9 (2000 ) ( ) 15 0 16 0 ( 1 9 9 9. 1. 15, 1 0 ) WT O 9 9 WT O 1 2 2 U R 3 ( 1 1.3 0-12. 3 ) 2 0 0 0 2 WT O - (4.3 0 ),,, 4 2 (9 8. 1 0 )
- 9 8. 1 1, 12 - E U (,, ) (, ) -,, ( ), ( ), ( ) WT O 9 9. 1. 1 1 1 2. 16 9 8 (9 8. 1 2. 1 8 ) U R 2 WT O (9 8. 5 ) - U R 3 ( 1 1.3 0-1 2. 3, ) - WT O ( S p e c i a l S e s s i o n ) 2 1 (Mille n n iu m Ro u n d ), 3 WT O 1 ( 9 8. 9 ), - E U U R - E U ( s in g le u n d e r t a k in g ) ( s e c t o r a l a p p r o a c h ) 2 ( 2.2 5-2 6 ) 3 - WT O (9 9. 1-2 ), (9 9.3-7 ), ( 9 9.9-1 1 ) 3 ( 1 2. 1 6 ) -,,,,, 6, WT O 13 3 ( 9 8. 1 2.2 0 ) 3 1 2 0 0 0,
< WT O >,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, * WT O ( 9 8. 1 0 ) WT O (T P RB ) 9 9,, 1 2, < > 1.2 0, 2 2 9. 14-15 1,2 7-2 8 9.2 7-2 8 2.2 5-2 6 1 0.4-5 6.2 4-2 5 1 0.2 8-2 9 7. 1 2-14 1 1. 1 5-16 7.2 8-2 9 1 2. 1 5-1 7 WT O IM F, IB RD, U N CTAD, U N D P, O E C D 3. 1 7-18, WT O (3. 1) ( 7 4 ),,, WT O 9 9 - WT O ( 9 5. 1 ) 4 2 1-2 (5. 1 ) U R 2 0 0 0-2 * 9 8. 1 2 (4 0 ) ( 1 2 ) ( 8 ) (6 )
- U R, 3 ( 1 9 9 8. 1. 8, 14 4 1, ) CE 11 E U E U. E U C E. 9 6 E U 3 4.5 %. C E 7 1 7. E U C E.,,,,, 9 C E. E U, E U. E U, E U. E U. E U E U (M RA ). 9 4 E U 1 0 14 E U 9 9.. E U 9 1 7 9 7 4 9 8 7 1 E U 3.
9 5 1 0 E U, E U. E U. E U 6 1 E U. E U E U E U,. E U 9 2 1 0 ( E c o l a b e l ).. 9 8 1 0 E U 1 1 1 1. E U. E U E U 9 4 1 2,.,,, 9 8 1 1.,, 9 6 1 2. (IS O ) E U. EU 9 7 5 ( ) 9 8 8.
D NA ( G M O ) c o n t a in s G M O '. E U G M O. E U 9 2 9.. E U. E U 8 5 6,, 9 8 1., 9,,,.,. ( 1 9 9 9. 1. 9., ) 9 9 E U E U.., CE.
E U. E U. ( ) 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 5.. 2 0 0 0 - P HAs : 1 1% - : 3 5 0 p p m < 2 0 0 0 > 1 8 % 1 % 2. 7 % 5 % 7 % 0.0 0 5 g/ ( a r o m a t ic s ) 4 2 % 15 0 p p m 3 % 1 0 % 1 0 % < 2 0 0 0 > ( C O ) ( H C ) (N Ox ) 2.3 g/ (2.2 ) 0.2 g/ 0. 1 5 g/ 0.6 4 g/ (1.0) - 0.5 g/ H C N Ox - (0.5 g/ ) - 0.5 6 g/ (0.7) 0.0 5 g/ :. 5, 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 5.. C la s s ( 1,2 5 0 1, 7 0 0 ) C la s s ( 1, 7 0 0 ), ( ), 9 8 1 0 1 E U.
. E U < ( ) > ( :g/ k Wh ) 2 0 0 0 2. 1 0.6 6 5.0 0. 10 2 0 0 5 1.5 0.4 6 3.5 0.0 2 < ( ) > ( :g/ k Wh ) 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 5.4 5 4.0 0. 7 8 0.5 5 5.0 3.5 0. 1 6 0.0 3 0.2 1 1. 1 1.6,, 19. (,,,,,, ), (, ), ( ),,,,,., ( ),., 3 6 d b.,. C E. 3.,,,,,., 3.
Aa r h u s 2 0 0 0 3 16 ( P O Ps ) E U.,,,,, P C B 2 0 0 5 D DT H C H 2. 2 0 1 0.,, C F C s,, H C F C s,,,. (A C E A ) 1 0 1 8 6 g/ 14 0 g/ 1 2 0 0 3 1 6 5 1 7 0 g/. AC EA E U. AC EA,. 2 0 0 2 5 5 % 10 % 1 0 %. PV C PV C E U. E U,. ( 1 9 9 8. 1. 9, KOT RA, )
E C O ( E c o l o g y M a r k ). : ( ). :.. E C O. 7 2. ( ), E C O : ( 0 3 )- 3 5 0 8-2 6 5 1 G r e e n. : ( ). :.,,,,,.. ( 19 9 7 12 ),,,, 1 5,8 8 0. ( ) G r e e n M a r k : ( 0 3 )- 3 5 4 1-9 1 7 1
. :. 9 3 6 ( ),, P ET.. 1.......................................................................................PET : 2.......................................................................H D PE : 3...............................................................................PV C : 4.......................................................................LD P E : 5.................................................................................PP : 6....................................................................................PS : 7............................................................................................... ( ).. : ( 0 3 )- 3 5 8 6-9 7 6 1 ( 1 9 9 9. 1. 12. KOT RA, ) W SC,. ( W S C ) 9 7.
1 9 ( KS C ). KS C ( P F C ) 2 3. P F C ( 5 ) 2 1. PF C,,,,..,.,. 5.., LG, LCD. ( 1 9 9 9. 1. 19, )
,, -.,. - 2 0 0,.,., 5 0 0 0 ( a c r e ) 1 9 9 5-1 9 9 6. 19 9 6 10, An g e l a M e r k e l J ir i S k a lic k y. 1 9 9 7, 1 9 9 7 1 2. 19 9 8 2 5-6 1 0. 4 6, ( s u lfu r ) C h e m n it z 19 9 6, 1 9 9 0-1 9 9 7.. 1 9 9 8 1 2 3 1,. ( 19 9 8. 1 1.2 5, In t e r n a t io n a l E n v ir o n m e n t, Vo l.2 1, No.2 4, b y S t e p h e n J oy c e ) E S CI ( ) E a r c h S c ie n c e (E S C I) 1 1 1 1.
E S C I H "E S C I 'Allia n t Pow e r '. Allia n t. 8 0.". E S C I 2.. " ' P o r t l a n d G a s & E l e c t r i c '. E S CI, E S C I. E S C I 'A DA '. * N Ox ( ) * ADA- 1 0 ( ). 10 1 1 6 A DA- 1 0 E S C I 3 0 ~ 5 0. * : E S C I. * N Ox ( S C R ) : S C R N O x. N Ox 2 0 0 S C R. E S C I S C R. E S C I,. E S C I (P PA ),,,,,,. E S C I PPA P PA. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, )
B.C. (b ir t h d e fe c t s ) ( a ir b o r n e p o llu t a n t s ) ( B r it i s h C o lu m b i a la k e s ). (b u r b o t ), (p e s t i c id e ) (t o x a p h e n e ).,. ( o s p r e y ) ( o t t e r ). 7 ( F r a s e r Riv e r Ac t i o n Pla n ) (M o u n t Ro b s o n ) (M o o s e La k e ) ( S t u a r t La k e ), (Nic o l a La k e ), ( Ka m lo o p s La k e )., D DT PCB (p o ly c h lo r in a t e d b ip h e n y l ). D DT. D DT. PCB (e le c t r ic a l t r a n s for m e r s ) (c o o la n t s ).,. (w a t e r s h e d ),.. (t is s u e )., (Yu k o n ). ( C o lin G r a y ).,. 3 4 (V a n c o u v e r ) ( C o a s t M o u n t a in s ). ( S a n d y M a t h e s o n ) 16
D DT, PC B.,. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, ) E U, E C ( E u r o p e C o m m i s s i o n ) 12 (b e n z e n e ) ( c a r b o n m o n o x id e ) 1 1 2 4.,. (b e n c h m a r k ) ( E u r o p e a n U n i o n ).. ( E u r o p e a n E n v ir o n m e n t C o m m is s io n ) (J e ff H u n t in g t o n ), 4 0 g/. 2 0 1 0 5 g/. 2 0 0 5 10 g/. 2 0 10, 2 0 1 0 E U., (s t a t ion a r y s o u r c e s ). 6 E U (Au t o O il p r o g r a m ). 2 0 0 5., ( o il r e fin e r ie s ) 1%. E U 1.8 % 2.5 %.. (t a ilp ip e ) (h y d r o c a r b o n s ), (n it r o g e n ox i d e s ), (p a r t ic u la t e s ), ( s o o t ) 4 0 %.
E U 4 4 0 5 5 0. E U E U. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, ) -. 9 8. 12.6 Am e r i c a n G e o p h y s ic a l U n i o n..... - -. 19 9 7 3.,, D a n J a ffe. J a ffe.,. ".." 1 9 9 8 4. -. -. 3 1. Th o m a s C a h ill.
"." N a v a l R e s e a r c h La b o r a t o r y D o u g l a s W e s t p h a l. 2 0 C a h ill. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 19, 3 4 2, ), 19 9 8 1 2 8-2 5 ( E PA ).. 9 0 %,.. ( s i c k b u ild in g s y n d r o m e ). E PA,,..,.,.....,. E PA.
..,! E PA (T h e E PA ' s In d o o r Air Q u a lit y H o m e Pa g e ) (T h e In d o o r E n v ir o n m e n t Rev ie w ). ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 19, 3 4 2, ) 4 0 % 4 0 % 12 7. 7 5 % 2 0.. 8 5 18 % 9 3 2 9 % 4 0 %. 2 0. 2,3 5 0 9 3 1,8 0 0 3 0 %.. 3.,. 2 0,... ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 19, 3 4 2, )
D a n G li c k m a n... 1/ 2 3 / 4..,. ARS Vin c e n t H. V a r e l N B PT. N B PT (u r e a s e ). u r e a s e ( ) V a r e l. C l a y c e n t e r Ro m a n L. H r u s k a u r e a s e. NB PT. u r e a s e..,. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 4, 3 4 3, )
10 1 2 12 (T e h r a n ) ( a ir p o llu t i o n ) 1 0. 1 2 13 ( D a ily Ir a n ), 3 7..,. ( a ir r ev e r s io n ). (p u b lic t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s )..,. 2 4 0., 4,0 0 0. 2,0 0 0. (Alb o r z M o u n t a in r a n g e ) 6 0 0. 7 0 0 3 0 0. (im p r o p e r c o m b u s t i o n )., 1,2 8 0,0 0 0 ( c a r b o n m o n o x id e ) 1 7,5 0 0 ( s u lfu r d i o x i d e ), 2 1,0 0 0 ( s u s p e n d e d p a r t ic le s ), 1 0 5,0 0 0 (n it r o g e n o x id e ), 2,0 0 0 1 15,0 0 0 (h y d r o c a r b o n s ).. (n a t u r a l g a s ).. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 4, 3 4 3, )
,, 19 9 8 12 9 - (N CAR ) ( s u lfa t e a e r o s o ls ) 5 0 ~ 6 0 %., " (im p o r t e d )". N CAR J e ffr e y Ke ih l (G e o p h y s ic a l U n io n c o n fe r e n c e ). Ki e h l. ( ).. Kie h l.,...,.. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 4, 3 4 3, ) E U, (E U ) 2 1 2 0 0 5. E U 2 0 0 5 4 %..
2 0 0 5 0. 15 g p k (g r a m m e s p e r k ilow a t t ) 0.0 2 g p k. E U ' - ',,. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.3 1, 3 4 4, ) ( C O 2 ). ( ) (N o r t h D a k o t a E n e r g y & E n v ir o n m e n t a l Re s e a r c h C e n t e r : E E RC ) 2,0 0 0.. " 1,8 0 0." E E RC J o h n Hu r le y. H a r t fo r d (UT RC ) - 6 0 %, 9 0 % ( H IP PS ). H IPP S E E RC. "," UT RC D a n S e e r y. " 2,0 0 0 UTRC DOE 3 5 5 0 %." H IPPS 3 1. "." Hu r le y. H IP PS. 9 0 %. H IPP S,. ".." S e e r y.
H IPP S.. 2 0 0 0, H IP PS,.. 1,0 0 0. H IPP S., 1,0 0 0. UT RC.. E E RC. E E R C. 3 0, 6, 1 6,. E E R C 4 7. ".", E E RC Gr e g Web e r. E E RC, ( ) Plib r ic o. E E R C ( ). E E RC Bu t c h Ris k e H IPPS. ",..". ",." W e b e r. "." E E RC G e r r y Gr o e n ew o ld, ",. E E R C H IP PS,." ( 1 9 9 8. 12.3 1, 3 4 4, )
(n ox i o u s g a s e s ) (p a r t ic u la t e m a t t e r ) " ( E p id e m io l o g y )", 1. " ". (B r ig h a m a n d W o m e n ' s H o s p it a l ) ( D ia n e G o ld ) 4 0 (r e s p ir a t o r y s y s t e m ). (W o r l d H e a lt h O r g a n iz a t io n )., 1 7 %. (p h l e g m ). (U n iv. o f W a s h in g t o n ) 1 9 8 7 19 9 4. ( c a r b o n m o n o x id e ) 4 % 5 %.,. ( H a r v a r d S c h o o l o f Pu b li c H e a lt h ) (J o e l S c h w a r t z ). ( c a r d iov a s c u l a r d i s e a s e ). 5 %.. (a r r h y t h m ia s ) (e le c t r o c a r d io g r a m c h a n g e s ). ( 1 9 9 8. 12.3 1, 3 4 4, ).. Pa u l W e is s J a m e s Ku s h m e r ic k.
(M o S 2 ). "J o u r n a l o f Ph y s i c a l C h e m i s t r y B" 1 9 9 8 1 0.,. W e i s s ". "., (M o S 2 ). M o S 2. Ku s h m e r ic k " ". Ku s h m e r ic k 4 K. We is s Mo S 2, ". Ku s h m e r ic k We is s Mo S 2. M o S 2,,.,.,.. W e i s s " ".... ( 1 9 9 8. 12.3 1, 3 4 4, )
' '.....,.. 7 2 0 k m 1.,,. ( 1 9 9 9. 1.4, 13 ) E E C, E E C ( E n v ir o n m e n t a l E le m e n t s C o r p o r a t i o n ) W E (Wi s c o n s in E le c t r i c ). E E C M a r q u e t t e W E Pr e s q u e Is l e. E E C (F in e P a r t i c u l a t e Ag g lo m e r a t o r : F PA (T M ) ). W E Pr e s q u e Is le F PA. "F PA." E E C E. H. V e r d e r y " F PA (p r e c ip it a t o r ) 4 0 %. F PA.".
F PA W E D o u g E E C Pa u l F i e ld m a n " ( E n h a n c e d F i n e P a r t i c u l a t e C o n t r o l b y A g g l o m e r a t i o n )". W e tj e n O r l a n d o P ow e r G e n In t e r n a t io n a l ' 9 8 C o n fe r e n c e a n d E x h ib it i o n. P o w e r G e n. 14,0 0 0 2 0 0. F PA E E C M s Lis a Mo r r is (4 10-3 6 8-7 0 9 2 ) Mr s Ka r e n Br ow n (4 10-3 6 8-7 2 3 6 ). E E C 5 0,,,,,,. ( 1 9 9 9. 1.8, 3 4 5, ) - ' 9 7 1 2 2 2, 1 9 9 7. 5 3 2 6.. 6 8 14. 4. 1 5 3 1 3 14 6, 8 7. 3 1 13 5 3 3.4., 1 8.,, 2 6 3 1 0.5 5 p g, 9 6 0.9 4 p g 5. 1.4 p g, 14 ( 0.8 p g ). ( 1 9 9 9. 1.8, 3 4 5, )
(p e r m a n e n t p r e s s c l o t h in g ),, (fin i s h ),, (fo r m a ld e h y d e ).,,,. B a t t e ll e La b o r a t o r ie s 5 5 1 1 E n v ir o n m e n t a l S c i e n c e & T e c h n o lo g y.,,,,. (p r e s s e d w o o d ).,, (a c id ). 1. 2 4 5 1 0. (h a r d e n e r ). 1.....,,.,.. (ir r it a t io n ),,. ( 1 9 9 9. 1.8, 3 4 5, )
" ". S e lf- a s s e m b l e d m o n o la y e r s o n m e s o p o r o u s s u p p o r t s ( SAMM S ) M o b il O il C o r p o r a t i o n.,,. S AM M S. 5 15. " ". SAMM S.. SAMM S... ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 7, 3 3 9, ) C o e u r d ' Ale n e..
Na t io n a l S c ie n c e d F o u n d a t ion Fr a n k Ro s e n zw e ig J im H a r r in g t o n D a v e Cu m m in g s.... S u lfic id Ph a s e. ( ) 10 12....... ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 7, 3 3 9, ),.,. ( B i o r e m e d i a t io n ) 8 9..,.
,,,. 6 1 (4 ). 3, 2 1, 1 0 0,. 8. 4 6 7 %, 3 8 %, 5 0 %. 6 6 %, 8 2 %, 7 1 %. 3 %, 3 5 %. 5 0 %.,..,. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.3 0,, ) E U, -, ( E U ) 1 9 9 8 1 1 1 7,. 19 9 0 19 9 7 9 8 8, 3 5.,.,. 1 9 7 3, 2 0 ( d ir e c t iv e s ) 2 0 0 5 4 0,0 0 0...
,.,, /.. ( Re n e w a b le E n e r g y S o u r c e ) 3 0,. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 5, In t e r n a t i o n a l E n v ir o n m e n t, V o l.2 1, N o.2 4 ), MT BE MTB E ( E PA ). MT B E. E PA 3 MT B E. 6. ( ) MT B E ( ) 9 5. MT B E,,, MT B E. E PA 1 0 0. " E PA MT B E " " ". ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, ),
U N - U N (U N C S D ) 2 2 0 2 5 2 / 3 ( 9 7. 1 ) - U N (U N E S C O ) 2 5 1 3 0 % ( 6.5 ) O E C D - 2 6 3 2 0 2 5 5 2 3 0-2 1 ( 9.2 ) - 8 0 %, 1 9 2 0 3 0 % ( 7.2 9 ) -,, -, 9 8 ( 7.2 3 ), - 2 0 0 0,,,,, 6, ( 8.2 2 )
- 2 8,0 0 0, 1 1/ 4 ( 7.2 2 ) 2 1 (4.2 2 ) - 5 0 % - 4 5 0 %, 2 0 0 2-2 0 0 0 5,0 0 0, ( 6. 1 1 ) - 2 2 0 6 1, ( 8.5 ) - 2 0 0 0 1 4 5 (5 ) ( 9. 7 ) - 1 1,5 0 0 2 0 3 0 7 5 0-2 2,,, (4.2 7 ) - ( 1 1.2 1 2 2 ), 2 0 0 0 12 6,0 0 0 9 6,0 0 0
-,, -,,, - U N, O E C D - ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 15, 14 2 3, ) PVA, ( PVA ) PVA,,.,. 9 8 5 0 0., PVA. 1 3 3. ( 1.0 18 ),. PVA PVA.. 4,,.. 1 2 0 3 0 m 4.5 7.9.,.
,... 1 0.5 0.6 m, 1 0.,. (R D F ).. 8 0 0.,,. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 19, 3 4 2, ) NE D O, (N E D O ) G r e e n Ai d Pl a n ( GA P ). 3.,. GAP. 1 1 2 6,, N E D O,. N E D O 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 6.,.,.. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 4, 3 4 3, )
' ' ' '.. 9 8,, 9.. 9 1 9 4, 3 1.,. 7, 2.,. ( ). 7,. (At r a z in e ) ( S im a z in e ).,. 9?..... p p t. 1 0 0 1,.. 4 6, 8 1,.
2., 1 0.0 7 5 5 1 5.7 % 0.0 7 5 5 9.5 % 1. 7. ( ),.,,.. 4 6. 1 9 9 6 0.0 7 5 2.,,. ( )..,. 2 8 Ph t h a lic. 3 3.. ( ).,,.. 9 6 9 1 1 15 1 1, 4.9..,, ( ).
...,...,.,.,.. 7 2 5, 3 8 1 1...,.. 9 5 2 0 0 0.,.,. 9 7 1 9 8 5., 4 0 %, 2.,..
7 0 %... 1 0 9 2 5 6 9 2 %, A 2 3.5 %. ( ).. ( ). ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 15, 1 2 0, )... 1 9 9 4 13.8 10.4, 2.9, 0.5. 6 0 %... 1, 8 7 1 4 6.,. 10 10 0..,,,,
.,...,........,,. 1 9 9 4, 1 3.8 1 0.4, 2.9, 0.5. 6 0 %. 2 5 3 0 5.. 8 5.... 1, 8 7 14 6.,. 4 2 %.,,, ( 2 0 % ).
14 %.., Ch e r e p ov e t s k (,, ), Lip e t s k, T u la, V o r o n e z h, T o g lia t t i, V o lo g r a d, S t a v r o p o l, M o z d o k, G r o z n y, C h e ly a b in s k (,, ), N ov o k u z n e t s k (, ), Ab a k a n, An g a r s k..,, 1 0.. C h e r n ov y l k m. ( 10 0 m ),.,...,,... V o lg a. 1 9 5 0.. 19 8 9, Nov o k u ib y s h ev s k, S a m a r a... 19 9 1. 3 7 0 m. N o v o k u ib y s h e v s k ( )..,,.,,. Glo z n y. 3 m 1.5. 7 0..
Az ov T a g a n r o g B a y E y s k. 2 0 2 2 m 0. 7.. 1 9 9 0 T a g a n r o g B a y 7 8 m. 4.. 1 0.. U t a h. 5.,.. M o s c o w 10 1 0 0 m g/.. 19 9 0 1 9 9 4, 5 0 k g/ h a..... ( ).,.. (,, ),,...,,..,,.. (, ),,.
.,. 5 0 m g/,. S O 4, N O 3, N H 4, Al, Pb, F e, C d, Mn, Cu. 1.... 2 m g/. p H 5. p H.. 4. p H. p H,,,. p H.. ( ),,, p H. p H. p H., p H 5,,..,.... 2 0 3 0
p H., 10 m p H 5 4, 5 m g/.,,..,.,.. 2...,.,.. ( 1 2 m ), ( 8 1 0 m )... ( 5 0 8 0 % )....
......,.. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 15, 1 2 0, ),,... G a r y B r e it e n b e c k (, B a g a s s e ).,.. (m ill e d b a g a s s e ).,. 1/ 2 1.,. 9 0 9 8 %,.,.
B r e it e n b e c k, 1 0 0 0 /..,.,. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.3 1, 3 4 4, ) Bacillu s coagu lan s (VI),,,,,. 6 ( ) 3 ( ). Cr (VI),,. Cr (III),... C r (V I).. Cr (V I). C r (V I). Ps e u d o m o n a s d e c h r o m a t i c u s. ( c h r o m a t e, C r O 4 2 - ) ( d i c h r o m a t e, C r O 7 2 - ). E n t e r o b a c t e r c lo a c a e - H O I. C r (V I). Ps e u d o m o n a s f lu o r e s c e n c e LB - 3 0 0 ( c it r a t e ) C r (V I) C r ( III). ( In d i a n In s t it u t e o f T e c h n o lo g y ) Lig y Ph ilip, Le e l a Iy e n g a r, (T h e U n iv. o f t h e W e s t In d ie s ) C. V e n k o b a c h a r Cr (V I).
Cr (V I) C r ( III),. B a c illu s c ir c u la n s ( In s t it u t e o f Mic r ob ia l T e c h n o lo g y ) Ps e u d o m o n a s a e ru g in o s a. B a c illu s c o a g u la n s.. B. c o a g u l a n s 10 m M C r (V I) C r (V I). C r (V I). C r (V I) p H 7. C r (V I). D N P N a N 3 C r (V I). Cr (V I)., (n i c o t in a m i d e a d e n in e d in u c le o t i d e ),. C r (V I). B. c o a g u l a n s C r (V I). ( 1 9 9 8. 12.3 1, 3 4 4, ) (m i c r o filt r a t i o n ) (n a n o filt r a t i o n ),,,. ( ) 2 10 5.. ( S a n J o s e ) 1.9 1 0 4. ( 2.6 1 0 4 / d a y ), ( 5.3 10 4 / d a y ), ( 8.3 1 0 4 / d a y )..
. ( ),,,..,..... ( ). ( ).,,,,,,,.......,,...,. (M o n t g o m e r y W a t s o n Am e r ic a s, In c. ) S h a n k a r a r a m a n C h e lla m J o s e p h G. J a c a n g e lo ( ( ) ). ( )..
( )........ ( 1 9 9 8. 12.3 1, 3 4 4, )..,. ( B r ). ( IA RC ), (W H O ) 1 2 5. ( B r ). 1 2 2 0, 2 0 W H O, 4 0 0.,.,.,.,, 1 1 0 0. (, 9 8. 1 2. 1 2 ) ( 1 9 9 8. 12.3 1, 3 4 4, )
4 0 % U N DP 90%... 4 0 %,. 1 0 B B C (U N D P ) 5 4 0 % ( IB RD ).. 9 0 %.. 2 5, 10 2 0. 1 2 7 5 B B C.,,. IB RD 8 3... IB RD 10 2 0 2 7 5. ( 1 9 9 9. 1. 1 1, )
. 5 0,., M a t e r i a l Re c y c le,.,. 1 5. 4 0 0., ( N E D O ). Pl a S c a n - S H - A O T F ( ). C- H, O- H, H- Cl " ",. Pla Sc a n - SH,, ( )., PVC, AB S, PC AB S,,,,,,,., M a t e r i a l R e c y c le.,,. 2 5,. ( 9 8. 1 1.9, ) ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 7, 3 3 9, ) 10 0 % (l e a d - a c i d b a t t e r y ) 1 0. ' B a t t e r y C o u n c il In t e r n a t i o n a l ' ( B C I) 1 9 9 6 9 6.5 %, ( 6 7.8 % ), ( 6 3.5 % ), ( 3 7.9 % ).. 10 0 %.
.. " ", (p ow e r w e a p o n ). 7 0 B C I.. -. 19 8 7 1 9 9 6 ( % ). ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) (4 ) 19 8 7 8 6.6 3 2.7 5 0.6 2 2.0 19 8 8 9 1.0 3 5. 1 5 4.6 2 5.0 19 8 9 9 5.3 3 7.8 6 0.8 2 8.0 19 9 0 9 7.8 4 3.2 6 3.6 2 2.0 19 9 1 9 6.8 5 2.0 6 2.4 2 4.0 19 9 2 9 4.4 5 6.0 6 7.9 2 8.0 19 9 3 9 2.9 5 9.3 6 3. 1 3 1.0 19 9 4 9 8.2 6 2.8 6 5.4 3 2.0 19 9 5 8 9.5 6 2.7 6 2.2 3 5.0 19 9 6 9 6.5 6 7.8 6 3.5 3 8.0 ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 7, 3 3 9, ),.,,, 1. 9 9 4.
.,.,. R & D 9 5 1 1, 1 3 0 1., ( M C E C ). 3 7 0 0, 2 2 0,,,.,.,,. 9 6 1 0 5 0 0 k g., 1. 7 5 9 9 1. 2 / 3, 4. 1, 2. ( 9 8. 1 1. 1 1, ) ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 7, 3 3 9, ) (fo a m ) J S P. 1 0 0 %. 1 2.. J S P "Gr e e n Blo c k " J S P 6 0 1 0 0 %. J S P. J S P 1 0 0 6 2.
5 3 6. J S P. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, ) 15 0 (T h r e e G o r g e s d a m ) 1 5 0. (X in h u a n e w s a g e n c y ) 1 1 2 0. (Ch on g q in g E n v ir on m en t a l Pr ot e c t io n Bu r e a u ) (Wa n g Min gj i), 5. (p a p e r m ills ) (le a t h e r p r o c e s s in g p la n t s ). (r a d i o a c t iv e m a t e r ia l s ) ( a s b e s t o s ). 3 0..,. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, ) PCB S RI 1 1 1 6,, AH O (As s is t e d Hy d r o t h e r m a l Ox id a t io n ). (M H I). MH I S RI P C B ( Po ly c h l o r in a t e d b is p h e n o l ). P C B,. S RI MH I 19 9 5 AH O. S RI AH O 15.,.
S RI ( )..,. S R I. S R I A H O P C B. PC B 3 8 0, 2 7 0 ( ) ( ),. MH I PC B AH O. M H I 9 9.9 9 9 9 % 3 p p b. 0.5 p p b. S RI,, MH I. ' Hy d r o t h e r m a l Re s e a r c h Pr o g r a m ' In d ir, J a y ow e e r a ( : in d ir a.j a y a w e er a @s r i.c om, (6 5 0 ) 8 5 9-4 0 4 2 ). h t t p :/ / w w w - m p l.s r i.c o m / t o p ic s / Ro s s AH O.h t m l. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, ) C O 2, (R IT E ) ( C O ),. C O. C O. 1 1 9. 8 ( ) 3. C O,,. 12, C O,., C O., C O.. C O. C O.
9 7 R IT E. 2 0 5 0.,,,,,.,.,. (NASA),.., C O. 7 0. C O. C O 1 %.. 2 0 0 1. ( 9 8. 1 1. 1 6, ) ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, ).. 2 2 S a t is h Ku m a r... Ku m a r 1,3 0 0, 3 0. Ku m a r B ih a r 6 0 0. " ". Ku m a r 1..,,,. Za z ir p u r.
3 4. 7 8... 3 Mo n in i D ev i " ".. 5, 2 3 0..,. ( a c i d b a t h ) ( e l e c t r o p l a t in g )... Pa r s u r a m S h a r m a " ".. 4 7 0,,,. " ". ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, ). R P- 1 P o ly m e r Id e n t ifi c a t io n S y s t e m S p e c t r a C o d e U.S. E n v ir o n m e n t a l Pr o t e c t i o n Ag e n c y a n d Vis t e o n ( ).. -. Ra m a n s p e c t r o s c o p y.
.. 1 1 1 0 0. R P- 1 s y s t e m V e h ic le Re c y c lin g D ev e l o p m e n t C e n t e r ( 3 ) 2. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, ) (v in y l c h lo r id e ) (b e n z e n e ) (la n d fill s ) (T o r o n t o ).,.. (w a t er p ollu t ion ) (e x p lo s ion r is k s ). (le a c h a t e ) (g r o u n d w a t e r ) (o r g a n ic m a t t e r ) (m e t h a n e ). 4,... (T o r o n t o E n v ir o n m e n t a l Alli a n c e ) ( Lo i s C o r b e t t ).., (ly m p h a t i c c a n c e r ).. (Ke e le Va lle y ),.
( B r it a n n i a ) ( Pi c k e r in g ) (B r o c k W e s t ).., 1 5.. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, ).., d i s p o s e r " "..,,.,.,.,,,,.,,, 5. 3. 2 3 9 8 2 0 0 0 9. C o m p o s t ( ),.,,,.,., D is p o s e r,,. D is p o s e r,. ( 1 ), ( 2 ), ( 3 ).
( 1 ),. D is p o s e r..,,.,. ( 2 ),,,,,.,.,. (3 ).,,.,. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, ) S h r e d d e r D u s t S h r e d d e r, ( ) S h r e d d e r D u s t D u s t, Ro c k w o o l S h r e d d e r D u s t,. Ze r o E m i s s i o n, D u s t 0, D u s t S h r e d d e r.,,,,. 1 1 6. S h r e d d e r D u s t 1 7 0 8 0 %., 6. S h r e d d e r D u s t,,,, PV C, D u s t.,.
5 5 6 1 % D u s t, R e c e p t o r ( ),, Ro c k w o o l,,., S h r e d d e r, S h r e d d e r D u s t. S h r e d d e r D u s t,., 10 0,, S h r e d d e r. S h r e d d e r,.,.,,. ", ". ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, ) MG, Me t a llg e s e lls c h a ft (MG ) Lu r g i Zim m e r. 2 1 3 3 Pr e m n it z ' P o ly a m id 2 0 0 0 ' 1 2 2 6 6 6 (p e lle t ). 6, "v ir g in ". Alli e d S ig n a l D S M 2 6 Au g u s t a 7. Au g u s t a ' C a p r o n G o l d ' 1 9 9 9... P o ly a m i d 2 0 0 0 -. 6 6. Lu r g i Zim m e r 3 6.
M G 5 0 6 0 %. 9 0. 2 0 0 5. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, ) S.K T e c h., S K 10 - B 1. ( ),,, 1 2 0.. 2,, 2.,.. 1 2 0 0.,.,,,,.. 2 0 0 3,5 6 0., 6, 1 8 0. ( ),,. 1.,,.,. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, ) R o o d M a s s o u d Ro s t a m - Ab a d i, C h r i s t o p h e r Le h m a n n..
.,.. ".." Ro s t a m - Ab a d i. " 2.." M a r k Ro o d.. 3 0.. ( a c t iv a t e d - c a r b o n ).. Ro o d. " 7 0 %.". ( E n e r g y a n d F u e l s ) 1 1. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 19, 3 4 2, ) (UV ),. ( S S ) S S. UV... /., S S 1 0 /,. 9 0. S S S S.
,,, S S.. UV. E PA.,,, UV,,.,,,. ( 9 8. 1 2.3, ) ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 19, 3 4 2, )? S y m p h o n y E n v ir o n m e n t a l, Lt d.,. 6 0 5 6.... 1 2 1. S y m p h o n y E n v ir o n m e n t a l, Lt d.., ( c o m p o s t in g ). 2 0 3 0 %.. ' ',...., ' ' (c o - d is p o s a l ).... ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 19, 3 4 2, )
NE C, PC 8 0 % N E C PC. 1 0 % P C 7 0 % P C. 1 9 9 9 8 0 % PC., PC., PC. 9 9 8 0 %, 1 5 %, 1 0 0 %.,., 5 3 0.. P C 2 0 0 1 ( ). N E C, P C. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 19, 3 4 2, ) PVC PV C.,.,,. PV C. PV C PV C, PV C. PVC.,. 2,4 0 0. ( 4 5 )..
. 2 0 %.,.,. PV C PV C,.. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 19, 3 4 2, ), 2 1, ( ).... 2 1.,.,,,...,,... ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 1,, ( ) )
( ). ( ) 18.,.. 1 0,., 18. ( ), 2 0 0.. 9 8 % 2 1.2 %, 2 1 2.6 %, 3. 7 8 %.,,, p H,... ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 1,, ( ) ) (U N E P ) 2 1 4 t. U N E P,,,,, 2 1. ( BAN ),,,.,,,.
., 2 0.,,,, ( ) ( ) 6,. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 2, 8 ) - -.,. ( ),..,,,,,,,,, Mic h a e l Pa r s o n s.,,. Pa r s o n s 12 9., Ma c r o T.E in a u d i D e n n is K. Bir d, Ch a r le s N. Alp e r s. Pa r s o n s.,,,.,. 1 8 6 0 19 5 0 C a la v e r a s C o u n t r y P e n n.. M o k e lu m n e. Pe n n.. P a r s o n s P e n n. 2 8 %, 6 %, 1 1%, 1.4 %, 1 %.
1 9 6 3 C a m a n c h e 6. P a r s o n s 2 5 c u b i c y a r d,, E PA.,... P a r s o n s s o u r c e. -,.., - 2 -. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 4, 3 4 3, ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) 9 9 %. 2 5 0 4 0 0. 3 5 0, 1, ( ) 5.5 n g T E Q/ g 0.0 0 4 6 n g T E Q/ g ( 9 9.9 % ) 9. 1 / ( 0.0 5 / ) ( 9 9.5 % ). ( )..,,,. PC B..
1 ) 9 9 % ( ). 2 ) ( (, ) ). 3 ) ( ). 4 ) ( ). 5 ) (6 0 0 ). 4 0 0 6 0 0, 0. 1 %, 9 9 %. 1 ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 4, 3 4 3, ) PVC PV C. PV C ( d io x in ). PV C,... PV C PV C.. ( E PA ) 19 7 2 D DT 3 0.,,,,. E PA. PV C PV C. (v in y l c h l o r i d e ).. P PG In d u s t r ie s 1 1 (t a r ).
PV C. PV C. PV C. 4 4 %... PV C. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 4, 3 4 3, ) ' 9 7 19 9 7.. 1 9 9 7 2 W H O..... 1. ( )
G C/ M S (im m u n o- a s s a y ). G C/ M S c l e a n u p. G C/ MS 1/ 10,. Im m u n o- a s s a y,.. 2. ( 1 ) ( ). c l e a n u p. 4. G C/ M S. ( 2 ) ( ) 5 3 8 p gt E Q/ p g ( 2 2 5 2 p gt E Q/ g ) PC D D PC D F 0.8 9 p gt E Q/ ( 0.3 7 0.9 1p gt E Q/ ). 8 0 p gt E Q/ g (4 6 1 10 p gt E Q/ g ).. ( 3 ) 1 ) ( ) ( ) I 1 2.3 6 p gt E Q/ / d a y 9.9 5 p gt E Q/ / d a y.., ( ) ( )..
2 ) ( ) 4 ( ). 6.6 5 2 p gt E Q/ g, 0. 14 1.2 p gt E Q/ g, 0.0 0 0 2 2 0.0 18 p gt E Q/ g.. 3 ) ( ) 4 2.,.,. ( 4 ) ( ). 1. h ig h v o lu m e a ir s a m p le r 2. T E Q 9 5 %. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.3 1, 3 4 4, ) 0.0 1n g 14 3 0,, 0.0 1n g ( 1 1/ 10 ).. 9 5 %. 2 0.,. 4 5 0, 1,4 5 0, 2 9 0 0. 0. 1n g 0.0 1 8 n g/ g.
, 0.0 13 n g., 9 5 % 1%. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.3 1, 3 4 4, ) Or m e t O r m e t Pr im a r y Alu m in u m C o r p o r a t io n.. H a n n ib a l U. S. E n v ir o n m e n t a l Pr o t e c t i o n Ag e n c y ( E PA ). O r m e t S p e n t P o t Lin e r (S P L) O r m e t 4,5 0 0 5,4 0 0 S P L. S P L (v it r ific a t i o n ) ( ). O r m e t V o r t e c C o r p o r a t i o n 2 3 S PL. V o r t e c. 9 7 O r m e t V o r t e c S P L. E PA 19 9 7 7 S PL V o r t e c S P L. S PL. ( 1 9 9 9. 1.8, 3 4 5, )
(ly s im e t e r ).. T im o t h y D. B a ld w in (M SW ) 6. T im o t h y D. B a l d w in, J e ffr e y S t in s o n, R o b e r t K. H a m..,. 6 1 1,,,.. M SW. S u flit a M SW. / ( C/ L). B o o k t e r H a m 19 8 2 C/ L. ( ). M SW. C/ L.. ( 1 9 9 9. 1.8, 3 4 5, )
8 8 1. 1 1-1 5,, * ( 8 9. 3 ), (9 2. 5 ) 12 1, P C B,,,, 4 5, *,,,, 9 3. 9 9 8. 1 0 7 - * -,,
1-1 * 6 1, - - - - -, HN S * H N S : ( 9 6.5 ) - 1 ( 9 2. 1 2 ) 9 3. 9-9 8. 1 0 7-8 5 (9 9. 1 1 ) -, *
- *, ( 1 9 9 9. 1. 9, 14 4 2, ) -.... 3 ( ).. 3., ( )..... 4 t... t,. 2,.
..... 6 0 % 2 1 t (9 7 ). ( 3 8 0 t ) (2 8 0 t ), ( 6 3 0 t ) ( 2 8 0 t ). 8 0, ( G a r b a g e All e y ).., (? ). t 6 1, 5 0 t 3. ( 1 9 9 9. 1.2 0, 1 0 ) 8 1. 1 1-15,, -, - - - - - 5 (9 9. 1 1 ) 9 (9 9. 4-5 )
, *, ( 1 ) ( 2 ), - 1-2,,, 4
10, 5,,,,,,,, - - 8 - -,,, - 9 ( 9 9. 4-5 )
- 5 (9 9. 1 1, ) - 9,,,, ( 1 9 9 9. 1.2 0,, )
- 1 9 9 8 1 1 1 3. D a lia n C h in a D a ily 1 1 1 5. 4,0 0 0 J in y o u 6, 1 0 0 0 5 2 10 5-10. 9,0 0 0 J i a n s h e. 5 1 G u a n g z h o u (M a r in e S a fe t y B u r e a u ),., 5, G u a n g z h o u 3 6. 19 9 5 Pe a r l Riv e r, 3 0 0. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 5, In t e r n a t io n a l E n v ir o n m e n t, V o l.2 1, N o.2 4 ).. J o u r n a l o f E x p e r im e n t a l B io l o g y, G... 2 0...,.??
..., 2 2, 1. 2. 2 m m... 0. 18 m m....,..,..,. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 7, 3 3 9, ), (r e e d w a r b le r ).. ( ),. 4,,...,,..
.... ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.3 0, 1 5 ) WT O O E C D E U WT O, W T O ( T R IP s ) U R - -, -, - ( ) (T RIPs 4 ) (W IP O ) T R IP s ( 9. 1 8 ) - - O E C D O E C D -
- 9 7. 3, O E C D - (,,, ) - - - T R IP s - 9 9 T RIPs 2 0 0 0 T RIPs (4.3 ) ( ) - - 9 6 ( 9 8. 1 1 ) - E U ( 9 8. 1 1 ) E U E U 8 8, - - (5. 12 )
< > - ( ) - -, 2 0 0 0. 1. 1 - - - 1 5 ( 1 1. 1 ) - ( C PV O ) - -,
- ( LM O ) - - 9 7 ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 3, 14 13, ) 10 0. (J a b ilu k a ) ( Ka k a d u N a t i o n a l P a r k ). U N. (B o n n ),. 1 1 U.N. (U.N. W o r ld H e r it a g e C o m m it t e e ).. ( M ir r a r Ab o r ig in a l p e o p l e ). U N. 1 2 0. 7 7.... ( E n e r g y Re s o u r c e o f Au s t r a li a ) 2 8 1 2 0..
2 0 " ( F r ie n d s o f t h e E a r t h )",.. (J o h n H a ll a m ). " "... U N.. U N 10. U N. 2 5. (Ye llo w s t o n e N a t io n a l p a r k ). (g o ld m in e ).. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, ) ( B e r in g S e a ) (p o llo c k ).. ( s e a lio n ).. ( D e p t. o f C o m m e r c e ) (T h e N o r t h Pa c ifi c F i s h e r y M a n a g e m e n t C o u n c il ), 12 13... (G u lf o f Al a s k a ). (im it a t io n c r a b m e a t ). 1 2 13, 19 9 9.
(Ale u t i a n Is l a n d ). 1 9 9 0. 1 9 9 7. 19 7 0 1 1 2., 4 0 %. 1 9 9 9 2 5, 6 7,3 0 0.. 2,4 0 0 1. 9 9 2,0 0 0. 19 9 8 1, 1 1 0,0 0 0. 12 4,7 3 0 10 0,9 2 0. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 4, 3 4 3, ) (V e r m o n t ) (n o n - p r o fit C o n s e r v a t i o n F u n d ) 1 2 9. 3 0. ( C h a m p i o n In t e r n a t io n a l C o r p. ) 7,6 2 0. 7 0 %, 3 0 %. ( e c o n o m ic g r o w t h ). ( P a t r i c k F. N o o n a n ), (w il d life h a b it ).., (fo u n d a t io n s ).,.. (Ad ir o n d a c k P a r k ) 14 3.
1 1 4 2,4 9 0 2 9.. 2,6 5 0 1 3 3. (p u b lic l a n d s ) 3 9 4 8. (H ow a r d D e a n ), 4 0 0.. (G e o r g e Pa t a k i ) (w a t e r w a y ). ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 4, 3 4 3, ),. ( C o u n c il o f S t a t e ) 3 ( ) 9. ( E CJ ). E U.,. 1. 3. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 4, 3 4 3, )
' 9 8 1. 1 9 9 8 ( ). ( ) ( ),. 1 9 9 8. 19 9 7.. 2. ( 1 ). ( 2 ) r e m o t e s e n s i n g ( ) ( ) m u lt i- s p e c t r u m.. ( 3 ), ( ) ( ). ( 4 ) s i m u l a t i o n.,. s im u l a t i o n.
( 5 ) ( P o r it e s ) ( ). ( ). ( 1 9 9 8. 12.3 1, 3 4 4, ) ( H a it i )., (W e s t e r n H e m i s p h e r e ) ( c h a r c o a l ). U N, 7 0 %..,, 9 0., 1,5 0 0 2,0 0 0,. U N ( Pa u l P a r y s k i ),.. 2 6 0..,. 9 ( Po r t - a u - Pr in c e ) (F o n d V e r r e t t e s ). 2 2 9 1 0 2. (M a p o u ).
U N 3,6 0 0 (t o p s o il )... U N. ( D o m in i c a n R e p u b li c ).. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.3 1, 3 4 4, ),,. 9 0-9 7 3 2 % 9 7 3 1 3. 5 0 % 9 2., 1 3,.,. ( O E C D ) 9 8 1 3 % 2 0 10 1,5 10.,.. D RI( & ) 2 0 0 5 2 0 %. 2 % 9 2-9 7 5 4. 1%, 4 8.6 %, 3 7.3 %. 9 2 3, 10 0 9 6 3, 9 7 2 7,7 5 0.
9 2-9 7 7,4 7 0 1. ( IM F ).. 1 0 0 6 0,., 2 0 0 2 3 2 % 1 9. 1 %, 2 0 0 8 8 4. 9 7-2 0 0 2 3 6.2 % 2 0 0 3 2 0 % 2 0 0 8 4 0. 2 0 0 3 5 % ( D D S ),,. 6 0 %,.,,,. D NA. 1 0,,.,,,,.,.,,,.
19 9 8 19 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 8 8 0 0 1,0 5 6 1,3 9 3 1,8 4 0 2,4 2 8 3,5 0 0 8,4 0 0 6 5 0 8 8 5 1,2 0 5 1,6 4 0 2,2 3 6 2,5 0 0 6,3 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 8 5 5 6 7 6 0 1,0 3 2 1,6 0 0 4,2 0 0 (% ) 2.0 2.2 2.9 3.4 3.9 4.3 6. 1 ( 1 9 9 9. 1.4,, ) 2 2 2...,,. (E U ) 7, ( G M O ). E U ( G M O ).,,.. 1 0.,,.,.
1 0 % 14 4 1 8 4 ( 9 2 % ). ( 1 9 9 9. 1.2 0,, ),. 2 0 2 1.. ( 3 G ) 3 3 G. 3 G 3 ( 3 GT )..., 3 GT ( ). ( 1 9 9 9. 1.2 0, 2 )
: ( 1 ) (AS H RAE ) S H RAE J o u r n a l ( 19 9 8 9 p p.2 3 3 0 ) (V a n B a x t e r ), ( S t ev e F is c h e r ), (j a m e s R. S a n d ) G l o b a l W a r m in g Im p lic a t i o n s o f Re p la c in g O z o n e - D e p le t in g R e fr ig e r a n t s., 2. 1 0 /., / C F C H C F C, C F C.,, (T h e Ky o t o Pr o t o c o l ) (g r e e n h o u s e g a s e s, C H G s ). 1 9 9 7 12, 15 0 ( C O 2 H F C G H G, 2 0 0 8 2 0 12 G H G 19 9 0 5.2 %,. C O 2 / 2 1. / H F C,, CO2. C F C H C FC H F C,. (GWP). GWP. (D OE ) (Alt e r n a t iv e Flu o r o c a r b o n s E n v ir o n m e n t a l Ac c e p t a b ilit y S t u d y, AF EAS ) C F C H C F C G H G.,,,,. 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 4,,. G H G.. G H G.
1 9 9 7 2 0 10 2 0 15 H F C.,,,,, C O 2. 1 9 9 7 /. (T o t a l E q u iv a l e n t W a r m in g Im p a c t, T E W I) C O 2,. T EW I ( In t e r g ov e r n m e n t Pa n e l o n C lim a t e C h a n g e, IPC C ) GW P, GW P C O 2 1..,.. 1 0 0.. T EW I,. T EW I. T EW I. T EW I = GW P + GW P + E L E L C O 2. T EW I. T EW I /. /,,,,,.,, C F C H C F C G H G,.
T E W I. T EW I,.,, GW P.. ( ).., T EW I. T E W I.. T EW I. ( 1 ), ( ) (,, )...,,..,,., 1 0 %. (AR I), 1 0 % 15 % ARI 6 %., H FC T EWI,. T EWI. ARI T E W I. 2, 2.,.,.
GW O ( R- 7 1 7 ) 2. T EW I,.. 2 T EW I...,,. 2. TEWI 2 T EWI.,, T EW I. 2 T EW I. 2 T EW I. ( *) AF EAS. AFEAS Pr ogr a m Offic e, Th e We s t Tow e r, Su it e 4 0 0, 13 3 3 H S t r e e t, NW, W a s h in g t o n, D.C. 2 0 0 0 5, U.S.A, T e l : 2 0 2-8 9 8-0 9 0 6, F a x : 2 0 2-7 8 9-1 2 0 6, W e b s it e : h t t p :/ / a fe a s.o r g/ a b o u t.h t m l ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 5, C F C F o c u s, ). 1 9 9 8 9 1 2 (N e w S c i e n t is t ), C O 2, C O 2. C O 2., 1,3 0 0 MW 3 8,2 0 0 CO2..,. 1 6 13 6 C O 2.
. ( G E C R, 19 9 8.9.2 5, V o l.x.n o. 1 8 ) DOE, 19 9 7 19 9 0 10 % 19 9 7 1 9 9 0 1 0 % ( E n e r g y In fo r m a t io n Ad m in i s t r a t io n ) 1 1 3. E IA 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1.4 %. 6 1 9 9 7 1 7.9 E IA. ( C O 2 ), ( C H 4 ), (N2 O ), ( H F C s ), ( PF C s ) 6 ( S F 6 ). E IA 1 9 9 6 1 7.2 1 9 9 0 1 6.3. : 1 1 %,. U S F o r e s t S e r v i c e 19 9 7 2. 6 1 9 9 7. : E IA, 1 9 9 7 8 2 %, 2 %. 9 %, : d i s t r ib u t io n s y s t e m, ( c o a l b e d ) 5 %.
H F C s, P F C s, S F 6 :, 6 2 %, H F C s 19 9 6 19 9 7 1 5 % E IA. H F C C F C. H F C P F C. ( 19 9 8. 1 1. 1 1. In t e r n a t i o n a l E n v ir o n m e n t, V o l.2 1, N o.2 3 ) - 1 1 14 2 0 0 0. 2 4.. 2 4 1 1 14., :, 2 0 0 0,, 3. ( c l e a r in g h o u s e ),,... S t u a r t E iz e n s t a t, ( E U ), G - 7 7 10 0...
: 2 0 0 0 : (p ilo t p r oj e c t ). 19 9 9 M a r i a J u lia Als o g a r a y,,. E iz e n s t a t, P e w C e n t e r E il e e n C la u s s e n, 1 9 9 7., C la u s s e n., ( 19 9 8. 1 1.2 5. In t e r n a t i o n a l E n v ir o n m e n t, V o l.2 1, N o.2 4, B y C h e r y l H o g u e ),, - 1 1 12 19 9 7 6 0. Al G o r e,.
Pe t e r Bu r le ig h,.,. 1 1 1 1 C a r lo s M e n e m,. G o r e,.,.,. 1 9 9 9 3 1 5. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 5. In t e r n a t i o n a l E n v ir o n m e n t, V o l.2 1, N o.2 4. B y J o h n H e r z fe l d ), CO 2. B r it i s h E n e r g y Pe r t e r H o llin s. H o llin s 2 4. B r it i s h E n e r g y 3 0 %. 3 4 %.. H o llin s. 2 0 %. H o llin s S u ffo lk S iz e w e ll B 2 0 2 0, 3 %. S iz e w e ll 1,6 0 0 2 5,0 0 0.
. H o llin s B r it i s h E n e r g y. 9 Po w e r G e n 4,0 0 0 E a s t Mid la n d s. 14 4. 2 0 0 0.. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 7, 3 3 9, ), 36 3 100. ( ), 3,6 0 0 3 7 5. 3 3 6, 1 0 0.,. 8.. ( ) 2 4 10 8 0 ( 2 2 ). 8 0 8.3 %..,,. 2 7 % 2 6 2 18 %,. 16 4,0 0 0 t, ( ). 9 6 2 1 0 5,0 0 0.
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 5. ( ),,, 2 4,. 2 4 ( ) 1 0 2 0 1 0. ( ) ( 2 5 2 9 ),. ( ). 1 0 5 0 6 0 t. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 6, 9 ) 1 2, 16 0 2. " ".. ( e m is s io n s t r a d in g p e r m it ). 2 0 0 8 2 0 12.. 1. " "., ' '..
" ".. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, ) (F S U ) ' '., ( IST U M ).. IS T U M.,.,,..,.. ( 9 8. 1 1.2 0, S c ie n c e D a ily ) ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, ) 2 1 9 5 10 0.5,,...
9 8,... 1 0 0 0.4 0.5. 15 2 0. 2 5. ( IP C C ) 10 0 1 3.5 15 9 5..??.. 1 3 7 t.. 1 3. 9 0 5 4 3. 7 % ( 1 5.8 % ), ( 1 3 % ) 1.. 8 0.. ( 3 6 ). 5.... ( 5 0. ).. 1 1 4. (, )..
.,...... ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 7, 1 0 ) 2010 10 50%,.. 5 6,,. 2,4 0 0, 9 0 0, 3 5 0. 2 1 (N S P ).,. 6 2. 2 0 1 0 9 0 2 0 %, 1 0 %, 1 8 %. 5 0 %... ( E U ) 2 0 10 9 5 6 0 ~ 7 0 %.,,,,,........
. 9 4..,,., 9 5 3, 10 0.,. 1,0 0 0 9 5 1 %. 2 0 0 0 2 0 % 8 4... 3 0 4 LG...,.. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 7, 1 1 ) ( C P C ).. - =..,.. 1 5 0.. -. =.,....
-. =....... -. =..... ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 7, 1 1 ). 2 0 0 0.. ( C O 2 )... 1 1 1 1,,.. N G O ( )..,, 3 M,.
.,, N G O., 1 0 ( O E C D )... 1 A 1,0 0 0. A B 5 0 0 2 0 0. 7, 7 0 0. 7 0 0, 1 0 0, B 2 0 0. 5 0 0 1,0 0 0. A,, 1 9,4 0 0... 10 0 C 1,0 0 0. 5 0 0 6 0 0. N G O C 1,0 0 0. C A 2,2 0 0. B 3 1 2 7,9 0 0. 9 3 5 0 9 0 %. 2..,. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 10,, ), 1 2 2 (NAM ),.. 1 1.
. 2 0 0 8 2 0 12 9 0 5.2 %. ( B P ). ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, ). T o m Wig le y Ric h a r d S m it h, B e n j a m in S a n t e r 1 15. 0. 6. ' '. 1 9 9 1 0.3.... Wig le y. 1 0 0...... 6. Wig le y S m it h S a n t e r Ph y s i c a l Rev ie w Le t t e r s. Wig le y. ".." ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, )
Pr o c e e d in g s o f t h e N a t io n a l A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s 3 1 10 0 m.... 3 7 % 1 0 0 k m. " ". Ro c k e fe lle r J o e l Co h e n La m o n t - D o h e r t y Ch r is t o p h e r S m a ll 2. 1 5.6 % 1 0 0 m 3 3.5 %, 1 8.8... "." C o h e n. 5 0 1m. N a t h a n Ke y fit z C o h e n. ". ".. ".". ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, ) (g l o b a l w a r m in g ) 1 9 9 8 ( c o r a l r e e fs ). ( G r e a t B a r r i e r Re e f) (T o w n s v ille ) 1 1 2 6. ( Q u e e n s la n d )., 5 0. 1 9 9 8 ( In t e r n a t i o n a l C o r a l R e e f In it ia t iv e )..
.,,, (b i o d iv e r s it y ). ( In d i a n O c e a n ) 9 0 %. (M a ld iv e s ),,.,,,,,, (Pa la u Is la n d s ).., 5 0 2. (b le a c h in g ) ( s in g l e c e ll a lg a e )... 5. 2,0 0 0., 3,0 0 0 6 0 % 8 8 %. 2 5 %. 19 9 8.. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, ) NCAR, ' '., ( ). ( B o u l d e r ) (N CAR ) 1 15, 1 0 0.6.
". ".,.. 6. 2 7 ( ). ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, ),.,. S c ie n c e. 5..., 5 1., C.K S h u m. 1. 1 1. S h u m 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 6 E SA- 1,E SA- 2. 6 0 %.,..,.,... S h u m.
,. IC E SAT 2 0 0 1.,. m a s s b a la n c e. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, ) ' ', S c o t t D e n n in g " "( ),.,.. "." (Am e r i c a n G e o p h y s ic s U n io n ) Kev in G u r n e y. ".." 1 9 9 8 8 1 6,.,. " " 12 4 5 T r a n s C o m. "." D e n n in g. "." D e n n in g 3. D e n n in g,.,,.
,,,,, 1 2 T r a n s C o m 3. 7 5. D e n n in g ".". D e n n in g,, 1%..,,. T r a n s C o m.. D e n n ig. T r a n s C o m 3 NASA (E a r t h Ob s e r v in g S y s t e m Pr oj e c t ). (In t e r n a t i o n a l G e o s p h e r e B io s p h e r e Pr o g r a m ),,. D e n n in g 7 5 ".". ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 19, 3 4 2, ) ( c lim a t e - in d u c e d ) 5 2.. Lo s Al a m o s (U.S. G e o lo g i c a l S u rv e y ' s Mid c o n t in e n t E c o l o g ic a l S c i e n c e C e n t e r ). ".." Lo s Ala m o s D a v e B r e s h e a r s. ( e c o t o n e ) ( - ). " : ".