_ _ _ TEL NEPALESE HIMALAYAN SHAMANISM _ _ ISBN ,.. Copyright 2011

Transcription

1 NEPALESE HIMALAYAN SHAMANISM 001

2 _ _ _ TEL NEPALESE HIMALAYAN SHAMANISM _ _ ISBN ,.. Copyright 2011 The National Folk Museum of Korea

3 2003.,, Shaman , Michael Oppitz, (CNAS) Dilli Raj Sharma Chatur Bhakta Rai., ,..,

4 NEPALESE HIMALAYAN SHAMANISM [] ,..,. ( ) 'Gayan Bahadur Shah'. Korombi..,,,. ' Kami', ' Tamang' , 2, 3, 2 ( ) ()

5 NEPALESE HIMALAYAN SHAMANISM OVERVIEW OF THE NEPALESE HIMALAYAN SHAMANISM FIELD RESEARCH

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12 2003 (,, ), Shaman --. 4, 1 2..,,.. 1, 1 2. Kathmandu

13 , 2 Phokara 3. 1,,, 2 3. Michael Oppitz ( ). Rai Baksila (1 ), Tamang Thulo Parsel Janai Purnima. 2 Narayanthan Kalingchok. (1 ),. Charikot Thami, Chhetri., (2 ), Pokhara Setighat Gurung Arghun Tribhuvan University (CNAS: Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies) Dilli Raj Sharma. Bonism,

14 ( ) 4,,. 1~3 (Dhakal Taranath) ,,, (Michael Oppitz) (Baksila) (Rai) (Thulo Parsel) (Tamang) ,,,,, (Charikot), (Kalingchok), (Thulo Parsel), (Narayanthan) ,, (Setighat) , (Basksila), 2 1 1( ) 3 ( )

15 Himalayas Sanskrit hima alaya. Indus Brahmaputra. 2,600km Everest 8,000m 47,000,000.,,,, Federa l Democratic Republic of Nepal Kingdom of Nepal Licchavi 5. 8 Newar 11, 12 Malla. 15 KathmanduPatan Baktapur

16 (Far Western Region), (Mid Western Region), (Western Rigion), (Central Region), (Eastern Region) nepalprofile.php. 18 Gorkha, Gurkha Narayan km, 193km 147,181km Regions, 14 Zones, 75 Districts,,.. 6 C 37 C 2 C 28 C ,500 Plate,. Ammonitida Rapti Dolpo. - (m) ,000 1,000-2,500 2,500-4,000 4, ,,,,,,, FAR WESTERN HUMLA MID DARCHULA WESTERN BAJHANG MUGU BAITADI BAJURA DADELDHURA JUMLA DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA KANCHANPUR DAILEKH MUSTANG WESTERN JAJARKOT KAILALI RUKUM SURKHET MANANG MYAGDI BARDIA SALYAN ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG CENTRAL PARBAT GORKHA BANKE PYUTHAN RASUWA GULMI EASTERN DANG SYANGJA TANAHU ARGHAKHANCHI NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING KATHMANDU DOLKHA BHAKTAPUR KAPILBASTU NAWAL PARASI SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI CHITWAN SANKHUWASABHA KABRE TAPLEJUNG MAKWANPUR LALITPUR RAMECHHAP OKHALDHUNGA PARSA SINDHULI BARA KHOTANG BHOJPUR TEHRA- PANCHTHAR THUM SARLAHI RAUTHAT DHANKUTA ILAM MAHOTTARI SIRAHA UDAYAPUR DHANUSA SUNSARI SAPTARI MORANG JHAPA FAR WESTERN HUMLA MID DARCHULA WESTERN BAJHANG MUGU BAITADI BAJURA DADELDHURA JUMLA DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA KANCHANPUR DAILEKH MUSTANG WESTERN JAJARKOT KAILALI RUKUM SURKHET MANANG MYAGDI BARDIA SALYAN ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG CENTRAL PARBAT GORKHA BANKE PYUTHAN RASUWA GULMI EASTERN DANG SYANGJA TANAHU ARGHAKHANCHI NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING KATHMANDU DOLKHA BHAKTAPUR KAPILBASTU NAWAL PARASI SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI CHITWAN SANKHUWASABHA KABRE TAPLEJUNG MAKWANPUR LALITPUR RAMECHHAP OKHALDHUNGA PARSA SINDHULI BARA KHOTANG BHOJPUR TEHRA- PANCHTHAR THUM SARLAHI RAUTHAT DHANKUTA ILAM MAHOTTARI SIRAHA UDAYAPUR DHANUSA SUNSARI SAPTARI MORANG JHAPA

17 ,,, Aryan Mongolian.,. 100 Ethnic Groups images/final_chapters/chapter1/1.7.pdf..,,. Caste Chhetri. 15.8%. 1, images/final_chapters/chapter1/1.8.pdf 1%. (%) 01 (Chhetri) (Brahman) (Magar) (Tharu) (Tamang) (Newar) (Muslim) (Kami) (Yadav) (Rai) (Gurung) (Damai) / (Dholi) (Limbu) (Thakuri) (Sarki) (Teli) (Chamar), (Harisan), (Ram) (Koiri)

18 images/final_chapters/chapter1/1.1.pdf images/final_chapters/chapter1/1.2.pdf images/final_chapters/chapter1/1.5.pdf ,736,934 11,359,378, 11,377,556 50: %, %, 65 4% % 11%. Lumbini UNESCO. Kathmandu.,..,.., Sanskrit Devanagari., , -. 90%, 50%. images/final_chapters/chapter1/1.6.pdf 90., 25%

19 NEPALESE HIMALAYAN SHAMANISM FIELD CASE STUDIES

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26 MUGU JUMLA YAN ROLPA DANG PYUTHAN ARGHAKHANCHI PALPA GULMI BAGLUNG MYAGDI RKOT RUKUM DOLPA MUSTANG MANANG KASKI PARBAT SYANGJA NAWAL PARASI TANAHU LAMJUNG CHITWAN GORKHA DHADING NUWAKOT RASUWA SINDHUPALCHOK DOLKHA SOLUKHUMBU SANKHUWASABHA TAPLEJUNG PANCHTHAR ILAM JHAPA MORANG SUNSARI TEHRA- THUM DHANKUTA BHOJPUR KHOTANG SAPTARI SIRAHA MAHOTTARI DHANUSA UDAYAPUR SINDHULI OKHALDHUNGA RAMECHHAP KABRE MAKWANPUR PARSA BARA RAUTHAT SARLAHI BHAKTAPUR LALITPUR KATHMANDU KAPILBASTU RUPANDEHI RAI 01

27 Baksila Sagarmatha Zone Khotang District 86 49' 48" 27 19' 48" ,. Dumi Rai Sundel Koyee Rai , Sele. 75%(3,000 )., 3,996 2,084, 538, 1,324, 64,

28 40 Lamidanda ,. Tiger Stone,.. 2,000m Dut Kunda Himal.. Jhakri.. Bijuwa. Chinta. ( )

29 Brikha Bahadur Rai ( 61 )......,

30 ., ,...,.....,.. Mundum , ,... 20,. 20,.. Big God., ,

31 ,. Copper ,

32 ,,,, (. ) (. )..,,,.,... Janai Purnima Kukhura Goat Bakhara, Bheda Sheep, Hash Duck, Parewa Pigeon

33 (Kalinchock).. Bakhara.... Bheda,.,,, ,. Hash Parewa ~16.,,,., Darshan Dhunga., 22.,..., Dharma Kaji Lama, 1998, Nepalese Shaman, the Healer, International Symposium - Discovery of Shamanic Heritage, Korea Performing Arts Center,

34 , 2003,,., 2010,, - (1),.,.,.,... 1 Michael Oppitz. Sacrificial Animals, Michael Oppitz, 1975, On Sacrifice, Nepal, Past and Present, 100~116., 2010,, - (1),.. ( )., Sir Edward Burnett Tylor Gift Sir William Robertson Smith Communion Totem ,,

35 . To Sacrifice.. ( ). Killing...,...,,.....,., : ,

36 ,.., ,,

37 1. 210cm. 20cm ,

38

39 .,,, , : Dauta : 2.7-9cm( ) : 2, 3, 1, 20 : ( )Waisu : 42-57cm : 6 :. : Waisi Randu : 29-40cm : 4 : Lalasu : Rudraksha : 112.5, 138.5, 104, 114.5cm, 13-18mm : 4 : Bolem, Kelelem : : 193, 4-6.3cm : 1 :. : 8.6cm : 1 (Meharsa) : Sanka : 16 9cm : 1 : Bebaksu, Lalaksu : 68cm (Bele Chhanchho) : 1 (Silidong). (Sike) (Waiso) 20 (Sar) (Lalasu) (Khadisa) (Bichhu) 4 : Korombi, Khurumbi : 27.6, 10.3cm : 1 : : 10.8cm : 1 (Kokorambi) (Nalihar) Chitra Bahadur Rai(78 ) , 5.. : Bichhu : 29.5, 10.3cm : 1 : : Bichhu Buchuri / Tarawar : 65.8, 17, 6.2, 2.5cm : 1 : Yasubo : Dhol : 20, 40, cm :

40 Meharsa... 50cm (Thani).. 02 (Jhyakri).. 03 (Radrachhi).. 04 (Sakhanchhi).. 05 (Lelechhi).. 06 (Bonchhi). 07 (Sikami). 08 (Kharuchhi). 09 (Kalorenchhi)

41 Mudhum....,, 4 Andzea Gzetez,....., :,,,

42

43 .....,....,... Volga Oka 18cm

44 ( ) ,... ( )...,...,

45 ....,., , , ,

46 ....,.. 2m ,, , Kabiraj Rai(, 22, 3 ), Deoprad Rai(, 36, 12 ), Bikar Rai(, 25, 4 ), Mani Prasad Rai(, 47, 23 ), Asar Mani Rai(, 49, 24 ) Kabiraj Rai, Deoprad Rai, Asar Mani Rai Shuva Raj Rai(, 18, 5 ) ( ) ,.... Madal. pitch cm, 21cm, 48cm. Shaman's Drum.. 2 Jhamtar

47 Brikha Bahadur Rai( ) Kabiraj Rai( ), Shiva Shakti... [ ]... Shuva Raj Rai( ) Asar Mani Rai( ). Chatur Bhakta Rai ( ). Horn ,,. Claudia Müller-Ebeling Christian Rätsch Surendra Bahadur Shahi, 2002, Shamanism and Tantra in the Himalayas, Thames and Hudson Ltd,

48 (-).. ( = 81-85) ( = 85-86) ( = 89-91) ( = )

49 Chiurikharka Kathuwa. Bhakta, 2.,.,. 1,...,, ,

50 KALIKOT DOTI KANCHANPUR KAILALI ACHHAM DAILEKH SURKHET BARDIA SALYAN ROLPA BANKE DANG PYUTHAN ARGHAKHANCHI PALPA GULMI BAGLUNG MYAGDI JAJARKOT RUKUM DOLPA MUSTANG MANANG KASKI PARBAT SYANGJA NAWAL PARASI TANAHU LAMJUNG CHITWAN GORKHA DHADING NUWAKOT RASUWA SINDHUPALCHOK DOLKHA SOLUKHUMBU SANKHUWASABHA TAPLEJ PAN I JH MORANG SUNSARI TEHRA- THUM DHANKUTA BHOJPUR KHOTANG SAPTARI SIRAHA MAHOTTARI DHANUSA UDAYAPUR SINDHULI OKHALDHUNGA RAMECHHAP KABRE MAKWANPUR PARSA BARA RAUTHAT SARLAHI BHAKTAPUR LALITPUR KATHMANDU KAPILBASTU RUPANDEHI 02

51 collections/nepalcensus/ Thulo Parsel Central Nepal Bagmati Kavre 85 46' 48" 27 31' 12" , m 75%.,. Thulo, Par, Sel,

52 , 3,500, , 1 ( ) 4, 3~ ,,, ~ Rubsan Tamang.,.., ,..,,,,,..,

53 Bonbo, Bombo. 10.,...,

54 Surya Bahadur Tamang ,.,,. 14,,. 13,

55 ,...,...,,. 20 Lawang Tamang ,200m Narayanthan Purnima.. Lathan Ri La Ta, Mohigo Lapari( )

56 ,..,,

57 (Puja Pooja).... Mantra.... Mu nd hu m

58 .. (Rudraksha Mala) (Guru Mala, Gundang) (Gagra) (Feda, Dumsi) (Surdoi) (Jama) (Dhyangro) (Gajo) (Gaja) (Gaap) (Nanglo) (Porcupine)......, ,,,.. () Feda, Dumsi Jama Phurba Rudraksha Mala Guru Mala Dhyangro

59 ( ) (Kukhura) (Buju) (Sindur) (Dubi) (Ko Mendo) (Bursing) (Torma) (Hen) ( )

60 (1 ) (2 ) ,,..., ( ) 30.,..,,,......, Mantra...,

61 ..,...,. 30,....!!!!!!!!.!!!.. Rubsan Tamang(61, )

62 .., Agane Dabata..,..,....,

63 .. (),, , ( )

64 ... Mantra ,., -..,......,,... Meluan, Raage

65 Surya Bahadur Tamang Khadko Graha

66 (Denguru) Dhangro, Dhangor. (Shaman's drum) cm, 45cm, 28cm...,,. Michael Oppitz, 2007, Trommeln Der Shamanen, Völkerkundemuseum Der Zürich Universität.,

67 Recitative Janai Purnima Narayanthan

68 ( ) , ,

69 . Mantra... 3m (). ( ). ( ).!??!..?

70 . () , ,,

71 () (, ) ,,!

72 Rubsan Tamang(61 ).,,.... 4, ~4, ~10,

73 1, 2, 3. 1,. 2..,... 3., ~4 3,..,, ~2..,.,

74 .,...,. ( )....., ,. 1. 2~3,. 90, 7~ ,

75 ,. Kalam Singh Tamang.. 3, ( 1999 ) ,.. 1., 4, ,230mm( 14,14 0mm), 5,690mm. 2,030~2,180mm. 1, 2, 3. 2 Kalam, 3. 5,380 3,060mm, , 2,. 150mm

76 UP m,. ( ),.,.. 1,,.. 6,370 4,600mm. ( mm)., 2..,.....,.,

77 . Randa Rbanta,. ( ) 390mm 60mm, ( ) 460mm, 100mm. 45mm, 15mm. 110mm... 2, 1, 2, 1, mm. 150mm ,. 2,,... 1~2 3 Dhulikhel Banepa 6. Kabara., 1.,. 굴뚝 맷돌 (2010 년 8 월해체 ) 단장 ( ) 선반 ( 길이 1,450) 부뚜막 2층올라가는계단벽감 ( 바닥에서 1,150 높이 ) 부엌짐승우리 150 ( 염소를지붕에묶어키움 ) ( 바닥 : 흙다짐 ) ( 바닥에서 1,060 높이 ) 기둥기둥 기둥 2,030 2,160 벽두께 500 바닥에서 440 높이 1, 벽두께 500 벽감 벽감 벽감 , (2 짝 ) 물동이. ( ).. ( ) 1/2., ( ) , 오름 바닥에서 700 높이 기둥 150 벽감 m

78 2 2..,.,.,.. 500mm. 250~300mm,....,.,.,..,.....,, ~

79 ( )

80 . (Lama). Cha da man (Tamang) Lama(60 ), Assare maya Lama(55 ), (90 ), 3, Pasan Lama(27 ) 7. 2, 1..,,.,,..,,, ( 100 ), 5, ,810mm( 8,645mm), 5,280mm. 1 1,840mm, 1780mm, 2,250mm, 1,770mm, 2 1,970mm, 1,760mm, 1,250mm, 810mm, 960mm, 1,060mm. 600mm, 520mm, 682mm mm, mm, mm

81 UP UP DN DN m m ,910mm, 1,730mm..,., 2..,,..,. 1,700mm, 900mm, 410mm ~520mm,. 2., , mm( mm ), mm, mm, , , ,240mm, 640mm, 700mm

82 1, mm, 1, mm, mm, mm, mm.. 2, 1,. 3, ( ) ,,, mm 250mm.,, 2~3.,.....,,., 2~3.,

83 벽감 500 오름 선반 1, 벽두께 520 벽감 500 선반 1, 부뚜막세부그림참조 굴뚝 닭둥우리 ( 닭있음 ) 벽두께 682 기둥 짐승우리 물통 3 개 Ø290~320 수조 Ø700 기둥 침대 1, 높이 410 2,250 부엌 기둥 기둥 가스레인지놓임 갈탄그릇놓임 벽두께 682 선반 벽감 260 염소묶는기둥 턱 +50 높이차이 100mm 벽감 염소있음 문상부에구멍 ( 잠금장치 ) 1, (2 짝 ) 맷돌 벽두께 520 가스꼭지 상부구멍 내림 메탄가스파이프 1, (2 짝 ) 소, 염소묶는기둥 계단 ( 자연석 ) Ø130 Ø80 Ø m 지붕 ( 짚 ) 1 함석슬레이트지붕 ( 하부에흙벽 ) m,.,,. 370~410mm, 90~120mm.,,

84 괭이걸어둠 벽감 ( 바구니안에계란보관 ) 오름 2/3 층연결사다리 235 2, 궤 1, 항아리 층고 1,820 ( 보까지높이 1,690) 그릇쌓임 방 (2 짝 ) 내림 돗자리 730 1,720 Ø70 기둥 기둥 한쪽팔각 기둥 ( 부분조각 ) 기둥상부에거울스위치있음 궤 1, 기둥 기둥 기둥 팔각 함 벽감 ( 깊이 400) 바닥에서 870 높이 궤 1, 함 ,000 (2 짝 ) (2 짝 ) m,.., 15. (61 ).. 3, 4.,.,

85 2 3 3 ( 3 )

86 ( ) ( )

87 (, ),. 7,775mm, 3,960mm.. 9,530mm, 6,980mm( ), 8,670mm, 4,370mm 470~490mm. 1,580mm, 1,680mm, 2,280mm, 1,430mm, 1,450mm.. 30,.,.. 6, 1,580mm, 1,680mm, 2,280mm, 1,430mm, 1,450mm mm, mm mm, 350mm m

88 구멍 바닥에서 850 구멍 층올라가는계단 벽감 바닥에서 1,340 기둥 기둥 ,280 벽감 바닥에서 1,340 벽감 450 구멍 420 벽두께 490 구멍 (2짝 ) 문틀 (2짝 ) 330(2 짝 ) 벽두께 470 기둥 흙벽 m 1 1,960mm, 1,810mm, 130mm, 135mm. 1, 1.. () ,

89 1 ( )

90 MUSTANG MANANG KASKI RBAT YANGJA WAL PARASI TANAHU LAMJUNG CHITWAN GORKHA DHADING NUWAKOT RASUWA SINDHUPALCHOK DOLKHA SOLUKHUMBU SANKHUWASABHA TAPLEJUNG PANCHTHAR ILAM JHAPA MORANG SUNSARI TEHRA- THUM DHANKUTA BHOJPUR KHOTANG SAPTARI SIRAHA MAHOTTARI DHANUSA UDAYAPUR SINDHULI OKHALDHUNGA RAMECHHAP KABRE MAKWANPUR PARSA BARA RAUTHAT SARLAHI BHAKTAPUR LALITPUR KATHMANDU 03

91 North-eastern Nepal Janakpur Zone Dolokha District ,000. Janai Purnima Kalingchok., Kitanti

92 Pulapa 86 05' 07" 27 40' 37". Charikot. 3,000m ,000m

93 Baliman Thami 1944 (67 ) Phulapa (63 ) ( ) 9,.... Dhup Batti Chakoman ( ) (, 99 )

94 .,

95 Thami Guru. Pooja Lanko Man.... 9~ Mantra..,., 500 1,500. Tipeati

96

97

98 (Taki), (Dongil), (Phurba) (Putu) (Jama) (Pagari) (Nirkang) (Ghanti, Ghandi) (Lulko Mala) (Rudraksha Mala).. 32cm, 30cm, 62cm. S. 54cm.. ( ) Phurba 195

99 Phurba Phurba Ghanti, Ghandi Phurba Putu Nirkang Rudraksha Mala ( ) Rudraksha Mala

100 Taki,

101 ,

102 .,.. Phurba, Phurva (Phurba)....,...,

103 DARCHULA BAJHANG HUMLA BAJURA MUGU JUMLA KALIKOT BAITADI DADELDHURA DOTI KANCHANPUR KAILALI ACHHAM DAILEKH SURKHET BARDIA SALYAN ROLPA BANKE DANG PYUTHAN ARGHAKHANCHI PALPA GULMI BAGLUNG MYAGDI JAJARKOT RUKUM DOLPA MUSTANG MANANG KASKI PARBAT SYANGJA NAWAL PARASI TANAHU LAMJUNG CHITWAN GORKHA DHADING NUWAKOT RASUWA SINDHUPALCHOK DOLKHA SOLUKHU KHOTA SINDHULI OKHALDHUNGA RAMECHHAP KABRE MAKWANPUR PARSA BARA RAUTHAT SARLAHI BHAKTAPUR LALITPUR KATHMANDU KAPILBASTU RUPANDEHI GURUNG 04

104 Shrine Setighat N 28 13'02" E 83 59'38" Pokhara. 7,000m Annapurna, Base Camp Tracker Tracking Course m 1,336m.. 198km C, 22.5 C content.html

105 9.5 C, 6 C 3 C.. Gandeki Kaski 2001 Central Bureau of Statics 156, %(125,036 nepalcensus/output.php ) 10%.. 80% 76%(119,668 ), 11% 20%(30,738 ). (Tamu). images/final_chapters/chapter1/1.8.pdf Gurung (543,571, 2.39%) Kaski Lamjung. 6 Tibet % 포카라사진 % 29%. 1%.. Bonism. Animism.,.,,

106 Western Nepal Pokhara Setighat Shrine 83 59' 38" 28 13' 02" (Arghun) Aarghun, Arghum, Argo.., 200. Pae.. 9 Navran, Kain Koba, Putpute. Chhaewar, Gunyo,. [Chhaewar] [Gunyo]

107 ., 49. (Roho-waba). 1..., Pachyu., Gyabre, Bon Lama.. Bonism,,..... Seti N 28 13' 02" E 83 59' 38". Setighat.,,. -. Ghat

108 (Pahalman Tamu, ), (Man Kumari Tamu, ) ,, ,. 12,,,,,,,,,,,., [12 ]..,,.,,

109 ... 2,. (Padam Lal Gurung, 75 )...,.., , ( 1, 2 ) Kale Gurung(57 )

110

111 Hand Dr um Cymbals.. X (Ngha) (Siljo Chhya)

112 MUGU UMLA DOLPA KOT MUSTANG RUKUM MANANG MYAGDI AN ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG PARBAT PYUTHAN GULMI DANG SYANGJA TANAHU ARGHAKHANCHI PALPA KAPILBASTU RUPANDEHI NAWAL PARASI CHITWAN GORKHA RASUWA NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK DHADING KATHMANDU DOLKHA BHAKTAPUR MAKWANPUR LALITPUR KABRE RAMECHHAP SOLUKHUMBU SANKHUWASABHA TAPLEJUNG OKHALDHUNGA 222 PARSA BARA SINDHULI KHOTANG BHOJPUR TEHRA- THUM PANCHTHAR 223 SARLAHI RAUTHAT DHANKUTA ILAM MAHOTTARI SIRAHA UDAYAPUR DHANUSA SUNSARI MORANG

113

114

115 Himalayan Shamanistic Studies and Research Centre Mohan Kumar Rai(1928 ).. Bhutan, 1930., , (3 1, 4 1, 5 1 )

116 ..,,,,., ,000,000 (2010 ) 2.3% ,.,,,

117 .... Gurubaba. Bishu Korki Gurubaba ,.,, ,,,,,,,.... Jokhana ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ).,.,

118 .... Dharma Kaji Lama, 1998, Nepalese Shaman, the Healer, International Symposium - Discovery of Shamanic Heritage, ,,,,,,.,.. Devi-Deuta Bhut- Dharma Kaji Lama 195. Pret..,,, (Sadhus, Hermits)

119 DADELDHURA KANCHANPUR DOTI KAILALI KALIKOT ACHHAM DAILEKH SURKHET BARDIA BANKE JUMLA DOLPA MUSTANG JAJARKOT RUKUM MANANG MYAGDI SALYAN ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG PARBAT PYUTHAN GULMI DANG SYANGJA TANAHU ARGHAKHANCHI PALPA KAPILBASTU RUPANDEHI NAWAL PARASI CHITWAN GORKHA RASUWA NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK DHADING KATHMANDU DOLKHA BHAKTAPUR MAKWANPUR LALITPUR KABRE RAMECHHAP SOLUKHUMBU SANKHUWASABHA TAPL PARSA BARA SINDHULI OKHALDHUNGA SARLAHI RAUTHAT MAHOTTARI SIRAHA DHANUSA KHOTANG BHOJPUR UDAYAPUR SAPTARI DHANKUTA TEHRA- THUM SUNSARI MORANG P

120 Kalingchok North-eastern Nepal Janakpur Zone N E Dolokha District 4,000m..., Charikot. 6~7 3,000m ( ) 2010 Janai Purnima ,000m 800m. Guri Sherpa

121 458 2, Tamang, Thaugui, Guru, Kami, Sherpa. 3,000m. 45%(1,025 ). 1,722 1,597 92%.. 30% 80% 20~25%

122 Purnima. Phagu Purnima ( , ), Janai Purnima( , ), Kojagrat Purnima( , ) Kalingchok..,., Salpa, Narayanthan

123 ,... Shyau( ) Bonbo(, ) Shyau( )! ( )!!.., 2010,, 26, [] []. Makai Bari N, E Dolokha Charikot. 3. Tamang ()

124 .,.. Trident, Shiva

125 ( = 61)

126 . 58 -, (Gayan Bahadur Shah) - (Makai Bari) 43 -, (Lakshuman) - (Makai Bari) 22 - (Makai Bari), (Ajib Shah) -,,... 1,000m Guri

127 ,,, (, ). Devi...,.,,

128 ,...,. Narayanthan.,,., ,,

129 Shyau Bonbo Shyau! ( )!!.... (Vishnu)

130 ., Amriso,,,,, Jack Fruit Rookh Katahara. Kucho ( ) 03 ( )

131 ,,.,, ,,.,. 4 X. X,..,,,,,...,,,,,

132 (cm) (78: ) ( ) ( ) ( ),, () /114,. 3( ), 3.2( ) / ,,, 2~5.8...,,,,, ( ), (2 ), ( ), , 92, , 46, (:, :), (, :), ( ). 11, (, :) , , 2,

133 4 X

134 (),. () ( ) ()

135 ( ) () (). X. ( ) (). (). X,.. () ,, ,,.. Shyau Bonbo Shyau.. 3, ( ) ()

136 ,,....., ,......,

137 ,,,,,,

138

139 NEPALESE HIMALAYAN SHAMANISM CONSIDERATION OF NEPALESE HIMALAYAN SHAMANISM

140 Shamanism - Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy.. Shamanism - Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy Mircea Eliade( ).... Shamanism - Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy... Ecstasy

141 ...,,, Schmidt Wilhelm( ).., ,,

142 .. Ecstasy.,,.. shaman ,

143 ,,,,,

144 .... Indiology Tribhuvan University CNAS: Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies,,,. Dilli Raj Sharma. Boudha Monastery Trust Dharma Kaji Lama... Claudia Müller-Ebeling Christian Rätsch Surendra Bahadur Shahi, 2002, Shamanism and Tantra in the Himalayas, Thames and Hudson Ltd. 19..,,.... Claudia Müller-Ebeling Christian Rätsch Surendra Bahadur Shahi

145 ( ) ( ).., ,,., 1 Michael Oppitz

146 . Andrea Greter ,,,.,,, ,. shamanika ( ) [ ]

147 - - International Symposium, Discovery of Shamanic Heritage. Sherpa Mingmar(, 72 ), Tamang Thuli Lama(, 50 ) Rai,..., 17 Tungus Saman(). 20,,, 1998,,...,.,,, 2010, -, 182,, 8~ (1 ) 8 (2 ) 12 (3 ) (4 ) 8, ,000m Kalingchok Janai Purnima( 7 )

148 Far Western, Mid Western, Western, Central, Eastern ,.. Claudia Müller-Ebeling Christian Rätsch Surendra Bahadur Shahi, 2002, Shamanism and Tantra in the Himalayas, Thames and Hudson Ltd. 20.,...,

149 ,.,..,

150 . mundhum ,

151 (Michael Oppitz) ( )..,,,. 01. (Jajarkot) (Kami) 02., (Bhuji Khola and Nisi Khola), (Kai and Magar) 03., (Valley of the Uttar Ganga River) (Northern Magar or Kham Magar) 04. (Panchgaon) (Thakali) 05., (Lamjung and Kaski) (Gurung) 06. (Siwalik Hills) (Chepang) 07. (Dhading District) (Tamang) 08. (South Sides of the Kalingchock) (Thami or Thangmi) (Between the Dudh Kosi River (Rai) in the West and the Arun Kosi in the East) 10. (Far Eastern Part of Nepal) (Limbu)

152 01 Bheri. Jajarkot Kami.. Jangali Jhakri.,.. 02 Dhaulagiri Baglung Kai Magar.,... Jajarkot. Jajarkot. Bubang. 03 Dhorpatan Northern Magar Ghorahi Dang Kham Magar.. - Kham..,,,.,

153 . 04 Kali Gandaki Panchgaon, Thakali Pokhara Lamjung Kaski Gurung. Pachyu Khlebu,.,... Yarjung Tamu. (Gurung) (Pachyu) 06 Chepang Siwalik. Pokhara Chitwan.. Guru,

154 . 07 Tamang Bombo Bonbo. Dhading,, Sindhupalchok Gurung,., Mundhum.. 10 Limbu,,. 2,000 Kiranti. Phedangwa, Waugpa, Yeba Bijuwa.,. 08 Thangmi, Thami Tamang Sherpa, Rai. Dolokha Kalingchok. Guru.., (dolokha) (dolkha). Dolokha Newar Temple. 09 Rai Sherpa Dudh Kosi Arun Kosi.. Thulung Rai, Khaling Rai, Kuluug Rai, Dumi Rai, Koyee Rai, Sampang Rai, Mewahang Rai, Lohorung Rai

155 (Full Moon). 01. (Rikeswar) (Tamang) 02. (Kumveswar) (Tamang) 03. (Dhorpatan) (Kami), (Magar) 04. (Kalingchok)* (Tamang), Thaugui(), (Guru) (Kami) 05. (Salpa) (Kuluug Rai), (Dammi Rai), (Koyee Rai) * Gu r u Rinpoche Padmasambhava ( )... 80km.. 02 Newar Patan.,. Tamang Bonbo. Janai Purnima. (Bombo) (Bonbo) ( )

156 .. Kuluug Rai, Dammi Rai, Koyee Rai Mewahang Rai.. 03 (Jhakri), (Ramma). Utar Ganga. Magar Bhujel. 7.., Burtibang,. Kami Magar.,,., Tamang Bonbo, Bombo, Thangmi Guru, Thami Jhakri. Charikot, Sherpa Guri. 05 Pokhari. Rai. Hanga Khola, Rawa Khola Arun Kosi. Rai

157 _, 2010,, 26, _, 1998,, _, , 182, _, 2000,, _, 1998, - International Symposium, Discovery of _ Shamanic Heritage, _ Andrea Greter, 2009, Golden Bell and Golden Drum - The Efficacy of Ritual Performance in the Oral Tradition of the Koyee Rai in Eastern Nepal, Mater Thesis of Cultural Anthropology at the University of Zürich _ Claudia Müller-Ebeling Christian Rätsch Surendra Bahadur Shahi, 2002, Shamanism and Tantra in the Himalayas, Thames and Hudson Ltd. _ David Gellner, Priests, Healers, Mediums and Witches: The Context of Possession in the Kathmandu Vallay, Nepal, Man N.S. 29 _ Dharma Kaji Lama, 1998, Nepalese Shaman, the Healer, International Symposium - Discovery of Shamanic Heritage _ Gregory Maskarinec, 1995, The Rulings of the Night - An Ethnography of Nepalese Shaman Oral Texts, The University of Wisconsin Press _ J.T. Hitchcock and R.L. Jones ed, 1976, Spirit Possession in the Nepal Himalayas, Aris and Phillips Ltd. _ Larry Peters, 1987, The Tamang Shamanism of Nepal' Shirley Nicholson ed, Shamanism: An Expanded View of Reality, The Theosophical Publishing House _ Larry Peters, 1999, The Day the Deities Return: The Janai Purnima Pilgrimage of Tamang Shamans, Shaman's Drum _ Martino Nicoletti, 2006, The Ancestral Forest: Memor, Space and Ritual Among the Kulunge Rai of Eastern Nepal, Vajra Publications _ Michael Oppitz, 1971, On Sacrifice, Nepal, Past and Present _ Michael Oppitz, 1988, Shooting Shamans, Visual Anthropology _ Michael Oppitz, 1992, Drawings on Shmanic Drums, Anthropology and Aesthetics _ Michael Oppitz, 2007, Trommeln Der Shamanen, Völkerkundemuseum Der Zürich Universität. _ Mircea Eliade, 1974, Shamanism - Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy, Princeton University Press _ Mircea Eliade, 2003, A Drum in the Min Shan Mountains, Shaman Spring/Autumn _ Reinhard Greve, 1989, The Shaman and the Witch: An Analytical Approach to Shamanic Poetry in the Himalayas' Mihaly Hoppal and Otto von Sadovszky ed, Shamanism: Past and Present (Part 2), Ethnographic Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences _ _ _

158 2003 (,, ), Shaman --. 4, Narayanthan Janai Purnima, Kalingchok, Kathmandu. 2,,, (),,, (), ( ), ( ), Tribhuvan University Dilli Raj Sharma ,, (),., 4, Baksila Rai Thuloparsel Tamang. 1,,, (), (), Michael Oppitz. 4..,

159 Abstract Nepalese Himalayan shamanism The National Folk Museum of Korea has been consistently involved in the discovery project on shamanism in the Asian region(tuvinians, Buryats, Altaic) since From the macroscopic point of the view, this is an example of cultural research in the area of Asia, as well as the process searching for roots of the cultural homogeneity. For the investigation, cooperation with KTV was directed and put into practice in 2010 on the theme of Himalayan Shamanism. The investigation was a part of preparation process for the special exhibition on 'Mediator between Heaven and Earth-Shaman' planned to be held in 2011 by the National Folk Museum of Korea. It was also the trial to gather integral spot examples for Asian shamanism through the combined work of the field investigation, collection of resources, and the exhibition. For the search for Nepalese Himalayan shamanism, four field investigations have been operated. During the first and the second field research trips, KTV and an investigator from the museum worked together, each taking part in the research and the video recording. The first field investigation took place for eighteen days, from 12th to 29th of March in 2010, about the shamanism rituals of the Rai in the east of Nepalese Baksila, the Tamang in the Thuloparsel. Kang, Kwon Yong / Ki, Yang / Yang, Jongsung and Wee, Cherl(the National Folk Museum of Korea), and Kim, Jung Hoon(KTV) participated as investigators and the video recorder, and Professor Michael Oppitz from Zurich university joined at the place as an advisor. The second field investigation on the Janai Purnima shamanism ritual in the Narayanthanarea of Kathmandu and Kalingchokarea of Dolakha. The shamanism research in Kathmandu city took fifteen days, from 20th of August to 3rd of September in Kang, Kwon Yong / Ki, Yang / Yang, Jongsung, and Wee, Cherl(the National Folk Museum of Korea) / Woo, Hyo Sung / Lee, Young Ho / Jung, Chul Su(KTV) / Lee, Yong-Shik(National Gugak Center), and Choi, Ho Shik(a professional photographer) participated as investigators and the video recorder, and Professor Dili Raj Sharma from Tribhuvan University participated at the location. From the 20th to 28th of December, 2010, nine days of the third field investigation trip took place focusing on the Gurung's shamanism ritual in the west Nepalese Pokhara. Ki, Yang /Kim, Changil / Wee, Cherl(the National Folk Museum of Korea) were investigators and, as an advisor, Professor Dili Raj Sharma from Tribhuvan University joined the team. Additionally, there were two weeks of additional research work done on the Rai shamanism ritual in the east Nepalese Baksila by Yang, Jongsung and Kim, Chang-Ho in March, 2011 for the International shamanism special exhibition in the National Folk Museum of Korea. Results of the above investigations on Nepalese Himalayan shamanism and cultures are acknowledged by this report. The report took a first step to have a glimpse of Nepalese shamanism, which had remained untouched by Korean researchers, and is meaningful as a combined work done by the cooperation of research activities through field investigation, collection of resources, and the exhibition. Moreover, it is the result of collaborated work with institutions like KTV and National Gugak Center, etc

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161 NEPALESE HIMALAYAN SHAMANISM _ TEL _ ISBN ,.. Copyright 2011 The National Folk Museum of Korea