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J. Fd Hyg. Safety Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 266~272 (2011) Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety Available online at http://www.foodhygiene.or.kr 한약제제 ( 액제 ) 의안전성평가 조현례 전종섭 김범호 조상훈 박신희 김영숙 * 윤미혜 경기도보건환경연구원약품화학팀 Safety Assessment of Liquid-Type Herbal Preparations Hyun-Ye Jo, Jong-Sup Jeon, Beom-Ho Kim, Sang-Hun Cho, Sin-Hee Park, Young-Sug Kim*, and Mi-Hye Yoon Pharmaceutial Chemistry Team, Gyeonggi-do Institute of Health and Environmant (Received April 21, 2011/Revised May 3, 2011/Accepted May 30, 2011) ABSTRACT - The safety of liquid-type herbal preparations (47 samples) and beverages containing herbal medicines (18 samples), which are distributed in Gyeonggi province was studied by analyzing heavy metals, benzo(a)pyrene, preservatives and sugar content and to explain the differences between medicine and food based on the labeling standards. The herbal preparation is regarded as medicine and can be differentiated from the beverages containing herbal medicine, which is food, based on the fact that the herbal preparation should be labeled with usage, dosage, efficiency and effect. The mean concentrations of Pb, As, Cd, Hg were found to be 0.014 mg/kg, 0.113 mg/ kg, 0.004 mg/kg and 0.003 mg/kg in herbal preparation and 0.009 mg/kg, 0.122 mg/kg, 0.003 mg/kg and 0.002 mg/ kg in beverages containing herbal medicines, respectively. In 10 cases of herbal preparations and 6 cases of beverages containing Rehmanniae Radix Preparata (Sukjihwang), benzo(a)pyrene was not found. According to preservative test on herbal medicine, dehydroacetic acid was found less than the indicated content in 6 cases out of 37 cases, which labeled with preservatives, and benzoic acid, dehydroacetic acid and methylparaben were contained with 164.0~ 198.0 mg/kg, 149.8~272.5 mg/kg and 88.4 mg/kg, respectively, in 3 cases out of 10 cases, which was not labeled with preservatives. Among 16 cases of beverages containing herbal medicines, 3 cases of preservative-labeled beverages had the preservatives, and the rest of all, which was not labeled with preservatives, did not show that they contain any preservative, therefore, it was suitable for the labeling standards. As a result of sugar content test, preservative-labeled products were not appreciably different from the others. Key words : herbal preparations, beverages containing herbal medicines, heavy metals, bezo(a)pyrene, preservatives, sugar 서론 생활수준의향상과식습관의변화로건강에대한관심이증가하고있는데그중한약은질병을치료하고예방하기위해우리나라에서많이사용되며한방약뿐아니라한약제제, 건강기능식품, 천연감미료및신약개발의자원등으로그사용범위가매우넓다 1). 한약은자연에존재하는다양한식물, 동물, 광물질등을천연그대로사용하거나건조및수치등의일정한가공을통해원재료로사용되고있기때문에 2) 토양과같은자연환경을기반으로자라는식물한약재의경우주변환경오염에많은영향을받으므로오염된원료로만드는한약제제 *Correspondence to: Young-Sug Kim, Gyeonggi-do Institute of Health and Environment, Jungja-st 267, Suwon 440-290, Korea Tel: 82-31-8008-5011, E-mail : suga@gg.go.kr 와식품도안전성에문제가발생할수있다. 특히중금속은체내축적성이높아국민건강측면에서위해성평가가종종논란이되고있는데산업의급속한발달로인해대기, 수질, 토양등이오염됨에따라한약재나식품중의중금속우려도날로증대되고있다. 이들오염물질은산업단지, 자동차배기가스, 산업쓰레기등을통해토양, 물, 대기등으로이행하여최종적으로한약재에축적될수있는데 3,4) 중금속은체내의여러효소의활성을저하시키고, 뼈, 신장, 간에만성중독증상을유발하며, 다른중금속과상호작용하여동물의성장을저해하는등여러가지문제가발생할수있다 5-8). 한약재는환경오염으로인해중금속에오염될뿐아니라건조하거나제조하는등의과정에서도 benzo(a)pyrene등의발암물질이생성될수있다. 9) Benzo(a)pyrene은내분비계장애물질로알려진대표적인다환방향족탄화수소화합물중하나로 1급발암물질로분류되고있다 10). 266

Safety Assessment of Liquid-Type Herbal Preparations 267 이에우리나라에서는한약의안전성에문제를일으키는유해물질인중금속, 이산화황, 곰팡이독소, 벤조피렌, 농약을식품의약품안전청고시제 2010-75호생약등의잔류, 오염물질기준및시험방법으로허용기준을설정하여규제하고있다. 한약재는의약품이나식품에사용되는경우에각각적용되는규제기준과함유되는성분및함량이다른데이등 11) 의조사에따르면일반소비자들은한약제제등의의약품과한약재가들어간식품과의차이를제대로구별하지못하는것으로나타나혼돈을야기할수있다. 따라서본연구는경기도내한약재를원료로사용하여제조되어유통되고있는한약제제와음료의표시기준을통해그차이점을설명하여의약품과식품을구별할수있도록하고, 중금속과벤조피렌, 보존제등의유해물질의농도를파악하여도민건강을위한기초자료를제공하고자한다. 재료및방법 재료경기도내약국에서구입한액상한약제제 47건과약국과대형할인마트에서구입한한약재가함유된음료 18건을시료로사용하였다. 표준품및시약중금속분석을위한 Pb, Cd, As, Hg 표준액 (1,000 mg/kg) 과 nitric acid 는 Wako (Japan) 제품을사용하였다. 벤조피렌분석에사용된 3,4-benzopyrene는 Tokyo Chemical Industry (Japan) 제품을, 3-Methylcholanthrene는 Sigma (USA) 제품을사용하였다. 보존제분석을위한 benzoic acid, dehydroacetic aicd, methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben과당분석을위한 D-(+)-Glucose, D-Lactose monohydrate, D-(-)-maltose monohydrate, Sucrose, D-(-)-Fructose은모두 Sigma (USA) 제품을사용하였다. 실험방법 한약제제와음료의표시기준 약사법과대한약전, 식품위생법과식품공전의표시기준을근거로하여한약제제와한약재가함유된음료의차이점을알아보았다. 중금속 Pb 및 As 표준용액은 12.5, 25, 50, 100 µg/kg, Cd 표준용액은 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25 µg/kg이되도록질산용액으로조제하였고시료를농축한후질산 12 ml을넣고하루방치한후습식분해 (ETHOS, Milestone Inc., Italy) 하였다. 전처리된시료는 0.45 µm 멤브레인필터로여과한후 ICP-OES Table 1. Analysis condition of ICP-OES RF power (Optima 5300 DV, PerkinElmer, USA) 로분석하였으며분석조건은 Table 1과같다. Hg 표준용액은 0.001% 시스테인용액으로 50, 100, 200 µg/ L이되도록조제하였고, 약 50 µl을정밀히취하여가열기화금아말감법 (Combustion gold amalgamation method) 을이용한 Mercury analyzer (NIE-20, Nippon Instrument Co., Japan) 를사용하여측정하였다. 벤조피렌 Gas flow Pump flow rate Wavelength 1,500 W Plasma : 15.0 L/min Auxiliary : 0.2 L/min Nebulizer : 0.65 L/min 1.5 L/min Pb : 220.353 nm As : 188.979 nm Cd : 228.802 nm Benzo(a)pyrene을아세토니트릴로희석하여 1, 5, 10, 20 ng/ml이되도록조제하였고, 내부표준용액은아세토니트릴로희석하여 20 ng/ml로조제하였다. 검체는약 100 ml 을정밀히취하여분액깔대기에옮기고내부표준액 1mL를첨가하고헥산 5mL을넣어격렬하게흔들어섞은후정치하여물층을분리, 다른분액깔대기에옮겼다. 물층에헥산 50 ml을넣고위의과정을 2번반복하여헥산층만취했다. 헥산층에에멀젼이생성된경우메탄올 5-10 ml을첨가하여에멀젼을제거하였다. 취한헥산층은무수황산나트륨을넣은여과지를이용하여탈수여과한후, 40 o C 이하의수욕상에서감압하여약 2mL로농축하였다. 미리디클로로메탄 10 ml 및헥산 20 ml를초당 2-3방울의속도로유출시킨후로리실카트리지에농축액을넣은후이어헥산 5mL 과헥산 / 디클로로메탄 (3:1) 15 ml로용출시켰다. 이용출액을질소가스하에건조시키고잔류물을아세토니트릴에녹여전량을 1mL로하고이를 0.45 µm 멤브레인필터로여과하여 Table 2와같은조건에서 HPLC-FLD (High Table 2. Analysis condition of HPLC-FLD LC-PAH Fluorescence 294 nm, 404 nm Mobil phase ACN : DW (80:20) Injection volumn 20 µl

268 Hyun-Ye Jo et al. Table 3. Analytical condition for benzoic acid, dehydroacetic acid by HPLC-PDA Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence : Alliance 2695, Waters, USA) 로분석하였다. 보존제 Benzoic acid, dehydroacetic acid, methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben 표준품을약 100 mg씩정밀히달아각각메탄올에녹여 100 ml씩으로한액을표준원액으로하고각표준원액을 5mL씩취하고합한후메탄올에녹여 100 ml이되도록혼합표준용액을조제하였다. 시험용액은 5mL를취하여메탄올에녹여 50 ml가되도록한후초음파로추출한후원심분리하였다. 표준용액과시험용액을 0.45 µm 멤브레인필터로여과한후식품의약품안전청고시제2008-76 호에따라 HPLC-PDA (High Performance Liquid Chromatography- Photo Diode Array: Alliance 2695, Waters, USA) 를사용하여 Table 3, 4와같이분석하였다. Paraben류분석의경우분리능향상을위해이동상용매를변경하여수행하였다. 당 waters HSS C18 Photo Diode Array 254 nm 0.01 mol/l (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 in Mobile phase MeOH:THF:DW(225:60:715) ph 3.4 by adjusting phosphoric acid Injection volume 10 µl Table 4. Analytical condition for parabens by HPLC-PDA waters HSS C18 Photo Diode Array (Range from 200 nm to 400 nm) Mobile phase ACN : 0.1%v/v Acetic acid (30:70) Injection volume 10 µl Glucose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, fructose 표준품을 50% 에탄올에희석하여약 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.6% 가되도록조제하였다. 시료는 50% 아세토니트릴과 1:4의비율로희석한후 0.45 µm 멤브레인필터로여과하여시험용액으로하여 Table 5와같은조건에서 HPLC-RI (High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Reflective Index: Aglient 1100 series, Agilent, USA) 로분석하였다. Table 5. Analysis condition of HPLC/RI Shodex Asaphipax CN Refrective Index Mobile phase ACN : DW (75:25) Injection volume 20 µl 결과및고찰 한약제제와음료의표시기준한약제제는한약재를한방원리에따라배합하여제조한의약품을말하는것으로약국에서만판매되는반면한약재가함유된음료는식품으로액상차, 홍삼음료, 혼합음료등으로표현되며약국뿐아니라일반슈퍼마켓과마트에서도판매된다. 표시기준은한약제제의경우제품의용기에는제조업체상호와주소, 명칭 ( 대한약전에실린경우약전에서정한명칭 ), 함유된성분의함량과단위 ( 주로 mg/ml로표시 ), 용량, 저장방법, 보존제사용시그명칭과함량, 사용시주의점, 의약품의종류, 용법 용량, 성상, 효능 효과, 제조번호와사용기한등을반드시적어야한다 12). 음료의경우는제조업체상호와주소, 명칭, 함유된성분의함량과단위 ( 주로 % 로표현 ), 용량, 저장방법, 보존제사용시그명칭과함량, 사용시주의점, 식품의유형, 영양성분, 유통기한등을적어야한다 13). 따라서의약품과식품의표시기준의차이점은한약제제의경우일반의약품이라는표시와성상, 용법 용량, 효능 효과가표시된다는점과음료의경우쌍화탕등약전에실린명칭을사용할수없으며열량등의영양성분을표시해야한다는점이다. 중금속한약제제 47건과한약재가함유된음료 18건에대한평균중금속함량은 Fig. 1과같다. 납은인체유해한축적독성이강한중금속으로자연계에널리분포되어있으며신경, 평활근장애와헤모글로빈을감소시켜빈혈을유발하는금속으로알려져있으며급성독성증상은빈혈, 뇌손상마비, 신장장애등이있으며만성증상은창백한피부, 두통, 식욕감퇴등을일으킨다 14). 본연구결과의약품의납평균함량은 0.014 mg/kg으로생약등의기준 15) 5 mg/kg 이하에비해매우낮게나타났다. 한약재가함유된음료에서납의평균함량은 0.009 mg/kg으로한약제제보다다소낮은수치로관찰되었고이역시현행식품공전 16) 기준치인 0.3 mg/kg 이하에비해매우낮은수치이다. 비소는암을유발할뿐만아니라각화증, 과색소침착등

Safety Assessment of Liquid-Type Herbal Preparations 269 수은은급성중독시혈설사, 오심, 구토, 복부통증을일으키고, 만성중독시잇몸염증, 신장손상, 경련, 중추말초신경계영향을미치는것으로알려져있다 23). 본연구에서한약제제의평균수은함량은 0.003 mg/kg으로측정한중금속중가장낮은농도를나타냈다. 한약재가함유된음료에서수은은평균 0.002 mg/kg로역시측정한중금속중가장낮은수치를나타내었고다른나라에서보고된연구결과 0.005 mg/kg 비해낮은수치를나타내었다 19,20). 비소를제외한나머지중금속의경우한약제제에서함유량이높았는데이는한약제제에함유된한약재의양이음료보다훨씬많기때문이라생각된다. 또한모든제품의중금속농도가규제기준보다낮게검출되었으나유럽식품 Fig. 1. Concentration of heavy metals in herbal pre-parations and beverages containing herbal medicines. 피부염을일으키고혈관연축, 폐질환등의원인이된다 17). 본연구결과한약제제에서비소는평균 0.113 mg/kg으로검출되어본연구에서검사한중금속중에가장높은수치를나타내었다. 그러나이것은생약등의중금속기준인 3.0 mg/kg에비해매우낮은수치이다. 배등 18) 의연구에서도생약제제중비소의함량이가장높게관찰되어본연구결과와유사한결과를나타내었다. 한약재가함유된음료에서도비소의평균함량이 0.122 mg/kg으로가장높은수치를나타내었다. 일반음료에서비소의함량이 0.007~0.009 mg/ kg으로관찰된것에비해 19,20) 본연구에서는비소함량이매우높게관찰되었는데이는비소는다른중금속과달리금속이갖는성질과비금속이갖는성질을동시에갖는준중금속으로토양, 물, 공기, 암석등에평균 2 mg/kg의농도로자연적으로널리분포하기 21) 때문에환경에영향을받는한약재가포함된원료를사용하였기때문이라생각된다. 현재음료에서비소의규제기준은없다. 카드뮴은신장독성을일으키며단백뇨, 골조직에서칼슘과인대사의불균형을초래하여골다공증과골연화증, 고혈압, 기형발생등을일으킨다 5,7). 한약제제에서카드뮴의평균함량은 0.004 mg/kg으로생약은카드뮴 0.3 mg/kg이하로규제기준이있는데비해제제의경우는기준이존재하지않는다. 식품공전에서규정하고있는카드뮴의기준은 0.1 mg/kg인데본연구결과한약재가함유된음료에서의카드뮴농도는 0.003 mg/kg으로공전의기준보다낮았으며한약제제에비해낮게검출되었다. Roberte등의 22) 연구에서도음료중카드뮴함량이 0.003 mg/kg으로관찰되어본연구와유사하였다. Fig. 2. Chromatogram of benzo(a)pyrene for st-andard (upper) and sample(lower). (LOQ 0.06 µg/kg).

270 Hyun-Ye Jo et al. 안전청이식품중의카드뮴의주 (week) 섭취허용량을 0.0025 mg/kg으로낮추는등유해중금속의기준을강화하고있기때문에우리나라도지속적인관리가필요할것으로생각된다. 벤조피렌벤조피렌은내분비계장애물질로알려진대표적다환방향족탄화수소의하나로 INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER (IARC) 에서그룹1( 인체발암물질 ) 로분류하고있으며 10), 음식을조리, 가공할때탄수화물, 단백질, 지방등이열분해되어생성되는것으로알려져있다 9). 숙지황은지황을구증구포의방법으로증숙시킨것으로찌는과정으로인해벤조피렌이생성될수있다. 숙지황이함유된한약제제 10건과음료 6건에대해벤조피렌함량을검사한결과 Fig. 2와같이 16건에서모두벤조피렌이검출되지않았다. 보존제대한약전외일반시험법보존제의기준에 24) 따르면보존제는표시량에대하여 80.0~120.0% 를사용할수있고, 약사법제56조제10호및동법시행규칙제75조제1항제4호에따라의약품에보존제를사용하는경우그명칭및함량을표시및기재토록되어있다. 한약제제에대한보존제사용현황및검사결과는 Table 6과같다. 한약제제 47건중보존제가표시된제품은총 37건이었고이중 31건은보존제가표시량의허용량 (80.0~120.0%) 이검출되었으나 6건에서는 dehydroacetic acid가허용량보다낮게검출되었거나아예검출되지않았다. 보존제가표시 되지않은 10건중보존제가검출된경우는 3건으로 30% 에해당되었다. 3건모두 benzoic acid가 164 mg/kg, 169 mg/ kg, 198 mg/kg으로검출되었고 2건에서 dehydroacetic acid 이 149.8 mg/kg, 274.7 mg/kg으로검출되었으며한건에서 methylparaben이 88.4 mg/kg으로검출되었다. 정등 25) 의연구에서도보존제가표시되지않는한약제제 47% 에서보존제가검출되었는데보존제는천식, 비염, 과민성쇼크등을일으킬수있고 26), 남성생식기능에악영향을끼친다는보고도있으므로 27) 보존제사용에대하여철저한관리가필요할것으로사료된다. 2010년 12월 31일부터내용액제의보존제시험기준이표시량의 80.0~120.0% 에서표시량이하로조정되고내용액제등에대한보존제의허용범위가하향조정되어앞으로보존제의사용이감소할것으로예상된다. 그러나박등의 28) 조사에서 benzoic acid, propionic acid 등과같은보존료는천연에서도유래된다는연구결과가있고, 홍삼농축액의주원료인인삼과백작약에서 benzoic acid가각각 3.17 mg/kg, 654.03 mg/kg이검출되었다는보고도 29) 있으므로한약제제와한약재가함유된음료의원료가되는한약재에서도천연유래보존제에대한더많은연구가필요할것으로사료된다. 식품공전에따르면과실음료나혼합음료의경우 benzoic acid가 0.6 g/kg 이하로함유되어야한다. 한약재가함유된혼합음료 18건중 3건에서보존제가표시되었고측정결과기준이하로검출되었다. 보존제가표시되지않은음료 15 건모두보존제가검출되지않아기준에적합하였다. 한약재가함유된음료는모두기준에적합하였으나한약제제는 6건에서보존제가허용량보다낮게검출되었고, 보존제가표시되지않은한약제제 3건에서보존제가검출되었다. Table 6. Detected preservatives in sample by HPLC-PDA Sample type Total Labeled preservatives Unlabeled preservatives Number of samlpes Range conc. 1) Number of samlpes Compound Compound Tested Detected (%) Tested Detected 20 Benzoic acid 89.5~119.1 Benzoic acid 81.2~96.8 6 Methylparaben 94.5~97.3 Propylparaben 81.2~96.3 Benzoic acid 88.7~95.5 Herbal 2 Ethylparaben 80.0~81.5 47 37 preparations Propylparaben 83.6~84.7 10 3 Benzoic acid 84.1~117.5 7 Dehydroacetic aicd ND~49.9(6) 81.3 (1) 2 Benzoic acid- 94.7~98.2 Propylparaben 83.9~92.0 Beverages 18 3 3 Benzoic acid 0.49~0.58 15 0 1) detected quantity of preservatives/ labeled quantity of preservatives 100 2) concentration of preservatives in sample Range conc. 2) (mg/kg) Benzoic acid 164.0~198.0 Dehydroacetic acid (2) 149.8~272.4 Methylparaben(1) 88.4

Safety Assessment of Liquid-Type Herbal Preparations 271 kg의농도로검출되었다. 숙지황이함유된한약제제 10건과음료 6건모두 benzo(a)pyrene이검출되지않았다. 한약제제에대한보존제시험결과보존제가표시된 37건중 6 건에서 dehydroacetic acid가표시량미만 (ND~49.9%) 으로검출되어기준에적합하지않았고보존제가표시되지않은제품 10건중 3건에서 benzoic acid가 164.0~198.0 mg/kg, dehydroacetic acid가 149.8~272.4 mg/kg, methylparaben이 88.4 mg/kg으로검출되어표시기준을위반하였다. 한약재가함유된음료 16건중보존제가표시된 3건에서표시된보존제가검출되었고, 표시되지않은제품에서는보존제가검출되지않아기준에적합하였다. 당시험결과보존제가함유된제품과함유되지않은제품에서유의적인차이가나지않았다. 참고문헌 Fig. 3. Total sugar contents of herbal preparations and beverages containing herbal medicines. 당당은식품의풍미를높일뿐아니라 Maillard 반응을일으켜항산화성과 30) 항균성에 31) 중요한역할을한다고알려져식품에널리사용되고있다. 보존제가함유되어있지않은제품에서방부효과를나타내기위해보존제를사용한제품보다많은양의당을사용하였는지확인하기위해당함량검사를실시하였다. Fig. 3과같이한약제제의평균당함량은 13.0% 인데보존제가함유된한약제제의당함량은평균 13.9% 이고보존제가함유되지않은한약제제의함량은 9.3% 로보존제가함유된경우다소높게관찰되었다. 한약재가함유된음료의평균당함량은 11.3% 로보존제가함유된제품이 12.4% 로함유되지않은제품의함량 11.1% 보다다소높았다. Choi등의 32) 연구에서도음료의종류따라당함유량이 6~13.7% 로다양하게나타나는것으로보아제품에첨가된당성분이방부효과로사용된것이아니라풍미를자극하기위해사용된것으로사료된다. 결 경기도내유통되고있는한약재를원료로사용한액상한약제제 47건과음료 18건을대상으로표시기준을통해의약품과식품의차이점을설명하고중금속과벤조피렌, 보존제와당함유량을조사하여안전성을평가하고자본연구를실시하였다. 한약제제는의약품으로용법용량, 효능효과가표시된다는점에서식품인음료와구별된다. 한약제제의경우납, 비소, 카드뮴, 수은이평균 0.014 mg/kg, 0.113 mg/kg, 0.004 mg/kg, 0.003 mg/kg으로검출되었고, 음료의경우 0.009 mg/kg, 0.122 mg/kg, 0.003 mg/kg, 0.002 mg/ 론 1. Park, H. M., K. H. Choi, J. Y. Jung and S. D. Lee.: Metal exposure through consumption of herbal medicine, and estimation of health risk among Korean population. Kor. J. Env. Health. 32, 186-191 (2006). 2. Park, M. K., S. Y. Kim, and H. U. Hwang.: A study on the heavy metal contents in herbal medicines.-cultivated herbal medicines at north Gyeongbuk area-. J. of the Environmental Sciences 13, 1117-1122 (2004). 3. Park, G. H. Pb, Cu, Zn contaminants and their correlation of soil, leave and bark of ginkgo. B and ambient air adjacent to a heavy traffic road side. Kor. J. Env. Health. 18, 19-25 (1992). 4. Hong, S. U. and S. H. Park.: Studies on the pollution of heavy metal in soil and vegetable. Kor. J. Env. Health. 10, 33-45 (1984). 5. Rhee, S. J., S. O. Kim, and W. K. Choe.: Effect of cadmium dose injection on peroxidative damage in rat liver in Korean. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr 21, 601-607 (1992). 6. Rabinowits, M. B. and G. W.: Weatherill. Lead metabolism in the normal human; stable isotope studies. Science. 185, 275 (1973). 7. Choi, S. I., J. H. Lee, and S. R. Lee.: Effect of green teabeverage for the removal of cadmium and lead by animal experiments in Korean. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 26, 745-749 (1994). 8. Choi, S. I., J. B. Hwang, J. H. Kwon, and H. K. Kim.: Suppressong Effect of Medicinal Plants on the Intestinal Absorption of heavy metals Korean. J. Food Sci. Technol. 30, 456-460 (1998). 9. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), U. S. Department of health and human services, public health service (1995). 10. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, 92(2006). 11. E. J. Lee, S. O. Ro, and C. H. Lee.: A Survey on the consumer attitude toward health food in korea (II) Consumer perception on health foods. Korean J. Dietary Culture 11(4), 487-495 (1996).

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