때에는입천장, 협점막, 혀, 상, 하순의순서대로발생한다 5). 또한 2012 년 Deng 등의연구에의하면 ANOS 는전체적으로는대타액선에서더자주발생하였고, 최호발부위는이하선과입천장의순이었다 3). 임상적으로는단독병소로, 자각증상이없는종괴를형성한다. 조직학적으로는명확한선
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1 Korean J Oral axillofac Pathol 2015;39(1): ISSN: (Prin t); (Online) http;//dx.doi.org/ /kaop Adenocarcinoma, NOS 의세포형태학적, 구조적인특징에관한연구 <Abstract> 김보경, 강경림, 이재일 * 서울대학교치의학대학원구강병리학교실 The orphologic and Architectural Characteristics of Adenocarcinoma, NOS in the Salivary Glands Bo-Kyoung Kim, Kyung-Rim Kang, Jae-Il Lee* Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Seoul National University As the designated name, adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specific (ANOS) revealed lack of histomorphologic characteristics that could classify the tumors under specific name. ANOS had nothing in common with other salivary gland malignancies, but glandular differentiation. The purpose of this study is to find out the solid characteristics of ANOS on the base of cytological and architectural features. 20 ANOS cases were studied. We identified 20 patients with salivary adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified, ranging in age from 26 to 76 years (median, years), with slight female predilection (female 11: male 9). The minor salivary gland was the most common site of tumor origin, especially on the palatal area (11 out of 20). The size of tumor was from 1.0 to 7.0(median 3.07). or the histopathological analysis, we classified the tumors by cytological and architecture patterns. Basaloid and epitheloid cytological patterns were showed with solid, microcystic/pseudocystic architecture. We found invasive growth patterns in 7 out of 20 cases. Reviewing and classifying the common features of ANOS could be helpful to make a diagnosis of malignant salivary gland tumors. Key words:anos (Adenocarcinoma, Not Otherwise Specified), yoepithelial Cells, Salivary Gland Tumor Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 타액선에발생하는여러종류의양성및악성종양이알려 져있으며이들종양의임상적, 조직학적양상은매우다양하 다. 대표적인타액선양성종양으로는다형성선종 (pleomorphic adenoma), 호산성과립세포종 (oncocytoma) 등이있고, 악성 종양으로는점액표피양암종 (mucoepidermoid carcinoma), 선양낭성암종 (adenoid cystic carcinoma) 등이있다. 이미 * Correspondence: Jae Il Lee, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28 Yeongun-dong, Chongro-gu, Seoul, Korea. Tel: ; ax: jilee@snu.ac.kr Received: Dec 08, 2014; Revised: Jan 09, 2015; Accepted: Jan 24, 2015 알려져있는분류에속하지못하는타액선악성종양들도존재하며 1). 이러한종양들을선암 NOS(Adenocarcinoma Not Otherwise Specified; ANOS) 라고부르고있다. 연구에따라차이는있으나, ANOS 는타액선암종중세번째로높은발병률을보이는악성종양이며전체타액선악성종양의 4.3%~17.8% 를차지한다 2). ANOS 의예후는 5년생존율 65.2%, 10 년생존율은 36% 3), 15 년생존율은 31~54% 로비교적나쁜편이고또한이는암종의등급에따라다르다 4). ANOS 의다양한등급은소포 (acinar) 와관강세포 (luminal cells) 의분화도에따라나누어진다 3). AIP(Armed orces institute of pathology) 연구에서는 49% 가소타액선에서 59% 가대타액선에서발생하였다고보고하였고, 대타액선에서의호발부위는악하선, 설하선, 이하선순이고, 소타액선에서생길
2 때에는입천장, 협점막, 혀, 상, 하순의순서대로발생한다 5). 또한 2012 년 Deng 등의연구에의하면 ANOS 는전체적으로는대타액선에서더자주발생하였고, 최호발부위는이하선과입천장의순이었다 3). 임상적으로는단독병소로, 자각증상이없는종괴를형성한다. 조직학적으로는명확한선 (glandular) 또는관양 (duct-like) 구조의증식이관찰되며, 침습적인성장양상이특징적이다 5). ANOS 를구분할수있는조직형태학적인특징이아직정립되지않아이를확인할수있는여러방법을이용한선행연구들이있었으나아직까지는확실히정립되지는못했다 1). 그러므로 ANOS 의조직형태학적인특징을확인하고이를분류하기위한연구가필요하고, 더나아가서여러실험기법을통해유용한진단표지자를정립하여 ANOS 의카테고리를더세분화함으로써정확한진단에도움이될수있도록하는것이필요하다 년 Savera 등은타액선암종을조직학적, 형태학적으로분류하였는데, 분류기준으로크게세포학적분류와암종전체구조, 두가지를이용하였다. 세포학적분류는 angulate/ basaloid cells, epitheloid cells, clear cells, spindle cells, plasmacytoid cells 로나누었고, 암종의구조적패턴은 myxoid, solid, reticular, microcystic/pseudocystic, cribriform/ pseudoglandular 로나누어분류하였다 6). 본연구에서는 Savera 등의분류법을이용하여다른암종으로혼동되기쉬운 ANOS 에서임상병리적, 세포형태적, 구조적특징을분석해보고자한다. Ⅱ. ATERIALS AND ETHODS 2004 년부터 2013 년 1월까지서울대학교치과병원구강병리과에서진단된 ANOS 35 증례중재검색이가능하고파라핀블록이충분한 20 례를대상으로하였다. 이들증례에서성별, 연령, 발생부위, 임상소견을의무기록으로확인하고세포형태학적, 구조적특징을 Savera 등의논문을참조하여분류하였다 6). 1. 세포형태학적분류기준 : - angular/basaloid cells 작은과염색성의핵과호산성의세포질로이루어져있다. - epitheloid cells 크고다각형의세포들인소포성의핵과풍부한세포질로이루어져있다. - clear cells 투명한세포질로이루어져있다. - spindle cells 호산성의세포질을보인다. - plasmacytoid (hyaline) cells 특이한핵과호산성의세포질이풍부하게보인다. 2. 구조적패턴 - myxoid: chondro-myxoid matrix 한부분이많아종양세포들이느슨하게배열되어있다. - solid(non-myxoid): 종양세포들이 nest, sheet 를이루고있다. - microcystic/pseudocystic: 다양한크기의낭처럼보이는공간이형성되어있다. - cribriform/pseudoglandular: 상피양의세포들이무리를이루어 loose cribriform 구조를이루고있다. Ⅲ. RESULTS 1. 임상병리학적특징성별 : 남성에서 9 증례, 여성에서 11 증례가관찰되었다. 연령 : 환자연령은 26 세부터 76 세까지분포하였으며평균연령은 세였다. 70 대가전체의 35% (7증례 ) 로가장높은비율을차지하였으며, 30 대는 25% (5 증례 ), 50 대는 20% (4 증례 ), 40 대는 10% (2 증례 ) 그리고 20 대와 60 대는 5% (1증례), 에서발생한것으로확인되었다. 발생부위 : 소타액선 14 증레, 대타액선에서 6증례가관찰되었고, 그위치는입천장 55 %(11 증례 ), 이하선 20% (4 증례 ), 악하선에서 10% (2 증례 ), 후구치부위에서 10% (2 증례 ), 협, 설측점막에서 5% (1증례 ) 가발생하였다. 병소크기 : 병소의장경은 cm 이었으며, 평균장경은 3.07 cm 이었다. 주변조직으로의침습 : 20 증례중 7개의증례에서주변조직 414
3 Table 1. Clinicopathologic details for 20 patients with salivary adenocatcinoma, not otherwise specified Gase No. Age Sex Location Size (cm) Invasion ajor salivary gland/parotid inor salivary gland/retromolar ajor salivary gland/parotid inor salivary gland/buccal and palatal mucosa inor salivary gland/retromolar inor salivary gland/buccal and lingual mucosa ajor salivary gland/parotid ajor salivary gland/parotid ajor salivary gland/submandibular inor salivary gland/retromolar ajor salivary gland/submandibular 없음없음 없음 없음 없음 없음 확인안됨없음확인안됨확인안됨확인안됨없음확인안됨 으로의침습을보였다. 2. 조직병리학적소견가장흔하게관찰된세포형태는 basaloid 와 epitheloid 한모양의세포들이었고, 이런종양성상피들이이루는구조는 solid 16례, microcystic/pseudocystic 4례가관찰되었다. 가장흔한구조물은상피양 (epitheloid) 세포질을가진세포들이 solid 또는 microcystic/pseudocystic 한구조로이루어진형태였다. 그리고 20 증례중에 7개의증례 (35%) 에서침습적인성장양상을보였다. IV. DISCUSSION ANOS 는대타액선과소타액선에서발생하는악성병소이 다. ANOS 에악성타액선종양의 4.3~17.8% 를차지한다고보고되어있다 2). 본연구에서는서울대학교치과병원에내원한환자들중 ANOS 로진단된 20 명의환자의임상병리학적, 조직병리학적특징을확인하였다. ANOS 의임상병리학적소견은연구에따라다르게나타나는데 7-10), 2008 년 AIP 의보고에서는여성 54% 남성이 46% 로여성에서더많이발생한것으로조사되었으며, 발생연령은 3세부터 94 세까지다양했고평균 59 세였다. 또한 10 세이전에발생하는경우는 3% 에불과하였다. 부위는대타액선에서 59% 로조금더높게발생하였고대타액선발생부위는악하선, 설하선, 이하선순으로발생하였다. 소타액선에서는 41% 가발생하였고입천장, 협측, 상하순순으로발생하였다. 병소의크기는 2-8 cm 정도로보고되었다 5). 반면에 2012 년 Deng 등의연구에서는남성이 64.3% 여성이 35.7% 로남성에서발생하였고, 대다수가 대에서발생하였으며 10 세이전에발생하는경우는관찰되지 415
4 igure. 1. Cytological patterns. A, Angulate/basaloid cells in ACC (X 400). B, Epithelioid cells in ANOS(X 400). C, Clear cells in EC(X 400). D, Plasmacytoid(hyaline) cells in PA(X 400). E and, ixture of a few types(x 200). * These slides reviewed to distinguish ANOS cytomorphologic patterns * ACC: Adenoid cystic carcinoma * ANOS : Adenocarcinoma Not Otherwise Specified * EC: Epithelial-yoepithelial carcinoma * PA: Pleomorphic adenoma 416
5 않았다. 발생부위는대타액선과소타액선에서 1:1 로동일하게발생하였고, 위치는이하선과입천장에서주로발생하였다고보고했다 3). 본연구에서는여성 (11/20) 이남성 (9/20) 보다조금더높게발생하였고연령은 대까지다양하게나타났지만 70 대에서가장많은 35%, 30 대가 25% 를차지했고 20 대와 60 대에서가장낮은 5% 발병율이나왔다. 병소의부위는입천장 55 % (11 증례 ), 이하선 20% (4 증례 ), 악하선에서 10% (2증례 ), 후구치부위에서 10% (2증례 ), 협, 설측점막에서 5%( 증례 ) 가발생하였다. 병소의크기는 cm 로다양하였고평균장경은 3.07 cm 이었다. 발생부위, 성별, 연령등이선행연구와일치하지않는이유로지역적, 환경적, 여러원인들을고려할수있겠으며, 또한연구에포함된증례의수에차이가큰것도한가지요인이될것이다. 조직병리학적소견으로조직의구조를연구한이전의자료를찾아보면 atsuba 등은 ANOS 병소의등급 (grade) 은선 (gland) 형성과관련이있다고보고했다 11). 이들은병소가 50% 이상의선 (glandular) 또는선포세포 (acinar) 의분화를보이면높은등급 (high grade) 라고볼수있다고주장하였다 7). 그러나 Li 등 90% 의선분화 (glandular differenciation 를보였어도높은등급으로볼수없었다고반박하였다 1). 그는높은등급의 ANOS 는 1가지이상으로이루어진세포형태적, 구조적특징과함께, 핵의이형성, 많은수의핵분열과비정상적핵분열형태, 다른곳으로의전이와괴사 (necrosis) 을보여야 한다고주장하였다 1). 또한이등급분류에있어 Brandwein 등은전이의공격적인형태는종양이작은섬 (small island) 또는선 (strands) 으로구성되었고이작은섬에 1mm 정도의정상적인조직들이섞여있다고했다 12). 그러므로 ANOS 의등급을나누는데기본이되는세포형태와종양의구조는아직도확고하게정립되어있지않으며좀더많은연구들이뒷받침되어야할것이다. 본연구에서세포형태로는 basaloid 한세포와 epitheloid 한세포들이주를이루고있으며거의대부분이 solid 한형태를이루고있었다. 20 증례중 7증례에서암종의침습적성장형태 (invasive growth pattern) 가나타났다. 이러한성장형태는암종의침습적성장이특징적이라고보고한기존의 AIP의연구와는약간차이가있다. 또한본연구처럼암종의기본적인형태에대한연구외에 Avci 등은타액선암종의진단에근상피세포의형태를이용하는방법을보고한바있다 13). 이들은타액선종양에서의근상피세포는항상분화가잘되므로진단에이용하기좋으며근상피세포가여전히암종을조절하는데역할을한다고했다. 또한 Sternlicht 등은 1996 년연구에서근상피가암종의성장에필요한혈관형성을억제한다고보고한바있으며 14), 이들의후속연구에서근상피세포가타액선암종의성장과침습, 그리고세포의분화를조절하는역할을할수도있다고서술하였다 15). 이번연구는 20 증례를분석하여 ANOS 의기본적인형태적 igure Two ajor types of Cytological Characteristics of ANOS A, Epitheloid(x400) B, Basaloid((x400). 417
6 igure Architectural Characteristics of ANOS and growth pattern. A, Solid(X100). B, icrocystic/pseudocystic(x100). C, yxoid (X100). D, Infiltrative growth pattern(x40). E, Tumor nest invasion into adjacent tissue(x200). 특성을연구하였다. ANOS 에서보이는근상피세포와근상피 세포가발견되는암종의비교분석을통해, ANOS 진단과분 류에도움이될수있도록하는후속연구가필요하다. 418
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