2016년_고2_순서배열(문제)

1. 2.. 1. 2 For some people, there is an irony to success. Many people who achieve great success don t always feel it. (A) Achievement is something you reach or attain, like a goal. It is something tangible, clearly defined and measurable. It comes when you pursue and obtain what you want. (B) Success, in contrast, is a feeling or a state of being. She feels successful. She is successful, we say, using the verb to be to suggest this state of being. (C) For example, some who achieve fame talk about the loneliness that often goes with it. That s because success and achievement are not the same thing, yet too often we mistake one for the other. * tangible: (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A) Every day in each of my classes I randomly select two students who are given the title of official questioners. These students are assigned the responsibility to ask at least one question during that class. (A) In a serious tone, she answered that she d been extremely nervous when I appointed her at the beginning of class. But then, during that class, she felt differently from how she d felt during other lectures. (B) After being the day s official questioner, one of my students, Carrie, visited me in my office. Just to break the ice, I asked in a lighthearted way, Did you feel honored to be named one of the first official questioners of the semester? (C) It was a lecture just like the others, but this time, she said, she was forced to have a higher level of consciousness; she was more aware of the content of the lecture and discussion. She also admitted that as a result she got more out of that class. (A) (C) (B) (B) (C) (A) (C) (B) (A) (B) (A) (C) (C) (A) (B) 1

3. 4.. 3. 4 The first day of school began on a bright note for a teacher who was looking over the class roll. After each student s name was a number such as 138, 140, 154, and so on. Look at these IQs, she thought excitedly. They ve given me a terrific class! (A) Look what this teacher was able to accomplish because she thought that her class was smart. She treated them as smart and they responded accordingly. (B) As a result, the excited teacher worked harder with this class than with her others. She tried new innovations that she thought would challenge them and hold their interest. (C) And it worked! The class did much better than any of the other classes. Only later did she find out that the numbers after each student s name stood for their locker numbers, not their IQs. [3 ] (A)-(C)-(B) (B)-(A)-(C) (B)-(C)-(A) (C)-(A)-(B) (C)-(B)-(A) Imagine two situations: In one, you buy the biggest house in a middle-class neighborhood; in the other, you buy the smallest house in a rich part of town. (A) A study of more than 7,000 people in over 300 towns and cities found that, on average, the more money the richest person in your community makes, and the greater the number of neighbors who earn more than you, the less satisfied you will probably feel with your life. (B) Psychologically, however, you are much more likely to be happy in the middle-class area, where your house will not seem smaller with every passing year and where your neighbors will not constantly spend more money than you. (C) In both cases, you earn an uppermiddle-class income and pay the same price for each house. Which neighborhood will you be happier in? Financially, the house in the wealthy area might turn out to be a better investment. [3 ] (A)-(C)-(B) (B)-(A)-(C) (B)-(C)-(A) (C)-(A)-(B) (C)-(B)-(A) 2

5. 6.. 5. 6 If you live in the Czech Republic, you will see Christmas carp-head easily in any town on Christmas eve. It s traditional to eat carp for Christmas dinner. (A) It seems the Czechs have been making their fortunes from the golden fish for centuries and kept a positive image of the fish. The first written accounts of carp fishponds date back to the 11th century, when monasteries maintained the ponds to provide food. (B) Also, you can buy a carp to set free in a river or lake. Either way, if you put a Christmas carp scale in your wallet, the superstition is that you will have good fortune. Still some may wonder: why the carp? (C) A few centuries later, raising carp in the pond became a big business. One of the biggest pond systems the 45km-long Golden Drain was built to raise carp. Today, fishermen harvest the fish from October to November just in time for the fishy feast. *carp: **monastery: Weather can influence attitude in both a positive and a negative way. I know that I prefer clear skies and sunshine. I am happiest and most productive during the long days of summer, when the sun comes up early and stays up late. (A) I serenaded the office with The Sun Will Come Out Tomorrow from the musical Annie. It made me feel better, and it was received with laughter. (B) I was so encouraged by the response that I proceeded through the lobby of our office building in full tune. There is something to be said for carrying a happy tune. (C) Recently, as the seasons began to change, our city experienced a week of dark and rainy days that pulled my spirits down. One morning during this week, determined not to let the weather affect my attitude, I burst into song. (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) (A) (C) (B) (B) (C) (A) (B) (A) (C) (C) (A) (B) 3

7. 8.. 7. 8 In the 1920s, Russian psychologist Aleksandr Luria examined Solomon Shereshevsky, a young journalist. (A) Shereshevsky sat down, closed his eyes, and accurately recalled not only the string of numbers but photographic details of the original day from years before. But Shereshevsky s gifts did not make him happy. (B) He found the weight of so much memory burdensome. His memory didn t even make him smarter; on the contrary, reading was difficult because individual words would constantly arouse vivid memories that disrupted his attention. (C) Luria would present Shereshevsky with lists of numbers or words up to seventy figures long. Shereshevsky could recite the list back perfectly not just right away, but also weeks or months later. Fifteen years after first meeting Shereshevsky, Luria met with him again. [3 ] In the capital of Vietnam, there was a tailor who was renowned for his skill. Every garment that left his shop had to fit the client perfectly, regardless of the client s weight, build, or age. One day, an official ordered a ceremonial robe. (A) The official was surprised at the answer. He ordered his robe to be made longer in the back than in the front. From then on, the official kept his head low and his chest in and he had a long successful career. (B) After taking the necessary measurements, the tailor respectfully asked the official how long he had been in the service. The official asked, What does that have to do with the cut of my robe? (C) It is of great importance, my lord, responded the tailor. You know that a newly appointed official, impressed with his own importance, carries his head high and his chest out. We must take this into consideration and cut the rear part shorter than the front. * ceremonial robe: (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) 4

9. 10.. 9. 10 Unlike book and journal publishing, in which a professional system of editing and fact checking ensures the quality of what s published, Internet publishing is cheap and private. (A) It s only to say that it s up to you to figure out which ones are. Just be careful! Be suspicious of what you find online, especially if it seems too good to be true. (B) Internet materials don t have to meet these standards, and their authors don t have to respond to criticism. This is not to say that all Internet sites are questionable or irresponsible. (C) What people post on the Internet is limited only by their time and imagination. Although many print publications have an editorial opinion, they still have to stick to standards of evidence and argument to maintain their readers trust. (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A) In the absence of copper, gold, and iron, our ancestors tools during the Stone Age were made of rock, wood, and bone. (A) Not only that, they get stronger when you hit them; you can harden a blade just by hammering it. And you can reverse the process simply by putting metal in a fire and heating it up, which will cause it to get softer. (B) Anyone who has ever tried to make anything with these kinds of tools knows how limiting they are: if you hit a piece of wood, it either breaks or cracks. The same is true of rock or bone. Metals are essentially different from these other materials because they can be hammered into shape. (C) The first people to discover these properties ten thousand years ago had found a material that was almost as hard as a rock but behaved like a plastic and was almost endlessly reusable. In other words, they had discovered the perfect material for tools, and in particular cutting tools like axes and razors. [3 ] (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A) 5

11. 12.. 11. 12 Occasions during which gifts are exchanged are traditionalized in each culture. Festivals, annual calendar-based events, ceremonies, religious occasions and events connected with stages in life qualify for gifting along with events connected with school life and work. (A) As an interesting example we can take birthday events. The child celebrating his birthday receives gifts from other children who are invited to the birthday party. (B) It is also common nowadays for the invited children to be given individual gifts, called return gifts, during the party. This reciprocation in gifting has now spread to marriages in Indian households where the host gives individual gifts to all those who attend the marriage. (C) The list is endless: graduations, promotions, farewells, and religious events like Diwali and Christmas and of course the most significant events of all, namely birthdays, marriages, and childbirths. An interesting point is that gifts build relationships, which in turn lead to further gifts. * reciprocation:, ** Diwali: ( ) ( ) Many people are familiar with the Mayans interest in calendars and astronomy, but they were also fascinated by the weather. (A) In addition, at the top of this lighthouse, the clever Mayans strategically placed a variety of seashells. Depending on wind speed and direction, the shells would whistle at different pitches. (B) Sometime between 1200 and 1400 AD, they constructed a lighthouse in what is now Cozumel, Mexico, called the Tumba del Caracol. The Mayans put candles in the lighthouse, which served the traditional function of warning ships that they were close to land. (C) Depending on which shells were whistling and at what pitch and their knowledge of what conditions produced storms the Mayans are said to have been able to predict storms approaching from the Caribbean. [3 ] (A) - (C) - (B) (B) - (A) - (C) (B) - (C) - (A) (C) - (A) - (B) (C) - (B) - (A) (A) - (C) - (B) (B) - (C) - (A) (C) - (B) - (A) (B) - (A) - (C) (C) - (A) - (B) 6

13. 14.. [5E] 13. 14 From the loved ones who are still here with me Armstead, Zuri, Billy, Stayce, Dodd, and Stanley I ve learned the joy of sharing. Not just stuff you pick out and pay for, but stuff that really matters. (A) Instead, we had to give something of ourselves, a letter from the heart to the family member whose name we would pick out of a hat. (B) Years ago, when Zuri was just a little boy, Armstead started a tradition in our house that came to mean so much to all of us. On Christmas, we couldn t just exchange storebought gifts. (C) In it, we would tell how we felt about each other, how that person had touched us during the course of the year. That tradition created so many special moments in our household, all because we took the time to say I love you. (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) If you really want to connect with your daughter, car time can be your most valuable ally. (A) Moreover, she will open up even more if she has her friends in the car with her. In fact, girls seem to forget that the driver is actually someone s mom or dad and will chatter quite openly with one another when being transported in groups. (B) So, the next time a parent asks you to help with carpooling to or from a social event, say yes. Offering to help with carpooling will come at the cost of your time and gas budget, but you will learn about your daughter s personal life in time it takes to drop off her friends and get back to your home. (C) The conditions of riding in a car not having to look directly at the parent who is driving, the assurance that the conversation will end when the ride ends are just what your daughter needs to open up. [3 ] (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) 7

15. 16.. [6 ] 15. 16 There are things we simply cannot see or hear. Many stars are beyond our gaze, and we can t see atoms, or even the tiny creatures in puddles of rain water. To learn about the nature and location of memory, scientists in the 1940s began their search for memory in the most obvious place: within the cells of our brains our neurons. (A) A century later, more advanced microscopes were allowing naturalists to examine these finer details of anatomy and the wonderful array of tiny life. (B) We can t hear sounds that many birds or mice can. But we can still learn about them, asking questions and using instruments that let us see or hear far better than with our eyes or ears alone. (C) Just as telescopes let us see further into space, microscopes help us see further into the tiny building blocks of living creatures. In the seventeenth century, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek used his small microscopes to look at blood cells and the hairs on a fly s legs. (A) - (C) - (B) (B) - (A) - (C) (B) - (C) - (A) (C) - (A) - (B) (C) - (B) - (A) (A) These interconnected webs are intricately involved in our memories. The memory the rats had of the maze was spread throughout their brains. Whenever the scientists cut out a piece, they damaged only a small portion of the involved connections. (B) Researchers eventually turned their search for memories to the wiring between neurons rather than within the cells themselves. Each of the hundred billion neurons in our brains is connected to seven thousand other neurons, in a dense web of nerve fibers. (C) They cut out parts of rats brains, trying to make them forget a maze, and found that it didn t matter what part of the brain they chose; the rats never forgot. In 1950, the researchers gave up, concluding that memory must be somewhere else. * maze: (A) - (C) - (B) (B) - (C) - (A) (C) - (B) - (A) (B) - (A) - (C) (C) - (A) - (B) 8

17. 18.. 17. 18 There are a large number of situations when we feel insulted without being insulted. We do so even with our close relations and friends. (A) So much so that you even avoid him when he tries to contact you adding to yours as well as his agony. The same thing may happen between brother and brother, father and son, or even husband and wife. All such instances indicate your own lack of confidence. (B) For example, an invitation card for an important event at a close friend s home has not reached you and without trying to find out the facts, you start feeling insulted and ascribing all sorts of motives to your friend who himself feels sad for your absence from the event. (C) In other words, a person who is confident of oneself should never react in a hurry but should try to find out the facts. Even if the facts indicate that he has been ignored, he should take them coolly and redefine or review his relationship. Computer memory is much better than human memory because early computer scientists discovered a trick that evolution never did: organizing information by assigning every memory to a sort of master map. (A) In consequence, our memory cannot be searched as systematically or as reliably as that of a computer or Internet database. Instead, human memory is deeply subject to context. (B) Scuba divers, for example, are better at remembering the words they study underwater when they are tested underwater relative to when they were tested on land, even if the words have nothing to do with the sea. (C) Human beings, in contrast, appear to lack such master memory maps, and instead retrieve information in far more haphazard fashion, by using clues to what s being looked for, rather than knowing in advance where in the brain a given memory lies. (A) (C) (B) (B) (C) (A) (C) (B) (A) (B) (A) (C) (C) (A) (B) (A) (C) (B) (B) (C) (A) (C) (B) (A) (B) (A) (C) (C) (A) (B) 9

19. 20.. 19. 20 Most cross-cultural studies are, in fact, not just cross-cultural; they are cross-city, and more specifically, cross-university studies. (A) Are the participants in Seattle representative of American culture? Would they provide the same responses as participants from Beverly Hills? Would the participants in Mexico City provide the same results as those in Guadalajara? (B) A cross-cultural comparison between Americans and Mexicans may, for example, involve data collected in Seattle and Mexico City. (C) We don t know. And it is important for cross-cultural researchers, and consumers of that research to recognize that sound cross-cultural comparison would entail the collection of data from multiple sites within the same cultural group, either in the same study or across studies. A few months ago my wife Michele was on the phone making arrangements for a babysitter. She told the sitter that my son Luke was six years old, so that the sitter knew what agelevel games to bring. (A) So in his mind, his mom lied about something really important to him. At his developmental stage, the harmless motivation for the lie was irrelevant. (B) As soon as Michele got off the phone, I explained to her why he was so upset; she apologized to him and promised to be more exact. He immediately calmed down. (C) My son, sitting next to her, started protesting, loudly, interrupting my wife. Whereas before I d have been annoyed at my son s sudden outburst, now I understood. My son was, technically, still a week away from his sixth birthday, which he was treasuring in anticipation. (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) 10

21. 22.. 21. 22 In 1974, a group of Yale students tested the unwritten first-come, first-served seating rule on the New York subway by approaching passengers and asking them for their seats. (A) For example, one of the students recalling the experience said I was so uncomfortable that I thought I was going to throw up. The head researcher, Stanley Milgram, in an interview with Psychology Today, described the deep anxiety and discomfort he went through. (B) Surprisingly, 68 percent of passengers agreed to give up their seats. Ironically, the experiment seemed to cause more pain for the experimenters tasked with crossing the social boundary than for the people who gave up their seats. (C) At first, he couldn t even talk to the people who were sitting. After scolding himself and gathering the strength to ask for a person s seat, his anxiety turned to shame. Even after he sat down, he blushed, and his head sank between his knees. (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) In cultural assimilation, immigrants are expected to resemble the majority group in terms of norms, values, and behavior. But certain groups are more prone to cultural assimilation, while other communities remain largely unassimilated. Why is that? (A) This process was much more difficult for non-whites. In the 19th and early 20th century the dominant majority in the United States regarded Irish and Italian immigrants as inferior. (B) Nonetheless, they gradually integrated into the host country and the majority started to regard them as white and accept them. Sociologists now try to predict whether 20th century immigrants from Asia and Latin America will be able to integrate in a similar way. (C) Recent studies show that racial differences can play a key role in how immigrants react to cultural assimilation. For example, white immigrants who arrived to the United States in the 19th century were able to integrate into US society. [3 ] * assimilation: ( ) (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) 11

23. 24.. 23. 24 The sea squirt starts off its life cycle as a tadpole-like creature, complete with a spinal cord connected to a simple eye and a tail for swimming. It also has a primitive brain that helps it move through the water. (A) A brain is an energetically expensive organ to maintain, even for a sea squirt. So once the sea squirt becomes immovable, it literally eats its own brain. (B) Its mobility, however, doesn t last long. Once the sea squirt finds a suitable place to attach itself, whether a boat, an underwater rock, or the ocean floor, it never moves again. (C) As soon as sea squirts stop moving, their brain is absorbed by their body. Being permanently attached to a home makes the sea squirt s spinal cord and the neurons that control movements unnecessary, so why keep them? * sea squirt: (A) - (C) - (B) (B) - (A) - (C) (B) - (C) - (A) (C) - (A) - (B) (C) - (B) - (A) Social gatherings like parties are often all about first impressions. You have an opportunity to talk to others who you might not approach in any other context, so it is important that your appearance reflects your intention to impress unfamiliar faces. (A) So if someone approaches you, put them at ease immediately by smiling in a welcoming, non-threatening way, paying them a compliment and concentrating on the emotional tone of any short sentence you use. (B) At the outset of many forms of interaction, the fear of rejection can be the predominant emotion and can inhibit what people do. But at a party the implicit rule is that by being there you are open at least to some social interaction. (C) In conclusion, make them feel welcome. Smiles are an extremely contagious social signal, particularly when they are open and natural, and help increase the enjoyment of interaction. * implicit: ** contagious: (A) - (C) - (B) (B) - (A) - (C) (B) - (C) - (A) (C) - (A) - (B) (C) - (B) - (A) 12

25. 26.. 25. 26 Evolution did not give humans the ability to play soccer. True, it produced legs for kicking and elbows for fouling, but all that this enables us to do is perhaps practice penalty kicks alone. (A) Other animals that engage strangers in ritualized aggression do so largely by instinct puppies throughout the world have the rules for roughandtumble play built into their genes. (B) But human teenagers have no such genes for soccer. They can nevertheless play the game with complete strangers because they have all learned an identical set of ideas about soccer. These ideas are entirely imaginary, but if everyone shares them, we can all play the game. (C) To get into a game with the strangers we find in the schoolyard on any given afternoon, we not only have to work in concert with ten teammates we may never have met before, we also need to know that the eleven players on the opposing team are playing by the same rules. [3 ] The foragers secret of success, which protected them from starvation and malnutrition, was their varied diet. Farmers tend to eat a very limited and unbalanced diet. (A) The peasant s ancient ancestor, the forager, may have eaten berries and mushrooms for breakfast; fruits and snails for lunch; and rabbit steak with wild onions for dinner. Tomorrow s menu might have been completely different. This variety ensured that the ancient foragers received all the necessary nutrients. (B) The typical peasant in traditional China ate rice for breakfast, rice for lunch, and rice for dinner. If she was lucky, she could expect to eat the same on the following day. By contrast, ancient foragers regularly ate dozens of different foodstuffs. (C) Especially in premodern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop such as wheat, potatoes, or rice that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need. [3 ] *forager: (A)-(C)-(B) (B)-(A)-(C) (B)-(C)-(A) (C)-(A)-(B) (A)-(C)-(B) (B)-(A)-(C) (C)-(B)-(A) (B)-(C)-(A) (C)-(A)-(B) (C)-(B)-(A) 13

27. 28.. 27. 28 Many people with only average scores on intelligence tests have exceptional ability in specific areas. Even those with very low IQ scores have been known to show incredible ability in narrowly defined skills. (A) He could spell forward or backward any word spoken to him and could memorize long speeches. However, he had no understanding of what he was doing. (B) Cases such as this are part of the evidence that led Howard Gardner to suggest that everyone possesses a number of intellectual potentials, or intelligences, each of which involves a somewhat different set of skills. (C) One such child, whose IQ was only 50, could instantly and correctly state the day of the week for any date between 1880 and 1950. He could also play melodies on the piano by ear and sing Italian operatic pieces he had heard. Computer spellcheckers detect misspelled words and, in certain cases, even correct them automatically. However, spellcheckers are far from perfect. (A) Its developers have tried to make its working processes as close to those of natural language as possible. If it s successful, Ginger Software s new program should be able to find the errors in the sentence Eye did knot go the write weigh, and correct it to I did not go the right way. (B) However, technology has now tried to find a way of solving this kind of problem. A hi-tech company, Ginger Software, has developed a program that doesn t just spot mistyped words, but also uses context and grammatical structure to correct mistakes. (C) For instance, if you type Eye did knot go the write weigh, spellcheckers will not be able to detect any of the mistakes. Although all the words in this sentence are spelled correctly, it makes no sense. (A) (B) (C) (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (C) (A) (B) (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (C) (B) (A) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A) 14

[29~30] 30.. [10V] 29. 30 Manufacturers found that they could sell only a limited amount of a particular product. To expand sales, they began introducing several varieties of the same basic product different flavors of chocolate bars, for example. (A) Consequently, packaging became product-related as opposed to brand-related. The development of product-related packaging was helped by advances in printing. (B) In addition to these varieties, manufacturers also diversified into new lines. The result: promotion could no longer focus exclusively on the brand; it had to talk about the different varieties sold under the brand name. (C) When color lithography was used more extensively in packaging around 1930, colored pictures of the product appeared, increasing the emphasis on what the consumer could expect to find inside the package. *lithography: (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) One of the key experimental tasks that Antonio Damasio, a neuroscientist, uses to support his theory is the Iowa gambling task. This is a card game where subjects choose cards from various decks and they win or lose money depending on the cards that come up. (A) However, it is this aversive response, Damasio argues, that drives the decision to choose cards primarily from low-risk decks. Representations of choosing from the highrisk decks have become physically marked. (B) Normal subjects usually avoid high-risk decks after a couple of rounds. At this point, their skin conductance increases when they attempt to reach for cards from high-risk decks. This is typically interpreted as an aversive response. Subjects are unaware of this effect, Damasio claims. (C) Some decks are high-risk decks, having a few high-paying cards, but many losing cards. Others yield smaller monetary rewards, but there are more lower-paying cards and fewer losing cards (low-risk decks). [3 ] *skin conductance: *aversive response: (A) (C) (B) (B) (C) (A) (B) (A) (C) (C) (A) (B) 15

31. 32.. 31. 32 You can t be productive if you try to save on resources. Imagine you are an administrative assistant. You manage the conference meeting room schedule and ensure meeting attendees have hard copies of all necessary documents. (A) When you finally persuade the copy machine to print, it runs out of paper. Since your company never wants to spend too much on supplies, the amount of paper ordered is never quite enough. You have no choice but to get in your car and make a quick run to the office supplies store. (B) Now, 45 minutes after starting this task, you are back at the office and have successfully printed the 10 sets of notes that should have taken less than five minutes to actually print. (C) This task sounds fairly easy, and it would be if it weren t for the old copy machine. It jams constantly, and you always have to open the little drawers to print your documents. (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) Bob Jordan wanted to be a police officer. He applied for the job, took the Wonderlic Personnel Test, and waited to be called for an interview. (A) He was told that he did not fit the profile of a successful police officer. Had he performed poorly on the test? No. Bob s problem was that he scored too high. Too high? (B) No call came. He was sure he had passed the test the questions seemed so easy and when he heard that other people who had applied at the same time had been hired, he went to the police station to find out what had happened to his application. (C) Yes. The test norms for the Wonderlic provide an optimum range of scores for a variety of jobs. If your score is too low, the norms suggest that you lack the ability to succeed on the job. And if you score too high, the test makers say that you are too intelligent and that you will be bored by the job and will probably quit before long. (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B) 16

2_16 ( ) http://likasuni.tistory.com 33. 34.. [11 ] 33. 34 Twins provide a unique opportunity to study genes. Some pairs of twins are identical: they share the exact same genes in their DNA. For years business leaders and politicians have portrayed environmental protection and jobs as mutually exclusive. (A) In the same way, scientists can estimate the role genes play in any other trait by comparing the similarity of identical twins to the similarity of fraternal twins. If there is a difference, then the magnitude of the difference gives a clue as to how much genes are involved. (B) Other pairs are fraternal, sharing only half of their genes on average. Differences in genetic similarity turn out to be a powerful natural experiment, allowing us to estimate how much genes influence a given trait. (C) For example, identical twins almost always have the same eye color, but fraternal twins often do not. This suggests that genes play a role in eye color, and in fact geneticists have identified several specific genes that are involved. (A)-(C)-(B) (B)-(A)-(C) (B)-(C)-(A) (C)-(A)-(B) (C)-(B)-(A) (A) Pollution control, protection of natural areas and endangered species, and limits on use of nonrenewable resources, they claim, will choke the economy and throw people out of work. Ecological economists dispute this claim, however. (B) Recycling, for instance, makes more new jobs than extracting raw materials. This doesn t necessarily mean that recycled goods are more expensive than those from raw resources. We re simply substituting labor in the recycling center for energy and huge machines used to extract new materials in remote places. (C) Their studies show that only 0.1 percent of all large-scale layoffs in the United States in recent years were due to government regulations. Environmental protection, they argue, not only is necessary for a healthy economic system, but it actually creates jobs and stimulates business. [3 ] (A)-(C)-(B) (B)-(A)-(C) (B)-(C)-(A) (C)-(A)-(B) (C)-(B)-(A) 17

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