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045 03 01 Mary Wulff-Tilford and her husband, Gregory Tilford rely on Several months ago, you announced a bold new look for the paper. Could we perhaps have the timid old look back? Sometimes I find the financial pages behind the sports pages, sometimes in a section of their own, and occasionally with the classified ads. Usually the advice columns and funnies are run together in their own section, but more often they are separated and positioned randomly with the sports pages, the community news, the feature section, or the food pages. I have tried to discern a method to your madness perhaps on Mondays the sports have their own section, on Tuesdays they appear with the financial pages. No such luck. Somebody down there must just roll dice and say, Ha! Let them try to find the foreign exchange rates today! Is there any hope for a more organized future? They they Mother Nature to prevent a flea infestation at their three-pet home. Two to three times a year, they stock their yard with flea larvae-eating worms that are directly from some garden supply stores. They add fresh garlic to their pets food bowls as well as essential fatty acids such as omega-3 and omega-6. They brew tea made from freshly picked and chopped chrysanthemums and serve it as a treat. They spray their window screens with a bottle of distilled water containing several drops of bitter orange essential oil; fleas hate the scents. Treating the entire environment, inside and outside, is critical, adds Mary. People think that fleas spend most their time on animals, but they don t. They leap, feed, and leave and spend most of their time in the carpets, couches, and floors. *chrysanthemum 02 With radical Islamic terrorist cells thriving in poverty-stricken countries, we must acknowledge and address the AIDS pandemic that can fuel desperation, and ultimately, hospitality toward violent groups that seek the destruction of America. With an estimated 55 million Africans who will lose their lives to AIDS by 2020, the United States has both an opportunity and an obligation to help defeat AIDS in order to bring stability to these suffering countries. Already, African militaries are feeling the results of high infection rates among their soldiers. As countries lose their ability to maintain peace, anarchy will take over and deliver further havoc on society. If the problem is ignored, the ability of terrorists to recruit more sympathizers will only multiply. By helping prevent the further spread of this horrible disease, we can help ensure that terrorists are given no safe harbor in Africa. *havoc AIDS AIDS 04 In intercultural marriages, the differences are often extreme. They involve cultural identity and thereby are unconscious and difficult to resolve. The more different the cultures are, the more difficult the job is. Some couples insist that cultural differences don t matter at all. This does not mean they are not issues. It usually means that these couples haven t thought about or don t see these differences as cultural issues. Probably they have somehow managed to overcome or resolve these areas of difference. They just were not aware of what they were doing. Or in their particular cultural mix, certain differences were unimportant or even nonexistent. Or it may mean that they had so much else going for them in common interests, goals, and complementary personalities. It may be that they simply slid past the cultural hurdles.
046 05 A way to get things done more efficiently and get better results is to do the right thing at the right time of day. Know your own body rhythm, respect your internal clock, and, if possible, pay attention to how your energy level ebbs and flows during the day. If you have high energy early in the morning, that s when you should schedule difficult activities, whether for you these are brainstorming, writing, or practicing. Use the same principle in planning activities for your team. Schedule intervals of productive time and breaks so that you get the most from people. I always ask people to respect their own body rhythms when scheduled appointments. In my experience, most people are still more energetic in the morning, but sometimes there are those who hit their stride later in the afternoon. 07 Genetically engineered (GE) products clearly have the potential (A) be / to be toxic and a threat to human health. In 1989, a genetically engineered product of 1-tryptophan, a common dietary supplement, killed thirty-seven Americans. More than 5,000 others were permanently disabled or afflicted with a potentially fatal and painful blood disorder before it was recalled by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The manufacturer, Showa Denko, Japan s third largest chemical company, had used for the first time in 1988-1989 GE bacteria to (B) produce / be produced an over-the-counter supplement. It is believed that the bacteria somehow became contaminated during the recombinant DNA process. Showa Denko has paid out over $2 billion in damages to the blood disorder victims. This is only one instance (C) which / where it was not safe to eat genetically engineered foods. 06 (A) (B) (C) (A) (B) (C) be produce which be produce where be be produced where to be produce where to be be produced which People who worry about money all the time always have money problems. People who think and talk negatively about other people always seem to have problems in their relationships. People who complain about their companies or their jobs are surprised to find (A) that / what they are always having problems at work. By the Law of Attraction, you get more of whatever you think and talk about most of the time. When you worry, you (B) attract / are attracted into your life more of those things that you are worrying about. You must be careful to think about, talk about, and imagine only the things that you want. You must refuse (C) to dwell / dwelling upon the things that you don t want. You must do everything possible to assure that these mental principles and laws are working for you and not against you. (A) (B) (C) that attract to dwell that attract dwelling that are attracted to dwell what attract dwelling what are attracted to dwell 08 Not so long ago, child-care specialists might have recommended that babies be kept in clean and neat environments and visitors aare silent in their midst. While the scientific literature would not advocate that we take babies to rock concerts or mow lawns with them on our backs, we know that even the youngest of babies benefit from both visual and auditory stimulation. Formerly white nurseries have been replaced by colorful rooms alive with patterns and music boxes. Parents and caregivers are told to chat with infants and to touch and cuddle them so that they get sufficient tactile stimulation. This move toward more stimulating environments provides babies with the material they need to make sense of their world. With this natural stimulation babies thrive. www.ebsi.co.kr
047 09 A correlation has been made between exposure to wartime events and the risk of coronary heart disease for civilians. Patients with coronary heart disease in a hospital in Beirut were interviewed and filled out extensive questionnaires to establish exposure to wartime events and to known coronary risk factors. These patients were then compared to a similar group randomly selected from other patients in the hospital. After corrections for the known risk factors were made, it was determined that exposure to wartime events increased the chances of heart disease. In addition, some scientists have noted a relationship between the risk of coronary heart disease and a person s stress, frequency of physical activity, and socioeconomic status. The risk also rose as the frequency of exposure increased so that a person subjected to four wartime events or more was eleven times more likely to develop the disease than someone exposed to only one event. *coronary 11 Essentially, your reputation is your most valuable asset so guard it well. But don t be terribly demoralized if you make some mistakes along the way. With time it is possible to repair a stained reputation. Every experience you have with someone else is like a drop of water falling into a pool. As your experiences with that person grow, the drops accumulate and the pool deepens. Positive interactions are clear drops of water and negative interactions are red drops of water. But they aren t equal. That is, a number of clear drops can dilute one red drop, and that number differs for different people. Those who are very forgiving only need a few positive experiences clear drops to dilute a bad experience, while those who are less forgiving need a lot more to wash away the red. 12 10 Teens may select their friends, but their choice is configured by the social, cultural, and economic conditions around them. Studies have shown that most friendships American youth develop are between youth of approximately the same age, in part because of age-stratified school systems and other cultural forces that segregate youth by age. Likewise, these friendship groups tend to be relatively homogeneous, resulting in what sociologists call homophily, which describes the likelihood that people connect to others who share their interests and identity. While most teens express hesitation about meeting people online, in the case of marginalized teens, the Internet allows them to meet other people like themselves. Most of the teens we interviewed tended toward building friendships with others of similar age who shared their interests and values. While teens friendships were not completely segregated by race, ethnicity, religion, and gender, none of these factors were absent either. *homophily All kinds of high-tech devices exist to test meat for microbial infestations like salmonella. The government is too cheap to invest in these, however, so federal food inspectors continue to inspect meat visually, as it rolls past on a conveyor belt. Microorganisms are invisible and you can imagine how attentively a low-paid federal food inspector is going to be looking at each of 18,000 identical chickens sliding past him. By the government s own admission, as much as 20 percent of all chicken and 30 percent of turkey is contaminated. It is thought that as many as 10 million people may get sick each year from factory-contaminated food, costing the economy about $2 billion in additional health care costs, lost productivity, and so on. Given all this, why doesn t the government turn to high-tech devices? It is high time that we should let the government be able to keep food safe for consumers by increasing its budget.
048 13 A study uncovered something fascinating about people at a racetrack: Just after placing a bet, they are much more confident of their horse s chances of winning than they are immediately before laying down that bet. Of course, nothing about the horse s chances actually shifts; it s the same horse, on the same track, in the same field; but in the minds of those bettors, its prospects improve significantly once that ticket is purchased. The reason for the dramatic change has to do with our nearly obsessive desire to be (and to appear) consistent with what we have already done. Once we have made a choice or taken a stand, we will encounter personal and interpersonal pressures to behave consistently with that commitment. Those pressures will cause us to. seek the maximum with the minimum hang on to an old way of looking at things choose the risky option over the certain option respond in ways that justify our earlier decision become skeptical of the relationships we have kept 15 When induced to give spoken or written witness to something they doubt, people will often feel bad about their deceit. Nevertheless, they begin to believe what they are saying provided they weren t bribed or coerced into doing so. When there is no compelling external explanation for one s words, saying becomes believing. Tory Higgins and his colleagues had university students read a personality description of someone and then summarize it for someone else, who was believed either to like or to dislike this person. The students wrote a more positive description when the recipient liked the person. Having said positive things, they also then liked the person more themselves. Asked to recall what they had read, they remembered the description as more positive than it was. In short, it seems that we are prone to, and having done so, to believe the altered message. stick to our first impressions keep a secret message to ourselves find fault with the person we dislike adjust our messages to our listeners hurt other people by bending the truth 14 In one study, psychologist Elizabeth Loftus showed a group of students a video of an automobile accident in which one driver runs through a stop sign, turning right and causing a five-car collision. After that, she asked half the students, How fast was Car A going when it ran through the stop sign? She asked the other half, How fast was Car A going when it turned right? Loftus then asked everyone, Did you see a stop sign for Car A? Fifty-three percentage of the students in the first group answered that they had seen the stop sign, yet only thirty-five percentage of the students in the second group indicated that they had noticed it. Loftus concludes that we can affect responses by stating or deleting key information that makes our questions contextually appropriate. In this case, the key information is the. 16 Most stars die quietly, using up all their fuel through nuclear fusion. But if a star is big enough and hot enough, it can explode. This explosion is called a supernova. A supernova takes less than fifteen seconds to complete. The explosion is so bright that a supernova from a single star can outshine an entire galaxy for months. It generates enough heat to create even heavier elements: mercury, gold, and silver. According to the big bang theory, life on earth exists because of supernovas. The theory holds that all the elements heavier than oxygen on earth. The potassium in your banana did not have its beginning on an island in the Caribbean. It may have been created a long time ago in a supernova. *potassium location of the car crash existence of the stop sign speed of the car in question driver s car driving performance current weather and road conditions might have disappeared with a supernova are not acknowledged by contemporary scientists are essential for the survival of plants and animals became valuable jewels after the strong explosion were created in the past explosions of giant stars www.ebsi.co.kr
049 17 We see it as natural that parents should make sacrifices to look after their children, and that children should respect their parents. This is not surprising, for such behavior is a result of the mode of action of natural selection. Natural selection operates to ensure that individuals behave in a way that maximizes their lifetime reproductive success and also that of their descendants and close relatives. The genetic constitution of those who leave more healthy offspring than others will be better represented in succeeding generations. In looking after their children, parents are ensuring the survival of individuals who behave in the same way as they do. And they are likely to pass on similar genetic material. Thus looking after one s children is.. 19 There is an old saying: champions don t become champions in the ring they are merely recognized there. That s true. If you want to see where someone develops into a champion,. Former heavyweight champ Joe Frazier stated, You can map out a fight plan. But when the action starts, you re down to your reflexes. That s where your road work shows. If you cheated on that in the dark of the morning, you re getting found out under the bright lights. Boxing is a good analogy for leadership development. Even a person with natural talent has to prepare to become a successful leader. The secret of success is for a man to be ready for his time when it comes. What he does on a disciplined, consistent basis gets him ready. parents pure act of sacrifice a sociological rather than biological necessity in keeping with the dictates of natural selection evidence against the actual process of evolution rewarding because children can bring meaning to parents life see if he is decisive look at his daily routine try to learn from his mistakes see how he encourages others ask how he keeps his hope alive 18 In a study, volunteers were shown a series of shapes on a computer screen. Every so often, a coin would appear in the middle of the screen, indicating that money was about to be placed in the subject s bank. In one experiment, the money went into the bank automatically, while in another the person had to press a button to move it physically into a bank. Pressing the button constituted labor, and the labor made a big difference in terms of the brain s response to receiving money. When the subjects pressed the button to get the coin, the region of their brain that produces pleasurable feelings was activated, while such a response was hardly observed when the subjects got money automatically. This suggests that the pleasure money gives can be increased by the. 20 The white water at the foot of the dam was deep. Before I could finish baiting, a trout jumped at the falls, making a lovely arc and disappearing into the water that was thundering down. I put on a good-sized sinker and dropped into the white water close to the edge of the timbers of the dam. I did not feel the first trout strike. When I started to pull up, I felt that I had one, brought him, fighting and bending the rod almost double, out of the boiling water at the foot of the falls, and swung him up and onto the dam. He was a good trout. As soon as I baited up and dropped in again, I hooked another and brought him in the same way. In a little while I had six. feelings of security work done to earn it purpose of earning it amount of the money acknowledgement of others solemn and sacred boring and monotonous gloomy and depressing messy and noisy gay and exciting
050 21 A low bush bent sideways. Through the leaves a brown head thrust itself. Bigger than that of a dog, and shaggier. It was a small bear cub. Matt could see the little eyes peering at him curiously, the brown nose wrinkling at the strange smell of the human body. Then there was a crashing of bush and a low, snarling growl. An immense paw reached through the thicket and tumbled the cub over and out of sight. In its place loomed a huge brown shape. Bursting through the leaves was a head three times as big as the cub s. No curiosity in those small eyes; only an angry reddish gleam. Slowly the bear rose on its hind legs. Matt could see the wicked curving claws. He stood frozen on the path, only staring with numb horror at the creature about to charge. still and desolate frightening and urgent pleasant and touching exciting and entertaining odd and strange 22 (A) (B) (C) 23 (A) (B) (C) Man s entire organism was designed to move through the environment at less than five miles per hour. At walking speeds even the nearsighted can see trees, leaves and grass, ants and beetles, to say nothing of birds and other wildlife. Space and the land can be more (A) meaningful / meaningless. However, when a man drives at automobile speeds, he cuts himself off from the outside world. The driver experiences the (B) satisfaction / loss of sense of movement through space. Sitting motionlessly on soft springs, soft cushions, and soft tires creates an unreal experience of the earth like floating on a cloud above the road. For the driver on the freeway, the visual details at close distance are blurred by the speed of the automobile and his relationship to the environment is actually (C) secured / severed. (A) (B) (C) meaningful satisfaction secured meaningless satisfaction secured meaningful loss severed meaningless loss severed meaningful satisfaction severed What s the difference between a geek and a nerd? A geek is any smart person with an (A) enthusiastic / unhealthy interest. Despite widespread misconception, that interest does not have to be computers. In fact, many of us are geeks of one kind or another, whether or not we admit it. If you ve got an intense passion and a serviceable IQ, you re living proof. A nerd seems to be any smart person with an active interest, but also a lack of (B) linguistic / social skills. Nerds are uncompromisingly pure, often more comfortable with themselves than non-nerds are. In fact, they are courageous because they do not give in to the expectations of a superficial society. The one possible exception to this is their drive to excel (C) academically / artistically. Nerds are promiscuous studiers. They gravitate toward math, science, and technology. While both words were at one time insulting, nowadays they are routinely used as terms of endearment. *promiscuous (A) (B) (C) enthusiastic linguistic academically enthusiastic social academically enthusiastic linguistic artistically unhealthy social artistically unhealthy linguistic academically 24 Psychologist James Flynn examined decades of IQ data from dozens of countries. He discovered what is now called the Flynn effect, the rise in IQ scores over the last 70 or so years. The increase, of about 0.3 points per year and as much as 25 points in some countries, reflects generational improvements in abstract problem solving, a product of a more complex, mentally stimulating modern world. The Flynn effect shows that insignificant increases in IQ can and have occurred over a short period of time, which genetics can t explain. Thus when environment is looked to, as experiences improve, so can and does IQ. That has already happened. Boys outnumbered girls 13 to 1 in the top 0.01 percent of U.S. math scores 30 years ago; now that s down to 2.8 to 1, providing more evidence for culture s effect on intelligence. www.ebsi.co.kr
051 25 The barnyard should be free from manure and well drained so that it may not harbor stagnant water. The manure which collects each day should not be piled close to the barn, but should be taken several hundred feet away. If these rules are observed, not only will the barnyard be free from an objectionable smell, which is harmful to the milk, but the number of flies in summer will be considerably increased. These flies are an element of danger, for they are fond of both filth and milk, and are liable to get into the milk after having contaminated their bodies and legs in recently visited filth, thus carrying the filth to the milk. Flies also irritate cows, and by making them nervous reduce the amount of their milk. 27 Beans are digested very slowly, producing only a gradual rise in blood-sugar levels. (A), the body needs less insulin to control blood sugar after eating beans than after eating some other high-carbohydrate foods such as bread or potatoes. In studies at the University of Kentucky, a bean, vegetable, and fruitrich diet recommended by the American Diabetic Association enabled patients with type 1 diabetes who do not produce any insulin themselves to cut their daily insulin intake by 38 percent. For patients with type 2 diabetes who can produce some insulin, the bean diet reduced the need for injected insulin by 98 percent. This diet is in line with the nutritional guidelines of the American Diabetic Association. (B), people with diabetes should always consult their doctors before altering their diet. (A) (B) In addition Besides In addition However As a result Likewise As a result However On the contrary Likewise 26 During the 1997 Kyoto negotiations, Brazil made a suggestion that has since become known as the Brazilian Proposal. Its idea was that countries should now share the burden of emission cuts according to how historically responsible they were for the problem. (A), we should calculate what concentration of greenhouse gases each country has put into the atmosphere over time and use those figures to allocate emission cuts. That would mean, (B), that countries such as Germany and the United Kingdom, which have been emitting for longer than most countries, would bear a larger share than their current emissions implied. It would also mean that big emitters that have developed their industries more recently, such as Australia, would bear less of a share. (A) (B) By contrast for instance For example however For example in short In other words in short In other words for instance 28 Some people like to chat over breakfast. For myself, I think it is always best to read the news of the world while the intelligence is still too sleepy to read a good book or to realize what a tragic mess we human beings have made of the simple problem of providing bread and cinemas for everybody. To read a morning paper at luncheon would spoil a good meal for many a sensitive man. Seen through the sleepy eyes of half-past nine, however, the follies of our kind seem comparatively remote and pardonable errors. If the Morning Post came out in the afternoon, it would produce an epidemic of apoplexy in the clubs. Brought out in the half-awake hours of the morning, it does not disturb the digestion of a single one of the heartiest eaters in England. *apoplexy various ways to enjoy your meal benefits of eating breakfast leisurely advantage of reading a newspaper at breakfast importance of getting information from newspapers effects of sleeplessness on your intellectual ability
052 29 Technologies often tend to develop faster than the rhetoric evaluating them, and we are still in the process of developing descriptions for art using digital technologies as a medium. The characteristics commonly assigned to the digital medium need some further clarification since they are often used in such a general way that they hardly carry any meaning. The term interactive, for instance, has become almost meaningless due to its inflationary use of numerous levels of exchange. Ultimately, any experience of an artwork is interactive, relying on a complex interplay between contexts and productions of meaning at the recipient s end. Yet, this interaction remains a mental event in the viewer s mind when it comes to experiencing traditional art forms. With regard to digital art, however, interactivity allows different forms of navigating, assembling, or contributing to an artwork that go beyond this purely mental event. different aesthetic values of various art forms necessity of redefined terms for describing digital art importance of interaction between the artwork and its viewers physical vs. mental involvement in appreciating an artwork relationship between technological development and digital artwork 31 Andre Brink s novel Devil s Valley is a piece of magical realism inspired by the true story of an isolated community hidden from the outside world in the remoteness of the Swartberg mountains. The valley is popularly known as Die Hel (The Hell), but its former residents prefer the official name, Gamkaskloof. Today Gamkaskloof attracts visitors in search of a somewhat weird world, but nothing remains of its original human landscape: the last of the old residents left in 1991. Gamkaskloof, which is now under the custodianship of Western Cape Nature Conservation, is accessed from the summit of the Swartberg Pass. From near the summit a rough road takes off directly west for 37 km into the valley. The road can be negotiated by ordinary sedan but you ll need to be careful at one point it drops dramatically through a number of hairpin bends. Devil s Valley Gamkaskloof Gamkaskloof Swartberg Pass Gamkaskloof Gamkaskloof 30 Unlike the wisdom carved in stone or preserved in DNA, digital data is kept on incredibly precise and fragile media. A report by the National Institute for Standards and Technology notes that CDs and DVDs might last anywhere from twenty to two hundred years, assuming they are stored properly. Color snapshots become unstable in three or four decades. Digital storage tapes perhaps will keep a decade. More alarmingly, such media often do not crumble slowly across centuries, showing visible signs of decay. They easily crash, quickly and unexpectedly, because small faults in their internal or external structure magnetic degradation on a floppy disk, a scratch on a shiny CD can make a copy unreadable. To survive, digital media need watchful tending. *degradation 32 Franz Boas, the builder of modern anthropology, was born in Germany in 1858, three years before the American Civil War. Boas came to America in 1886 to pursue his dream of working for the betterment of mankind. However, the American anthropological landscape into which Boas inserted himself was neither vacant, nor without competitors. In the late 19th century both armchair theorists and field-workers were studying American Indians and interpreting them in terms of evolutionary schemes. These forces remained opposed to Boas, who advocated scientific skepticism, calling for a return to empirical observation. Boas was aware of this critical character of his method, and described himself as one whose work rests essentially in an unfeeling criticism of his own work and that of others. He was continually self-critical. Flawless perfection must not be sought in Boas. how to select valuable data various ways of storing data instability of digital data storage development of data storage technology increased demand for new data storage method 19 www.ebsi.co.kr
053 33 bokator According to Cambodian legends, lions once roamed the countryside attacking villagers and their precious buffalo, and long before the great Khmer Empire began in the 9th century, farmers developed a fierce martial art to defend themselves against the predator. These techniques became bokator. Meaning to fight a lion, bokator is a martial art depicted on the walls of Angkor Wat. There are 10,000 moves to master, mimicking animals such as monkeys, elephants and even ducks. King Jayavarman VII, the warrior king who united Cambodia in the 12th century, made his army train in bokator, turning it into a fearsome fighting force. Despite its long tradition in Cambodia, bokator nearly disappeared when the Khmer Rouge took power in 1975 and exterminated most of the discipline s masters over the next four years. 10,000 12 1970 35 The above chart shows the expenditures for U.S. elementary and secondary schools. The amount spent on elementary and secondary education (K through 12) in the United States steadily rose during the twenty-seven-year period. Expenditures rose from just over $100 billion in 1981 to almost $600 billion in 2007. However, expenditures as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product fluctuated within a band of 3.8% to 4.7% of GDP. Especially, the percentage stayed at around 4.7% between 1993 and 1997, after which it didn t last. The chart indicates that between 2006 and 2007, the percentage of expenditures decreased although the amount of those increased. 34 Lise Meitner Austrian-born physicist Lise Meitner moved to Berlin in 1907 and soon began a 30-year collaboration with chemist Otto Hahn. In 1934, she convinced Hahn to join her in studying nuclear processes, and they made great progress. Unfortunately, Meitner s Jewish ancestry made her a target of Nazi academic restriction and she fled to Sweden in 1938. Meitner continued to lead their collaboration through letters. Only months after she left, Hahn and his assistant found that neutron irradiation of heavy elements was creating smaller rather than larger nuclei. Meitner and her nephew developed a model of nuclear fission based on these measurements. Hahn, however, published the results without Meitner s name on the paper, ostensibly to avoid Nazi interference. As a result of this omission, the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Hahn alone. Hahn 1938 Hahn Hahn 1944 36 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2003 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 U.S. Australia New Zealand The graph above shows the GDP growth rate of the U.S., Australia and New Zealand during the period from 1980 to 2003. The GDP growth rate of New Zealand was the lowest among the three nations from 1980 to 2000, but it ranked second from 2001 to 2002. It hit the bottom in 1992, but it showed the sharp increase from 1998 to 2001. The GDP growth rate of the U.S. surpassed that of Australia from 1980 to 1994, but the situation was reversed from 1995 to 2003. The former stayed within the range of 1.5% and 2% from 1995 to 2003. The latter ranked top among the three nations from 1995 to 2003, but it experienced downward trends from 2001 to 2003.
054 37 The deepest subconscious need that people have is the need to feel important. Since you have this need as well, whenever you focus on making other people feel important, you reinforce their self-image, increase their self-esteem, and make them feel happy about themselves and by extension, about yourself. Whenever you say or do anything to raise the self-esteem of another person, you trigger a boomerang effect that causes your own self-esteem to go up at the same time and in the same measure. You can never do or say anything to make another person feel better about himself without simultaneously feeling better about yourself. Instead of trying to get other people to like you and be impressed by you, focus first on liking them and being impressed by them. 39 When my older daughter, then three years old, came to the hospital to see her baby sister for the first time, she was delighted to see her own picture in her sister s bassinet. We told her that her new sister wanted to be able to look at her big sister all the time because it made her happy. This eliminated any jealousy and it helped form a positive bond between siblings from the beginning. At home, I let my older daughter help bathe the baby, pick out the baby s clothes, and decorate the nursery. Though she didn t like the I m a Big Sister T-shirt I bought for her, she gladly worked for the baby. My older daughter looked very proud when she helped me push the baby stroller. That way, she didn t feel left out. *bassinet Truth wins out in the long run. God helps those who help themselves. You can have too much of a good thing. Do to others as you would have them do to you. No one can make you feel inferior without your consent. Get Your Older Child Involved First Encounter Decides Everything Competition Makes Children Smarter Younger Children Follow Elders Track Teach Children to Look After Themselves 38 The nice thing about urgencies is that you don t have to worry about them. They surface all by themselves. I was doing a seminar at Citibank in New York several years ago, and I decided to ask this question: How many of you would like to do more reading? Every hand in the room went up. Well, I said, you ve obviously placed a value on reading, but you re not doing it. Why aren t you doing it? Nobody dared say they didn t have time. We d already blown that excuse away, so it just got stone quiet. Finally, a guy in the last row raised his hand and said, Books don t ring. What a wonderful response that was! Books don t hop up and say, Hey, I m a really great book. Why don t you read me? They just kind of lie there. And until we apply urgency to them, nothing happens. 40 As Tony Augarde notes in his scholarly and yet endlessly absorbing Oxford Guide to Word Games, many verbal pastimes go back to the furthest reaches of antiquity. Palindromes, sentences that read the same backwards as forwards, are at least 2,000 years old. The ancient Greeks often put Nispon anomimata mi monan opsin on fountains. It translates as Wash the sin as well as the face. The Romans admired them, too, as demonstrated by In girum imus nocte et consumimur igni(we enter the circle after dark and are consumed by fire), which was said to describe the action of moths. The Romans also liked anagrams scrambling the letters of a word or phrase to form new words or phrases and turned Quid est veritas?(what is truth?) into Est vir qui adest(it is this man here). Language: The Source of Wit Wordplay: An Ancient Interest Absorbing Fun of Verbal Pastimes Reasons for Playing Word Games Pastimes of Ancient Greeks and Romans www.ebsi.co.kr
055 41 In the Italian Renaissance, patrons and the public began to appreciate artists for their individual style rather than for the adherence to traditional rules of technique. 42 Descartes famous conclusion, cogito ergo sum I think, therefore I am came at the end of a project to subject all of his beliefs to radical doubt. (A) The language of this early form of art criticism shows that artists were emerging both as individuals and as competitors. More significantly, such early criticism foreshadows the importance that we now attach to an original, instantly recognizable artistic style. (B) He included Botticelli, whose paintings have a virile air and were done with the best method ; Filippino Lippi, whose painting has a sweeter air ; Perugino, whose work is very sweet with an angelic air ; and Ghirlandaio, who was singled out for his good air. (C) The contract for Piero della Rrancesca s Madonna della Misericordia in 1445 stipulated that no assistant painter may put his hand to the brush other than Piero himself and in 1490 the Duke of Milan s agent sent him a memorandum listing the separate qualities of four prestigious painters. *virkle (A) In other words, Descartes set out to reject any belief he could not know for certain to be true. For instance, he rejected his belief in the world of sensory experience because he believed his senses could be deceived. (B) Then, Descartes declared, if he knew for certain that he was thinking, he knew for certain that he existed. Thus, Descartes had found one unquestionable belief belief in his own existence. (C) However, he found one belief he could not doubt that he was thinking. Descartes claimed it was impossible for him to doubt that he was thinking, because in doubting this, he would be thinking. (A) (B) (C) (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A) (A) (B) (C) (B) (C) (A) (C) (B) (A) (B) (A) (C) (C) (A) (B) 43 In fact, he wasn t looking specifically for variations in tortoises during his visit there. The Galapagos Islands are one of the places in the world where it s easy to touch the theory of evolution with our hands. Charles Darwin took a five-year voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle, exploring the Galapagos Islands. ( ) Just there, he discovered that animal species were able to evolve from their distant ancestors. ( ) Darwin had the opportunity to gain this new insight in part because he had the good fortune of unexpected observations. ( ) Fortunately, however, there they were the big, waddling, weird-looking tortoises wandering around the islands and not fitting neatly into prior assumptions about species. ( ) These unexpected observations planted a seed that provoked his thoughts during his ride home on the Beagle and his subsequent work in England. ( ) They resulted in the wonderful fruit, the theory of evolution.
056 44 According to Ken Caldeira at the Carnegie Institution of Washington in California, the meteor also threw up vast amounts of sulfur, which then rained down on the ocean as sulfuric acid. Sixty-five million years ago a meteor the size of New York slammed into Earth. The environmental chaos that ensued is widely believed to have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs. ( ) But it also had a less well-known effect. ( ) The upper ocean became acidified for a brief moment, perhaps only one or two years, but that was enough. ( ) Almost every sea creature that built shells or skeletons out of calcium carbonate became either rare or extinct. ( ) A handful of corals must have survived, or we still would not have them on Earth today. ( ) But they were nonetheless too scarce to leave their imprint; they did not reappear in the fossil record for two million years. *sulfur 45 (A) (B) Research on schools showed interesting data regarding those schools that exhibited a high rate of retention (students staying in school). The average adult would assume teenagers would want to stay in school because of their relationships with their supporting friends. However, the number-one variable that led to high student retention and contributed to a stable learning environment was the relationship of the adult staff to the students. I ve found this to be true in my twenty-plus years as an educator. In fact, as a high school principal, I would pass on this lesson to many young teachers every year by urging them to avoid one particularly common pitfall: trying to become just another friend to their students. The truth is that most students had already had enough friends. What they didn t have were enough adults in their lives who provided boundaries, guidance and direction. What s needed for teenagers to stay in school are teachers who (A) their way rather than ones who (B) their interests. (A) (B) compliment support share oppose guide oppose compliment support guide share The masses of mankind form a vast pyramid. At the very tip-top peak are gathered the few who are famous. In the bottom layer are the many failures. Between these extremes lie all the rest from those who live near the ragged edge of Down-and-Out-Land to those who storm the doors of the House of Greatness. Again, between these, and making up the large majority, are the myriads of laborers, clerks, small businessmen, housekeepers that mass known as the backbone of the world. Yet the great distance from the lower layer to the tip-top peak is not insurmountable. Many have covered it almost overnight. The reserved seat in the tip-top peak of the pyramid is procured only by him who. To such a one his work is not hard. No hours are long enough to tire his body; no thought is difficult enough to weary his mind; he has no day and no night, no quitting time, no Saturday afternoons and no Sundays. He is at the business for which he was created and all is play. Fame comes from doing one thing so much better than your competitors that your results stand out above and beyond the results of all others. Any man who will do efficiently any one of the many things the world is crying for can place his own price upon his work and get it. He can get it because the world gladly pays for what it really wants, and because the efficient man has almost no competition. But here s the rub. You will never do anything with that brilliant efficiency save what you like to do. Efficiency does not come from duty, or necessity, or goading, or lashing, or anything under heaven save the enjoyment of the thing itself. 46 struggles to do his duty has an outstanding talent has found his real vocation has received a good education was born wealthy and fortunate 47 Advice on Starting a New Job Climbing the Ladder of Success Love Your Job and Achieve Success What Is Your Biggest Success at Work? Job Satisfaction through Self-Knowledge www.ebsi.co.kr
057 (A) Joseph Duveen was undoubtedly the greatest art dealer of his time from 1904 to 1940 (a) he almost monopolized America s millionaire art-collecting market. But one big tycoon eluded him: the industrialist Andrew Mellon. Duveen wanted to make Mellon a client, but the stories Mellon had heard about the talkative Duveen made it clear he had no desire to meet the man. Yet Duveen told his friends, Not only will Mellon buy from me but he will buy only from me. For several years he tracked his prey, learning the man s habits and tastes. (B) Mellon was pleasantly surprised: This was not the Duveen he had expected. (b) He was charming and agreeable, and clearly had exquisite taste. When they returned to New York, Mellon visited Duveen s gallery and fell in love with the collection. Everything, surprisingly enough seemed to be precisely the kind of work (c) he wanted to collect. For the rest of his life he was Duveen s best and most generous client. (C) Duveen s valet hurriedly helped Duveen with his own overcoat. Seconds later, Duveen entered the lift and there was Mellon. How do you do, Mr. Mellon? said Duveen, introducing himself. I am on my way to the National Gallery to look at some pictures. How uncanny that was precisely where Mellon was headed. And so Duveen was able to accompany his prey to the one location that would ensure his success. He knew Mellon s taste inside and out, and while the two men wandered through the museum, (d) he dazzled the magnate with his knowledge. (D) In 1921, Mellon was visiting London, and staying in a suite on the third floor of Claridge's Hotel. Duveen booked himself into the suite just below Mellon s, on the second floor. (e) He had arranged for his valet to befriend Mellon s valet, and on the fateful day he had chosen to make his move, Mellon s valet told Duveen s valet, who told Duveen, that he had just helped Mellon on with his overcoat, and that the industrialist was making his way down the corridor to ring for the lift. 49 50 (a) ~ (e) *tycoon **lo and behold 48 (A) (B) - (D) - (C) (C) - (B) - (D) (C) - (D) - (B) (D) - (B) - (C) (D) - (C) - (B)
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