, pp (2020) Comparing Characteristics in Plan and Practice of Elementary School Teache
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1 338 Comparing Characteristics in Plan and Practice of Elementary School Teachers Science-Gifted Classes and Invention-Gifted Classes Based on PCK Cha, Yumi Kang, Hunsik ABSTRACT This study analyzed and compared the characteristics in plan and practice of elementary school teachers science-gifted classes and invention-gifted classes based on pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). To do this, we selected eight elementary school teachers with experience in conducting elementary science-gifted classes and/or invention-gifted classes were selected at the gifted education institutes in Seoul and conducted individual in-depth interviews. The analysis of the results reveal that the teachers tended to organize the science-gifted classes with a focus on the exploration of causes and application activities for scientific phenomena, but tended to organize the invention-gifted classes with a focus on producing creative output based on methodology. They were all emphasizing the enhancement of creativity in planning and practicing both science-gifted classes and invention-gifted classes. However, there were also some differences in the elements of creativity required by each class. They tended to select subjects for science-gifted classes based on regular science curriculum, while selecting subjects for invention-gifted classes focused on creative design rather than considering the practical art curriculum related to invention-gifted education. They tended to pursue and practice STEAM education in both science-gifted classes and invention-gifted classes. In a way that conforms to these class goals and points, they were using experiments and practices, providing feedback to students, and conducting evaluations. However, some shortcomings were also revealed in the processes. Educational implications of these findings are discussed. Key words: science-gifted, invention-gifted, plan and practice of class, pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) I., (Worrell et al., 2019) (, 2018).,,., 2020,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 12.,,.,,, kanghs@snue.ac.kr
2 < > PCK : 339. (, 2013).,, (, 2014).,.,.,, (, 2014;, 2009;, 2020; Hu & Adey, 2002).,, (, 2014;, 2013;, 2014;, 2019; Hany, 1994)..,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 2017). (, 2016). (, 2014).,,.,.,.,,....,,. (, 2011;, 2004) (, 2010;, 2012;, 2011)..,. PCK (pedagogical content knowledge) (
3 340, 2019;, 2019;, 2011;, 2018; Barendsen & Henze, 2019; Wiener et al., 2018)., PCK,,,,.. PCK. II.., Table 1.,,. 4,, 1, , 2, 1, ,. 3 1.,. (Table 2).,.,. The characteristics of the participants A B C D E F G H
4 < > PCK : 341 The questions of in-depth interviews 1.? ( )?? ( )?? 1.?? 2.?? 3.?? 1.?? 1.?? 2.?? 3.,?? 4.??., , (Corbin & Strauss, 2014; Creswell & Poth, 2017). PCK (, 2013),.,. PCK,,.,,,,,,,. PCK PCK (, 2013;, 2019;, 2018). PCK 1,. PCK..
5 III.., C,. 교사 C: 과학영재는기존과학지식이나원리를실험과정에적용하고실험결과를통해지식이나원리를이해하는것에주안점을둔다고생각하고, 발명영재는기존과학지식이나원리를바탕으로새로운산출물을창안해서생각을확장하는것에주안점이있다고생각해요., D,,. H., H,. H. 교사 D: 내진설계의개념이나종류를일반과학수업에서는배우지않잖아요. 그런데 ( 과학영재수업에서는 ) 그걸조금더심화해서배우고심화적으로배운과학개념을적용한내진설계건물을만들어보는수업을했다면, 이발명영재수업에서는내진설계를하려면어떻게해야할까에초점을맞춰서. ( 중략 ) 어떤방법론쪽에더초점을맞출것같아요. 교사 H: 과학영재교육원친구들같은경우건전지분해한다음에여기에있었던각물질의형태를알아보고그게어떤작용을해서전기가일어나는지과학적개념을심어주는것에초점을맞춰요. ( 중략 ) 발명영재친구들은같이건전지분해수업을하지만, 건전지분해한다음여기에하나씩더물건을바꾸어서, 발명기법에서바꾸기기법더하기빼기기법있잖아요. 그렇게해서너희들이만들수있을만한거발명할수있을만한거, 제품만들기위주로수업을해요. 원리쪽을처음에는설명하려했는데, 아무래도발명영재쪽은현실적으로과학영재교육원보다아이들이원하는추구하는방향이달라서, 그쪽으로가는거같아요. (, 2014;, 2009). (, 2014)., (, 2018).,.,,.,., C. 교사 C: 힘의분산의원리 를이용해서구조물제작실험은, 과학원리나이론을바탕으로창의성을발휘하여새로운것을만들어내는것이기때
6 < > PCK : 343 문에과학도되고발명도어느정도되는것같다고생각을했어요. ( 중략 ) 우리가앞에서하나배운것을바탕으로심화한다는것이결국앞차시바탕으로조금더설계부분에서한번더해볼수있는기회를주는거예요. 그과정속에서더창의적이고더독창적인결과물이나오더라고요. 4 (, 2018), (, 2013;, 2014). (, 2014;, 2012;, 2017)..., E,. 교사 E: 발명교실의창의성은새로운것을만드는것에중점을두고, 과학영재원에서의창의성은이런변인을주고그것을통제변인사이에서실험결과를얻어내는데, 변인을어떻게줄것인지, 어떤식으로할것인지, 예를들어모형을썼으면, 그모형을어떻게재현할것인가이런거에대한창의성이필요한것같아요. ( 중략 ) 변인통제에대한다양한생각을해서되는거같아요. (, 2009; Hu & Adey, 2002)., (, 2014; Hany, 1994)., (, 2015; Csikszentmihalyi, 1999).,.,. C,.. 교사 C: 교육과정속에있는다양한과학이나실과이런부분에서주로자율을바탕으로외부에서미래세대를대비하거나학생들이흥미를보인부분에서가져옵니다. 또이게제가할수있어야했기때문에자기역량안에서실행가능성여부와학생들이이것을충분히성취할수있는지, 여기까지 3 가지를보는것입니다.. A,. 교사 A: 하드스틱가지고했어. 나무막대. 아이스크림막대. ( 중략 ) 찾다보니까주변에서쉽게구할수있는거고가위로도잘리고, 만들고났을때나무로만든거다보니끝나고났을때되게잘만들어져. 예를들어, 내가요즘제일많이한게투석기만들기, 옛날부터있었거든.,
7 344 H.. 교사 H: 과학영재원을보면, 선생님들이각자하나의수업에특화되어있었어요. 생물, 그다음지구과학그다음화학, 물리이렇게되어있었는데. ( 중략 ) 영재교육원에서전체적주제봤을때아예여기 ( 전기분야 ) 가없더라고요. ( 중략 ) 사실과학영재만했었고과학을전공했고, 발명쪽은전공안했어요. 그래서발명센터운영을가게되었는데, 아이들한테바로수업을적용해야하니까이렇게택했거든요. 원래했던수업그대로해보려고동일하게적용을해봤어요.. D. A. 교사 D: 갈릴레이케플러망원경만들기는과학영재수업에서 ( 중략 ) 쓰는것이고발명영재수업을한다고했을때에는, 갈릴레이케플러망원경만들기가아니라다른주제를가져갈것같아요. 교사 A: 과학영재에목공은창의디자인은하려면할것같은데. 굳이그쪽은생각해본적이없는데.. (, 2005) (, 2013;, 2012),..,,,, STEAM., C,,. D.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. 교사 C: 태양광자동차키트가지고만들고태양광자동차만들어서대회하고, 그것에대해서어떻게만들수있을지에대해서설계한피피티발표, 그런수업하나. 교사 D: 작년에여섯개주제로수업을했는데, 내진설계라든지, 색깔탑, 무지개탑만드는것있잖아요, 그거랑진공청소기만들기, 핸드폰고리만들기, 갈릴레이케플러망원경만들기, 풍선자동차만들기이런것들을했었어요. STEAM., A,,,.. B,,,. 교사 A: 요새는주로메이커, 목공관련수업을하고있
8 < > PCK : 345 습니다. ( 중략 ) 내가요즘제일많이한게투석기만들기, 옛날부터있었거든. 그거정형화된키트로만들어서쏘고만단말이야. 근데그렇게하면재미가없더라고. 그걸이제기본형만딱줘. 빨래집게에, 막대기하나올려놓고판자에다가붙여가지고날리는걸보여줘. 기본형. 이거를나눠주고시간내에팀별로자기가구상하는투석기를만들면돼. 교사 B: 융합해서주로메이커교육쪽으로하고있습니다. 그러니까요즘에저희영재학급이름이크리에이티브메이커스거든요. 그래서주로아두이노를가지고어떤작품을만들고하는활동을중심으로하고있어요. ( 중략 ) 로봇이라고하면대게애매하니까마이크로컨트롤러를이용해서약간프로그래밍하고이런쪽의수업을했었어요. ( 중략 ) 디자인도경험시키고, 아크릴공작도경험시키고, 목공도경험시키고, 전자, 이런것도경험을시키죠. E,,,,,,,. STEAM., F,,. 교사 E: 발명쪽으로뭘만들려고하면나무나쇠, 아크릴이런걸로만드는것도많지만전기소재가들어가는것도꽤많거든요. 전기부품이들어가서거기서불이켜진다거나, 그런게꽤많거든요. ( 중략 ) ( 과학영재수업에서는 ) 흔히이야기하는스팀관련주제에서롤링볼만들기도하고하더라고요. ( 중략 ) 에어로켓만들고. 에어로켓이예전에는비행기처럼만들고그랬거든요. 그런걸왜이렇게만들면이렇게날아가는지그런거. ( 중략 ) 화학쪽은선생님짱구인형아세요? 교사 F: 저는항상 비행기 를거의주로수업을하게되는데요. 큰콘텐츠는비행기인데. ( 중략 ) 다른건거의안했어요. 무조건비행기만했어요. (STEAM) STEAM 10 15% (, 2020). (, 2012) (, 2012) STEAM.,. STEAM, STEAM.., ( D)., ( B). 교사 D: 질의응답식으로한다든지토의토론을한다든지내가강의를한다든지, 강의식으로전개를한다음에그거를이론적배경을바탕으로해서탐구활동을하는거죠. 갈릴레이케플러망원경을만들어보는거죠. 그다음에끝에가지고정리하는방식으로. 교사 B: 어떤주제에대해서초반부에는강의라든지지식이라든지기능습득의시간으로가는거고중간에는실습위주로많이가고, 발명같은경우는. 마지막에는앞에서배웠던걸아이들이다양하게써볼수있게해주는기회를주는시간으로구성으로많이하거든요. (, 2018).
9 346 (, 2011;, 2004) (, 2010;, 2012;, 2011)...,., D. 교사 D: 탐구활동이라는게, 이게만들기를주로하는것같아요. 애들이뭐냐면만들어가지고집에가져갈수있도록해야지애들이흥미를느끼기때문에, 이론적으로만배우고가는게아니라밀도라든지, 빛이라든지, 이런것들을배웠으면그걸적용하는만들기를해서애들이흥미를느끼는거죠.,. E.,. 교사 E: 발명교실쪽에서수업을할때는 ( 중략 ) 설계도를어느정도줘서이렇게만들어야잘만들어지는것을알려줘요. 이런부분에초점을두고만들어야한다. 무게중심을맞추려면위에서몇 cm 에맞춰야한다, 이런쪽에정답을알려주고그것을잘구현하는쪽으로간다고하면, 과학영재는이론은그렇게배웠으니까한번만들어보고잘조정을해봐라, 날려보면서조정을잘해봐라이런쪽으로가는거죠. 이론을적용안하면어떻게되는지, 실패사례도같이, 왜이렇게되었는지에대한분석. 이론을적용해보자는거죠., E.,. 교사 E: 애들이오게된경로와목적이많이다른거같아요. 발명교실에오는애들은 오늘뭐만들어요? 하고질문하고, 과학영재원애들은 오늘뭐배워요? 하는질문을하거든요, 올때의마음가짐이다른것같아요. 발명교실은맨날만드니까뭘만드는가가중요한것같고, 영재원은이론적배우고그것을적용하는형태의실험을많이하니까그런차이가있는같아요.,, (, 2020)., (, 2013;, 2014)., (, 2014).,,.. (, 2013;, 2015;, 2019), (, 2011), (, 2015), (, 2019)..
10 < > PCK : 347., C. H?,. 교사 C: 구상도를저에게가져와요. 애들이모둠별로그려서. 그래서제가거기에서힘의분산의원리를설명하게해요. 모둠에서대표가이재료는어떻게쓸거고, 왜이런구상도를만들었는지. 그과정에서제가제작승인을해주는데그때는과학적원리, 제가설명하거나배웠던내용을응용했는지여부를보고검토해서 ( 중략 ) 만약그게부족하다싶으면이부분을조금더했으면좋겠다, 만약이러면실질적으로낙하할때달걀이충격을많이받지않을까? 이렇게제시해줘서어느정도방향을잡게하고. 교사 H: 아이들이이걸그렸을때, 또는의견을발표했을때 왜그렇게생각하니? 를많이물어봐요. ( 중략 ) 아이들과의견나눠보면서생각을하나하나씩쌓아갈수있도록하거든요. 오개념이있다고하면오개념나름대로과학적개념으로잡아주기위해서구체적인것으로접근을하긴하지만처음시작은웬만해서는왜그렇게생각하는지질문으로피드백을많이해요.,., A. H. 교사 A: 설계를내가 4 번을가서 8 시간을할거면 8 시간에맞는디자인을해서 8 시간동안꾸준히 작업을진행해야하는데그냥작게해서그날만들고다했어요, 그런애들있거든. 중간중간에. 그런애들한텐다시피드백을주지. 길게해서어느정도장기성을가지고할수있는디자인으로다시해라. 교사 H: 지금하고있던게방향성이잘못되었다하더라도그대로격려해서최종적으로산출물이나올수있도록주로칭찬위주의피드백을해요. 개념위주와어떤과학적원리에대한질문보다는현재하고있는것을격려해서끝까지, 한시간반안에산출물을완성할수있도록.,. (, 2007),..,., D?. C?,?. 교사 D: 갈릴레이망원경은똑바로보여야하잖아요. 그런데거꾸로보여. 그러면안되잖아요. 이거는개념을정확하게이해를못한거잖아요. ( 중략 ) 산출물의완성도가아무래도그거죠. 그게개념이얼마나적용되었고이해되었나. 교사 C: 모둠원끼리상호협의했는지, 그리고마지막
11 348 하고나서힘의분산의원리를본인이만든구조물속에서어떻게설명했는지. 한마디로본인이만든산출물에서과학적원리를도출해나가는과정을평가의요소로삼기때문에 ( 중략 ) 결국기존의원리나이론들이얼마나효과적인지를알아보는그쪽으로저는방향을잡아요.,,., C,. D,,. 교사 C: 평가기준없는데? ( 중략 ) 자기작품이나서로비교가되고애들이서로보면알기때문에, 굳이이걸잘했다못했다평가하고이런건없는데. ( 중략 ) 잘한것만칭찬해주지. 교사 D: 정량적인평가는안해요. 정량적인평가는할수가없으니까. 그리고별의미가없으니까. 정성적인평가죠. 얘가어느면에서이런데호기심을가지고이런분야에서는독특한아이디어를내더라, 그런다음에과학도여러분야가있지만물리라든지, 이런분야에더관심있어하고, 그런식으로정성적인평가를하는거죠. 물론정량적인평가를한다면 5 단계정도? 집중력을발휘해서참여하는가, 그렇지만문항들은과학적지식에대한것은거의없어요.. E,,,.?. 교사 E: 발명교실은잘만드는것에초점을두고평가를하고, 과학영재원은내가만든것에대한현상을이론적으로잘설명했는지에대한평가가중점입니다. ( 중략 ) 발명영재는산출물이결론적으로잘작동하는것이중심이될것같고요, 과학영재원에서의산출물은중간탐구과정이잘되어있는것이중심이될것같아요., (, 2020; McMillan, 2014).,.,,.,. E....,,,, 3 4. (, 2020).
12 < > PCK : 349,,., D,. G. 교사 D: 주로산출물평가. 태도부분은수시평가. 수업참여도나떠들거나이런것들있잖아요. 그런것들은수시평가를하구요보통은등급을주게되어있잖아요, A 등급, B 등급, C 등급. 그등급은주로산출물로결정했던것같아요. 그런데이제수업시간에친구들과장난을많이친다던지, 싸우는친구도있어요. 싸우는친구는그런부분은태도평가니까과정에서평가를하고산출물위주로평가를했던것같아요. 교사 G: 체크를하는거죠. 수업태도라는게쓸데없는질문한다거나관찰안하고계속옆친구장난하는그런경우수시로평가하고있습니다. A,. C. 교사 A: 결과물로. 서로보면알지. 그날의결과물이나그날의과정을보면알지. ( 중략 ) 끝나고나면이긴팀진팀있잖아. 중간에수정보완하잖아. 잘되는애들걸보고왜잘되고조종이가능하고이런걸분석해애들이. 자기팀에서. 지가알아서깨달아. 교사 C: 발명센터에서는평가를어떻게하냐면 ( 중략 ) 얼마나적극적으로수업에참여하는가? 참여도. 그런다음에마지막에그런결과물을봤을때, 얘이런거독특하다. 동작을잘만들었네, 잘이해하고. 그러면잘했다고보는거고. 그런다음에아이들이이렇게질문을해요. ( 중략 ) 그런아이들은그러면호기심이나그런면에서흥미도면에서는좋은평가를받는거고.. F. H,. 교사 F: 저희영재원에서는과학일기와수업시간에대한평가가이루어져요. 먼저과학일기는뭐냐면내가선생님의수업을듣고집에가서그수업에대해서다시한번생각을해보는거죠. 그수업을해봤더니나는이런걸배웠어, 그리고이런걸배웠더니이런걸더알아보고싶어, 그리고그수업시간에선생님이했었던과학적인이론이나실험에대한부분을이렇게정리를해봤어. 교사 H: 평가했을때는방식은처음에포트폴리오를했었거든요. 처음엔큰걸바랬어요. 근데아무래도아이들이학교수업도바쁘고어려워하더라고요. 그래서평가는그시간안에하는관찰평가위주로많이해요. 관찰평가로하고따로지필평가를하진않는것같아요.,., (, 2018).,,.,,. IV.
13 350 PCK.,,.,.,. (STEAM).,,..,.,.,.., PCK.,. 4.,,. 10.,.,..,.,...,.,,,. - (, 2013; Barendsen & Henze, 2019),..
14 < > PCK : 351,., 8,..,..., (2015).., 11(1), ,, (2005).., 18, (2013).., 57(6), (2018). 4. :., (2019).,., 39 (3), , (2014).., 7(1), (2019). PCK (Pedagogical Content Knowledge)., 19(14), , (2014).., 27(3), , (2014).., 33(3), ,, (2019). PCK., 39(3), ,,,,, (2012).., 25(4), (2011)... (2018).., 18(20), ,,,, (2020).. :.,,, (2011). PCK., 31(8), , (2010).., 29(1), 1-12., (2017).?., 17(11), (2013). :., 26(3), ,, (2012).., 23(2), , (2018). PCK PCK., 22(5), , (2011). -., 30(4), , (2016). ㆍ., 23(1), (2020) :., (2004).,., 23(3), , (2020).., 24(1), ,,,,, (2013). 3., 23(3), ,,,,,,, (2014).., 24(4),
15 352, (2015).., 35(5), ,, (2015).., 35(3), ,, (2009).,., 33(1), ,, (2007).., 27(9), , (2019).,., 29(2), , (2017).., 27(4), ,, (2019). (LPA)., 5(2), ,,,,,,, (2012).., 12(1), Barendsen, E. & Henze, I. (2019). Relating teacher PCK and teacher practice using classroom observation. Research in Science Education, 49(5), Corbin, J. & Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Creswell, J. W. & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Implications of a systems perspective for the study of creativity. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed), Handbook of creativity. New York: Cambridge University Press. Hany, E. A. (1994). The development of basic cognitive components of technical creativity: A longitudinal comparison of children and youth with high and average intelligence. In R. F. Subotnik & K. D. Arnold (Eds), Beyond Terman: Contemporary longitudinal studies of giftedness and talent (pp ). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Hu, W. & Adey, P. (2002). A scientific creativity test for secondary school students. International Journal of Science Education, 24(4), McMillan, J. H. (2014). Classroom assessment: Principles and practice for effective standards-based instruction (6th ed). Boston, MA: Pearson. Wiener, G. J., Schmeling, S. M. & Hopf, M. (2018). The technique of probing acceptance as a tool for teachers professional development: A PCK study. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 55(6), Worrell, F. C., Subotnik, R. F., Olszewski-Kubilius, P. & Dixson, D. D. (2019). Gifted students. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, , (Cha, Yumi; Teacher, Seoul Gaewoon Elementary School)., (Kang, Hunsik; Professor, Seoul National University of Education).
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