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J F 2,,.,. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1. 13, KOT RA, ), PV C, - 5 (PV C ), 3 1 1 1 16. 3 2 14 1,0 0 0 p p m, 1 2 1 0 0 p p m. 10 S t a t An a ly s i s C o r p o r a t i o n, PV C 1 1,2 0 0 p p m, PV C 5,6 4 0 p p m. M a t t h e w B r a m l e y, 1 0,. B r a m le y ( H a z a r d o u s Pr o d u c t s Ac t ), (p h t h a la t e )., PV C..,., 1 1 1 8 H e a lt h C a n a d a F r a n c o is D ig n a r d H e a lt h C a n a d a. 1 9 9 7 5,. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 5, In t e r n a t i o n a l E n v ir o n m e n t, V o l.2 1, N o.2 4, b y Ro l a n d B l a s s n ig )
. Ph t h a la t e E s t e r. PV C Ph t h a l a t e E s t e r. 1 1 1 3 Pt h t h a la t e E s t e r PV C 1 1 1 6 PV C D IN P PV C Ph t h a l a t e E s t e r. 1 1 1 3 Ph t h a la t e E s t e r. A B S. B l u e R ib b o n C o m m i t t e e Ph t h a la t e E s t e r. 1 1 1 4 PV C. 2 5. Ph t h a l a t e E s t e r.. D INP Ph t h a la t e E s t e r. D IN P.. LE G O.. 1 :. : E U S C ( E u r o p e a n U n io n S c ie n t ifi c C o m m it t e e ) C MA ( C h e m i c a l M a n u fa c t u r e r s A s s o c c ia t i o n ) D IN P.
2 :. : C PS C (Th e C on s u m e r Pr o d u c t s a fe t y C o m m is s io n ). D IN P H e a lt h S c ie n c e. CMA Ph t h a la t e Ar is t e c h D INP,,,. 3 :. : D INP. C PS C D IN P E x x o n BAS F. 4 : D IN P ( ). :. D IN P. 5 : D IN P. :.,. /. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 7, 3 3 9, ) ( ). ( ). 6, 1 1. 1 g ( 1 1g ) ( P C D D ), ( P C D F ).,. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.3 0, 9 )
(PIC ) (Convention on th e Prior In formed Consent Procedure for Certain H azardous Ch emicals an d Pesticides in Interna tioinal Tra de)., (, ).. P IC 6 0 7 0 1 ), 2 ). (UNE P) ' 8 7, (FAO ) ' 8 5. ' 8 9 UNE P FAO PIC. 1) 9 4 2 7 8, 2 0 ( 5 2 6 ) ( 9 6 FAS E R ep or t ) 2 ) 8 0 % 9 9 % ( 9 6 FAS E Re s e a r c h Re p or t ) ' 9 4 4, UNE P/ FAO 4 PIC (INC). ' 9 6 3 1 INC ' 9 8 3 U NE P FAO.
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1., 2. 6 3. 2 PIC 6 ) 1 6 ) PIC 1 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 1. 2. 3. 1. 2.,,
3.,. 4. 6, 1. 2. 7 ) 7 ) 6 1 1. 2.,. 3., 3 0 4.. 1. (HS c od e ) 2.,,. 3.,, 8 ). 4. (MS DS ). 5. MS DS 8 ).
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( ) ( 17 ) : 2,4,5 -T, Ald r in, Ca p t a fol, Ch lor d a n e, Ch lod im efor m, C h lo r o b e n z il a t e, D DT, D ie l d r in, D in o s e b & d in o s e b s a lt s, 1,2- d ib r om oeth a n e (EDB), Flu or oa cet am id e, HCH(m ix e d is om er s ), He p t a ch lor, Hex a ch lor ob en z en e, Lin d a n e, Mer c u r y c om p ou n d s, Pe n t a c h lo r o p h e n o l (5 ) : Mon oc r ot op h o s, Met h a m id op h o s, Ph o s p h a m id on, M e t h y l- p a r a t h io n, Pa r a t h io n (5 ) : Cr ocid olit e, Poly b r om in at ed b ip h en y ls (PBB), Poly ch lor in a t ed b ip h en y ls (PCB), Poly ch lor in a t ed t erp h en y ls (PCT), T r i s ( 2,3 d ib r o m o p r o p y l ) p h o s p h a t e ( ) ( ) 1.,,,, 2,,,,, 2.,. (, ),. 2 7 5 0, 2 0 0 0.,,.
< 1 > CA S N o. 9 5 (t o n ) 9 6 (t o n ) 9 7 (t o n ) Paraqu at salt - 559.4 774.0 671.8 Carbon tetrachloride 56-23- 5 2000.7 686.3 8703.4 2000.0 T ributyl tin ox ide 56-35- 9 10.3 34.2 3.3 6.9 55.0 Parathion 56-38- 2 Chlordane 57-74- 9 53.5 72.2 Dim eth oate 60-51- 5 43.9 5.0 5.6 Dieldrin 60-57- 1 En drin 72-20- 8 M ethyl Bromide 74-83- 9 Chloropicrin 76-06- 2 H eptachlor 76-44- 8 Pentachlorophenol & salts 87-86- 5 En dosulean 115-29- 7 194.0 458.5 Captan 133-06- 2 127.3 134.5 27.0 Aldrin 309-00- 2 Ar senic pentoxide 1303-28- 2 T reflan 1582-09- 8 Aluminium phosphide 20859-73- 8 Pyraclofos 77458-01- 6 37.8 Fluazinam 79622-59- 6 A crinathrin 101007-06- 1 Pen opvrox im ate 134098-61- 6 7.0 CA S 9 5 9 6 CAS 9 5 9 6 N o. (t o n ) (t o n ) N o. (t o n ) (t o n ) M ercury compounds - 14.3 63.45 Chlordan e 57-74- 9 53.6 72.2 Phosph amidon 297-99-4-17.6 1.2- Dibrom oethane 106-93- 4 0.02 0.1.
< 2>. PIC 0 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 PIC (P IC) 3 4 :
. 0 -? 3 1-5.1, 5.2 5.3.? 5.3 5.3? 12.2 DNA 2 - P IC 12.4 5.4 6 30 2 13 :?? : (HS Code),, (M SDS ) DNA : (Design ated N ational Authority )
. PIC 2 -, 5.5 2 PIC 1 CRC 6.1 6.2, 6.3 9.1 Part 6.1 Part 1? CRC 6.2 5.6, 6.5, 7.1, 9.2, 18.6 (c) CRC / COP / / 7.2, 9.3, 22.5 COP, 7.3, 9.4 : CRC : (Chemicals Review Committee) COP : (Conferen ce of the Parties )
3-10.3 10 (9 ) ( 9 )? 10.3 10.3 10.2, 10.4 10.7 10.10 6 PIC 4 - / 6 6 1 : a. b. c. ( 60 ) 0.10, 11.2 11.1, 10.9 ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1 12., )
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1 0.,,,.,,. 1 1.. 3 ). 1 2.. 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 8 9 5 2 5 15 UNE P..,. ( e n t er p r i s e s )". 1.. 1.,,,.. 4 ) 2. (a ). (b ). (c ). (d ),,,,,. (e ),,,,,,,. 5 )
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5.. 2 1 7 ). 6. ( Re s p o n s ib le C a r e ),, FAO. Re s p o n s ib l e C a r e. 7. U N E P. 8. 5 U N E P 1 8 0. 9.. (a ),. (b ), U N E P FAO P IC. 1 0. /,, /. /. 7 ) 2 1 3 0 1 2.. 1 1.,,. (a ). (b ). (c ),,.
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( ),,, (b ). (c ). 1 9.,. (a ) P IC. P IC P IC. 9 ) (b ). 2 0.. (a ),. (b ),. 1 0 ) (c ). 2 1.. 9 ) 1 0 ) 7.4 (b ).. 2 2.. (a ),.. 1 1 ) (b ),,. (c ).. (d ),,,.
(e ). (f ),,. 1 1 ),.. 2 3.. (a ),,. (b ),. 2 4.,..,, 2 5.,,. (a ). ( ). ( ),,,. ( ). ( ). ( ),,,. (b ),,,,, FAO.,,,,.. ( ) ( ),, ( ) 2 6..
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3 ),,. 4 ). 5 ),,,,,. 6 ),,,. 7 ),. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1 12,, ) (PS, PVC ) ( ) 1 1 9 ( P C ), ( PS ), PV C... 4 2 8 1, 6.,, PC, P S, PV C,,.,,,,.,..,.,. TV,. ( 9 8. 1 1. 1 6, ) ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, )
E PA (E n v ir o n m e n t a l Pr o t e c t io n Ag e n c y ).. 1, 1 0 3 0 F B I C IA.. F B I C IA.. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, ) E U, E U. E U ( 18 ) (9 4 ).. (E U ). 6 7 7 7, 8 8 9 4. 9 4 9 4 1 1 0 4. ' (t ox ic ) ', ' (c a r c in o g e n ic ) ', ' (fla m m a b le ) ',. E U,,. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, )
( ),,.. 1 1. p o ly c a r b o n a t e A., ( P C B ). ( ). 1 0.8 5 3. 1 1 1 1.2 2 1.9 8.. ". ". ( ) ". ". ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, ) (h o r m o n e s y s t e m ). (e n d o c r in e d is r u p t e r s ) (g e n d e r b e n d e r ). (p e s t i c id e s ) ( d io x in s ) ( s y n t h e t ic s u b s t a n c e s ). (in c in e r a t o r ).. (c h e m ic a l m e s s e n g e r ), (h o r m o n e r e c e p t o r ).
(g r o w t h ) (r e p r o d u c t i o n ) (e n d o c r in e s y s t e m )., (M e r s e y ) (T e e s ), (T y n e )... (fe r t ilit y )..., 1 0 (t o x i c it y ).....,.. 1 0 0,...,. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, ).. ( o r g a n i c t in )..., (r e p e ll e n t ). - ( o lig o - ox y e t h y le n e ; ) ( s id e - c h a in ).
(e u c a ly p t u s ) -... 1 7 5 %, 5 0 %. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, ). (T o y s ' R ' U s ) ' N a t i o n a l E n v ir o n m e n t a l T r u s t ' (p h t h a la t e ), ( ' d ir e c t - t o - m o u t h ' t o y ). 7 3 3... ' C o n s u m e r Ale r t ',. ' C o n s u m e r Al e r t ' ' N a t i o n a l E n v ir o n m e n t a l T r u s t '. 1 9 9 7 PV C ' N a t i o n a l E n v ir o n m e n t a l T r u s t ', ' d ir e c t - t o- m o u t h '. PV C. ' C o n s u m e r Al e r t '.. " " " ". ' ' " ".
. 1 3 D E H P D E H P. ' C o n s u m e r Al e r t '.. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.4, 3 4 0, ) (Con s u m er Pr od u ct S a fe t y Com m is s ion : CPSC) (p h t h a la t e s ) 12 2. C PS C,. C PS C. P S C 1 9 8 6. C P S C 9 0 % t e e t h e r ( ) r a t t l e r ( ). C PS C 1 2 2. G r e e n p e a c e (p l a s t i c iz e r s ). "T o y s R U s " 1 1 C PS C. C PS C 3 ( ). (T o y M a n u fa c t u r e r s A s s o c i a t io n ). C PS C (n ip p l e ) (p a c ifi e r ), G e r b e r Pr o d u c t. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, )
, - ( ) ( ). 1 2 4. 3... P C B. p o ly c a r b o n a t e A A. 2 5 g 2.5. A 6 1g 0.9. 3 1g 1.4. 6 1g 2 5, 3 1g 2 0. 3 1g 0.6 2 4 0.8. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, ) E U, E U. E U.. ( C PS C ). C P S C. E U. E U.
(p h t h a l a t e s ). E U 7.... EU. E U. E U 12 ( 13 9,0 0 0 ) 1/ 3. E U. 9 9...... ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 19, 3 4 2, ) ' ',. [ ( D ie l d r in ) ]. 3 ( ) [ ] 7,7 1 2 19 2. 7 6 4 8 1 9 9 6. D DT P C B S. " " " ".
1 9 5 0 1 9 7 0,.. 2.. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 19, 3 4 2, ) - ( ) 1 2 12., 1k g 2 m g, 0.2 m g.. 2.. 6.. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 19, 3 4 2, ) : ( ). ( ),. 1 0.
( PRT R ).. 1 1 3 0 P RT R. 9.,,...... ".". P RT R,,,. PRT R. ( )....... PRT R,, (N G O )..,, ( )... ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 19, 3 4 2, )
,, ( ), 1 2 7. 8 9 13 0 12 2 ( 9 4 % ).. n o n y l p h e n o l a lk y l p h e n o l b is - p h e n o l A 2 2. 13 0 10 0, 5, 8, 17. 1 1, n o n y l p h e n o l 9 9 ( 7 6 % ), b is - p h e n o l A 8 8 (6 8 % ), a lk y l p h e n o l 4 - t - o c t y l p h e n o l 8 1 (6 2 % ), d i- 2 - e t h y l h ex y l p h t h a la t e 7 1 (5 5 % ) 4. n o n y l p h e n o l 1 7. 1, b is - p h e n o l A 0.9 4, 4 - t - o c t y l p h e n o l 1.4, d i- 2 - e t h y l h e x y l p h t h a l a t e 9.9. 1 7 - - e s t r a d io l 7 9 (6 1 % ). 8.. ", ". < > / * Alk y l p h e n o l - N o n y l p h e n o l/ 9 9-4 - t - o c t y l p h e n o l/ 8 1-4 - t - b u t y l p h e n o l/ 4 5-4 - n - h e p t y l p h e n o l/ 5 * B is - p h e n o l A/ 8 8 * D i- 2 - e t h y l h e x y l p h t h a l a t e / 7 1 * 2, 4 - d ic h lo r o p h e n o l/ 15 * B e n z o p h e n o n e / 1 2 * D i- n - b u t y l p h t h a l a t e/ 9 * S t y l e n e t r im e r / 7 * D ie t h y l p h t h a l a t e/ 5 * D i- 2 - e t h y l h e x y l a z ip in a t e/ 3 * 4 - n it r o t o lu e n e/ 2 * T r ib u t y l s t a n n a t e/ 1 ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 19, 3 4 2, )
O ECD 2001 ( O E C D ). O E C D,,,. O E C D.. 1 9 9 2 (U N CTAD ), 2. O E C D U N CTAD,. O E C D WT O (FAO, ILO, O E C D, U N E P, U N ID O, U N ITAR, W H O ) WT O 2 0 0 1. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 3,, ) PC B s,,,.. E n v ir o n m e n t a l S c i e n c e &T e c h n o lo g y, 1 1 E n v ir o n m e n t a l S c ie n c e & T e c h n o l o g y. 1.5 2.5. D r. Ro s s N o r s t r o m,.. S h e r y l T it t le m i e r.
,. 5.,, T it t l e m ie r. C a r l e t o n, C a n a d ia n W il d life S e r v i c e, U t a h,,,, ( ),. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 4, 3 4 3, ) A. Po ly c a r b o n a t e ( ) b i s p h e n o l A 1 2 12. ( ) b is p h e n o l A 2. ( ) ( 3 ). b is p h e n o l A ( 10 p p b, 1 0 0 p p b, 0 p p b 3 ) ( 1 0 ) ( 2 ). 3 7 0 7 7 10 0 p p b 2 (b is p h e n o l A 14 ). 1 0 2. 10 p p b 3 2. 10 p p b 1 ( ). ". ". ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 4, 3 4 3, ) ( ) ( ). 1 2 1 1.,..
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(Plastic Duck s ). E U ( ) (p h t h a la t e s ),. ( s o ft n e r ). E U.. 12 E C U ( ) 3 1. 7. E U. ( d u m m i e s ), (t e e t h in g r in g s )... (U S C P S C ). E U. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.2 6,, ), 19 9 8 19 7 4. 1 9 9 8 19 9 7, 1 9 9 7, 19 9 7 19 9 7.
1. 1 9 9 7. ( 1 ) 2 1. 7 6 5 2 9 5. 1 ). c h lo r o b e n z e n e 14 ( ) 5 6.. 5.. 2 ). N,N- d im e t h y lfo r m a m i d e 1 1 2 1.. N,N- d im e t h y lfo r m a m i d e 8. N,N- d im e t h y lfo r m a m id e. ( 2 ) ( ) 1 ), 1 9 9 7 1 p,p ' - D DT 2 0 1 8. 2 ) p - d ic h lo r o b e n z e n e 5. 2 0.. ( 3 ) ( ) 1 ), 1 9 9 7 1 P C B 1 1 2 1 8, 2, ( ) 2. 2 ) 1 1, p,p ' - D DT 1 0, PC B, p,p ' - D D E, p,p ' - D D D t r a n s - n o n a c h l o r 4..
2. 1 9 9 7 2 ( ). ( 1 ) C h lo r o fo r m 7 3 6, 3 4 7. ( 2 ) ( (, ) ) C h lo r o fo r m 6 9 3 6, 1,2 - d i c h l o r o p r o p a n e 5. ( 3 ). C h lo r o fo r m, t r ic h lor o et h y len e, t et r a ch lor oet h y le n e, 1,2 - d ich lor oe t h a n e, 1,2 - d ic h lor op r op a n e 1,4 - d iox a n e.. 3. 1 9 9 7 (,, ),.. ( ),.. ( ). 1 9 9 5..,.
4. 1 9 9 7, PC B c o p la n a r P C B s ( 3 ) ( ).. ( ).. ( c o p l a n a r P C B s ) 1 9 9 7 c o p la n a r PC B s 3 19 9 6. P C B s P C B. PC B 1 9 7 2 1 9 9 2 7 1 9 9 7 c o p l a n a r P C B s. c o p l a n a r PC B s. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.3 1, 3 4 4, ) (T BT ) ( In t e r n a t i o n a l M a r it im e O r g a n iz a t i o n ; IM O ) 1 1 (t r ib u t y lt in ; T BT ) ( a n t i- fo u lin g p a in t ) 2 0 0 8. IM O. T BT 1 9 8 0 2 6 T BT. T BT. T BT. ' ' IMO. T B T 2 0 0 3 1 2 0 0 8 1.
. T BT. T BT. (W o r l d W id e Fu n d fo r An im a l s ),,,, T BT. T BT 2. T BT 5 7 0 %. T BT. T BT 10, 9, 9. T BT., T BT. T BT. T BT 5 2 4 3 0,. T BT. T BT 2 7. T BT.,,. WW F ( ) 3, 9, 9, 7, T BT (b i o c i d e ). WWF 2 0 0 1 T BT IMO. (Ma r in e C o a t in g B o a r d ). T BT. ( 1 9 9 9. 1.8, 3 4 5, )
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C a t h o d e An o d e...,.... P o ly c y c lic a r o m a t i c h y d r o c a r b o n s P o ly c h lo r in a t e d b ip h e n y l s. 1 9 9 6 2 0 1,8 7 0.,,. ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 1 1, 3 4 1, ),. 1 0., ( P o ly C h l o r o B ip h e n y l, P C B ),. 19 9 3, 4. 5.. 8 8,,,. 19 9 8 3 0 0..
( ),, 3 0 0, 3 7 4, 2 2 0, P C B., ( ).. 1 1.,.. 19 9 9 5, " ". ( 1 9 9 8. 12. 19, 3 4 2, ) H GMS. ( ). 1 0... (s iev in g ).. (D e lft U n iv. o f T e c h n o lo gy ) R. A. Rik e r s J. H. L. Vo n c k e n, W. L. D a lm ij n W a a lw ij k.... ( 2 % ).......,,, (, ).
. ( E P MA : e l e c t r o n p r o b e m i c r o a n a ly s i s ) ( S E M ). E PMA.. S E M E PMA... ( )... ( ).. ( H G M S : h ig h g r a d ie n t m a g n e t ic s e p a r a t io n ).. (F IS : Fr a n t z is o d y n a m ic s e p a r a t o r )., M G M S, E PMA.. E PMA..... H G M S. ( 1 9 9 8. 12.3 1, 3 4 4, ) (U.S. D e p t. o f E n e r g y ) (B r o o k h a v e n Na t io n a l La b o r a t o r y ) (a s h ). (n a t u r a l in g r e d ie n t ). ( c it r i c a c i d ) (b a c t e r i a ) ( s u n lig h t ). " ( E n v ir o n m e n t a l S c i e n c e & T e c h n o lo g y )",. ( c o n t a m in a n t s ) (fo r m ).
, (t ox i c m e t a l s ) (u r a n iu m ) 1 0 0 %. (in c in e r a t o r ). ( s lu d g e s ). (A. J. Fr a n c is ),... (c a d m iu m ),,. (t h o r iu m ), (p lu t o n iu m ),, (c e s iu m ), (s t r o n t iu m ) (r a d io n u c li d e s ).... (m e t a l c it r a t e s ) (u r a n y l c it r a t e ).. (r e c ov e r y )... -.. (b o n d ). 2. 9 9 %.., ( a r s e n i c ), ( e l e c t r o n i c a r c fu r n a c e d u s t ),, 9 5 %. ( 1 9 9 9. 1.8, 3 4 5, )
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THE CHEJU INITIATIVES Report of the International Experts Meeting on Sustainable Consumption Patterns: Trends and Traditions in East A sia. 27-29 January 1999, KAL Hotel, Cheju Island, Korea. The International Experts Meeting was attended by representatives of governments, international organisations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and business from countries in East Asia and by selected participants from other regions of the world. The aim of the Meeting was to focus attention on the issue of sustainable consumption in the rapidly developing economies of East Asia where rising income levels have already produced a class of affluent consumers whose consumption patterns are similar to those of developed countries. The meeting was reminded of the history of the issue of sustainable consumption since the Rio Summit in 1992. Agenda 2 1 underlined the importance to sustainable development of changing consumption patterns; in particular it emphasised the leading role and maj or responsibility of developed countries and the urgent need to meet basic needs in developing countries. It is widely recognised in Agenda 2 1 and the Programme for Further Implementation of Agenda 2 1 (UNGASS) that all countries have to seek to achive sustainable consumption. Efforts by the international community according to the principle of 'common but differentiated responsibilities', and strenghtening of international co-operation through technological and other assistance from industrialised countries are essential if consumption is to be made more sustainable. Whilst recognising that the need to meet the basic consumption requirements of their poorer citizens remains a critical issue for developing countries, the Chej u Meeting was designed to focus on the direct and indirect environmental impacts of consumption among higher income groups. The Meeting also recognised that efforts to address the issue of sustainable consumption and consumer responsibility need to be accompanied by measures focusing on production. The Meeting took place against the backdrop of a severe financial and economic crisis that has affected most countries in East Asia since mid- 1997 and caused significant hardship to many millions of people. The Expert Meeting considered three themes: 1. The environmental impact of rising income levels in East Asia; 2. The impacts of globalisation; 3. The role of traditional lifestyles and cultural values in promoting sustainable consumption patterns. The Meeting agreed the following general conclusions: - Since sustainable consumption is concerned with the quality of consumption (not only its quantity) it is relevant to all countries even before they are fully developed.
- Consideration of sustainable consumption issues is important to developing countries in order to avoid repeating the consumption patterns of developed countries which are unsustainable. - The sustainability of consumption patterns tends to deteriorate rapidly after a certain threshold as incomes rise and there seems to be no saturation point: policy intervention is necessary to reverse the trend. There are ecologically sound traditional practices/lifestyles in East Asia that have the potential to make current consumption patterns more sustainable. The specific conclusions and recommendations agreed by the Meeting in relation to each of the themes were as follows: Theme 1: Conclusions The patterns and consumption and urbanisation associated with rising income levels in East Asia are a significant cause of environmental degradation, in particular due to rapid increases in road transport; solid waste; water pollution and freshwater scarcity ; and land degradation. The consumption patterns of particular concern are the widespread increases in personal demand for (among others) transport, housing, luxury goods, non-traditional food and clothing and energy intensive products. Several policy tools are available for moving toward the goal of sustainable consumption. These include legal and regulatory approaches; economic and fiscal instruments; social and cultural instruments; and information, education and communication. The East Asian financial crisis has generally reduced consumption across all sectors of society and has stimulated renewed consumer interest in local products. The crisis offers important opportunities to re-evaluate the region's development directions to introduce policies for sustainable consumption as part of the reform process (eg removal of perverse subsidies and tax reform); and to stimulate sustainable forms of local production and consumption of consumer goods. Recommendations Government policies for sustainable consumption should involve a mix of instruments. Environmental education at all levels and economic instruments are particularly important. The aim should be to encourage and enable consumers (individuals, businesses and public authorities) to make more sustainable choices. All efforts to promote sustainable consumption should: respect consumer choice while recognising consumer responsibility to make sustainable choices; respect cultural diversity ; include appropriate safeguards to protect low income and vulnerable groups; promote environmental and social responsibility in the business sector; and involve public participation and debate of the options at the earliest possible stage.
Theme 2: Conclusions Globalisation presents a number of important challenges to, and opportunities for, sustainable consumption in East Asia. These relate to the increased international flows of trade, investment, technology and information including advertising and entertainment products. The key challenges are: a rapid spread of unsustainable consumption patterns and raised consumer aspirations; threats to cultural diversity and local forms of life; direct environmental impacts of increased international trade activity (eg transport; packaging); limited consumer awareness of the environmental impacts consumption; competition for investment acting as a disincentive for higher environmental standards in industry; increased capital mobility affecting national sovereignty; the undermining of markets for local products which may be more sustainable; an influx of entertainment products (eg TV programmes and videos); and the increasing influence of advertising that could lead to unsustainable consumption. There are also several key opportunities for sustainable consumption that could arise from globalisation. Several of these relate to the potential for enhancing access to balanced and accurate information on, for example, environmental and consumption trends, policies and programmes; consumer rights; the composition and environmental impacts of products; environmental performance of companies etc. The internet and new television technologies provide new opportunities for networking and for local and community TV programming. There are also potential opportunities for raising environmental standards through the performance of multi-national companies; and for the spread of environmentally improved technology and products. Recommendations Work is required to find new mechanisms or to strengthen existing mechanisms to make trade liberalisation compatible with sustainable consumption. There should be more information-sharing among maj or stakeholders on policies, programmes and research relevant to sustainable consumption. Actions to influence advertising should be considered eg harmonisation of international codes on advertising; adoption of environmental management standards by the advertising industry ; introducing environmental taxes on advertising; integration of sustainable consumption messages in entertainment products. There should be improved co-operation between government, business and NGOs to identify, develop and fund media opportunities for promoting sustainable consumption; There is a need for strengthened environmental management by government and business. Multinational corporations should apply best practice world wide. Governments should design and enforce consistent enviroinmental standards for both international and domestic companies. There is a need to promote environmentally sustainable local products and services including tourism.
Studies should be undertaken on the implications for sustainable consumption of trade agreements, tax regimes, subsidies and regulation and the role of the global media; the potential for multi-lateral and bi-lateral agencies to promote sustainable consumption should also be developed. There is a need to ensure that technologies being transferred to developing countries from developed countries are environmentally sound and provided on favourable terms; to assist developing countries to enhance their capabilities for assessment of 'green' technologies; and in line with this to collect and widely disseminate information on available green technologies. Theme 3: Conclusions Traditional lifestyles and cultural values, aboriginal and indigenous beliefs and practices in East Asia and elsewhere often provide a source of ecological wisdom that can serve as a basis for enhancing the sustainability of consumption. Relevant values that may contribute to sustainable consumption include community spirit, harmony with nature, caring and sharing, frugality and strong family ties. There are opportunities to find an appropriate combination of traditional and modern approaches to consumption eg in house-building, natural resource management, locally produced food and clothing. Policies drawing on traditional values and lifestyles should reflect and build upon the diversity of cultures found in contemporary Asia. Recommendations There is a need to identify and record those traditional practices which have the potential to contribute to sustainable consumption with a view to disseminating 'best practices' for possible emulation as appropriate by peoples and communities. There is a need for broad co-operation nationally and internationally on the promotion of cultural values which could contribute to sustainable consumption and a need to bring together organisations working in the cultural and environmental fields. Active steps are needed to integrate and promote appropriate traditional values in education, arts and the media. Next Steps The participants welcomed the opportunity provided by the Chej u Meeting. It is an important initiative in identifying: the relevance of sustainable consumption to developing countries; the challenges and opportunities related to globalisation; and the importance of drawing on the rich and diverse cultural resources of the region to promote sustainable consumption in East Asia. The participants at the Meeting committed to maintain the momentum created at the Cheju meeting and to further stimulate consideration of, and action on sustainable consumption issues in East Asia. The participants also agreed that further efforts should be undertaken to analyse in detail the links between sustainable consumption and rising income levels, globalisation and traditional values in East Asia; and propose that concerted international action should be taken in this respect.
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