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1 박웅희 * The generation and characteristics of the dominant field in CTL cell Unghee Park* 요 약 전자파내성및전자파장해측정을위한표준전자파발생장치중하나인 CTL cell 에서두개의입력단자에동일신호와역위상신호입력에따른다양한전계와자계발생에대해살펴보았다. 기본공진주파수 TE011 이 2.20GHz 인 CTL cell 을이용하여우세전계장과우세자계장조건에서입력전력의변화에따른전계특성, 측정위치에따른전계특성, 주파수변화에따른전계특성을측정하였고, 이를이용하여 CTL cell 의측정영역에서의동작특성과공진주파수의영향을받지않고사용가능한주파수대역을살펴보았다. ABSTRACT CTL cell that is one of the standard electromagnetic generation equipment can measure the characteristic of the electromagnetic susceptibility and the electromagnetic interference. In case of being input the same magnitude signal with the phase difference of 0o or the phase difference of 180o at two input ports of CTL cell to be the fundamental resonant frequency(te011) of 2.20GHz, the characteristics of the electric field and the magnetic field at the uniform area were measured. And, it measured the electric field characteristic due to the variation of the input power, the test position and the input frequency under the dominant E-field and the dominant H-field of CTL cell. Using these mesuremed data, it examined the operation characteristic and the available frequency band of CTL cell. 키워드 CTL cell, 우세장, 우세전계장, 우세자계장 Key word CTL cell, dominant field, dominant E-field, dominant H-field * 종신회원 : 강원대학교공학대학전자정보통신공학부 (uhpark@kangwon.ac.kr) 접수일자 : 심사완료일자 : Open Access This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License( censes/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright C The Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering.

2 한국정보통신학회논문지제 17 권제 5 호 Ⅰ. 서론현재전자기기가동작중에발생하는전자파는인체건강뿐만아니라다른전자기기에영향을주고있어서사회적으로높은관심을받고있다. 이러한전자기기가동작할때발생하는전자파의발생하는정도또는외부전자파의세기에따른전자기기의영향정도를측정하는시설로는현재야외전자파시험장, 전자파무반사실과 TEM (Transverse Electro-Magnetic Wave) cell이주로이용되고있다. 야외전자파시험장은실제전자기기가사용하는환경에서측정한다는장점이있으나, 원하는않은다양한전자파의존재, 넓은측정공간, 측정의어려움등다양한문제점이있다. 가장많이사용하는전자파무반사실은일정크기의공간에외부전자파신호를차단하는전자파차단시설과내부전자파신호의반사를없애는흡수체로구성된시설로근거리의일반공간상에서전자기기의전자파발생정도와전자파영향정도를파악할수있다. 하지만, 높은시설비용과유지 / 보수비용이필요하다. TEM cell은전자파무반사실을저비용의작은크기로구현한것으로, 작은크기로인해측정주파수대역이낮고, 측정공간이협소하며, 측정시설내설치물에의해특성변화가능성이높다. 하지만, RF 프로브의교정또는매우작은전자기기에대해다양한전자파에형태에대해측정이가능해점차이용이증가하고있다. TEM cell은구조에따라한개의단자로신호를입력하여전계 / 자계를발생하는형태, 두개이상의단자로신호를입력하여전계 / 자계를형성하는형태, 측정셀내부가대칭적인구조로되어있는형태, 측정셀내부가비대칭구조로되어있는형태등다양한종류가존재한다.[1]~[4] 본논문에서는사용하는 CTL(Coupled Transmisstion Line) cell은두개의입력단자와두개의출력단자로, 내부가대칭구조로되어있는 DPW(Double port waveguides) 의대칭형 TEM cell이다. CTL cell은 SPW(Single port waveguides) TEM cell 보다는최대동작주파수가작지만원하는전계와자계의생성이용이하다. 또한, CTL cell은비대칭형 TEM cell 보다는균일장영역이작지만작은크기로 cell을구현할수있으며균일장영역에서보다안정적이고일정한전자계특성을 갖는다.[5] CTL cell은단자입력에따라측정영역에자계없이전계만존재하는우세전계장상태, 전계없이자계만존재하는우세자계장상태, 전계와자계를 2배로강하게만드는상태등다양한조건으로만들수있다. 우세전계장상태에서는오로지전계에의한전자기기의영향정도를파악할수있으며, 우세자계장상태에서는자계에의한전자기기의영향정도를파악할수있다. 본논문에서는 CTL cell에서의입력형태에따른다양한전계와자계발생상태와다양한주파수에서입력전력의변화에따른전계특성, 균일장영역에서의측정위치에따른전계특성, 균일장영역의세지점에서의주파수변화에따른전계특성과공진주파수영역근처에서 CTL cell의동작특성변화를살펴보려한다. Ⅱ. 본론 2.1. 실험에사용된 CTL cell 그림 1의 는본논문에서사용된 CTL cell로, CTL cell의설계방법과구조와치수는참고문헌에자세히기술되어있다.[6] 사용된 CTL cell에대하여간략하게살펴보면전체적인크기는길이 (=Lc+2*Tc) 255mm, 높이 (ac) 115mm, 두께 (bc) 72mm이고, 안정적인전계및자계값을가져서측정영역으로사용되는공간 (UA: Uniform Area) 은 CTL cell의중심 (CP: Center Point) 을기반으로가로 20mm, 세로 20 mm 영역이다. 제작된 CTL cell은그림 1의 (d) 와같이약 2.7GHz 주파수까지입력반사계수 1.13 이하의매우안정적인 50Ω 입력정합특성을갖는다. 실험에이용된 CTL cell의최저기본공진모드는 TE 011 로이론상으로는약 2.08GHz, 실제측정에서는약 2.20GHz에서발생하였다. 두번째낮은공진모드는 TE 021 로이론상으로는약 2.81GHz, 실제측정을통해서는약 2.93GHz에서측정되었다. 실제적으로 CTL cell은공진주파수이외의주파수영역에서는사용할수있다. 하지만, 두번째공진주파수이상의주파수영역에서는다양한공진주파수가연속적으로발생하여사용이거의불가능하다고할수있다. 1056

3 CTL cell의첫번째공진이발생하는 2.20G 이하의어느주파수영역까지안정적으로 CTL cell이사용가능한지, 첫번째공진주파수와두번째공진주파수사이의어느정도주파수영역에서안정적으로 CTL cell이이용가능한지, 이론적으로안정적인측정영역을가지는영역에서의주파수의변화, 전력의변화, 위치에변화에따른정확한 CTL cell의특성변화에대하여그림 1의 의 CTL cell을대상으로살펴보려한다. (d) 그림 1. 실험에사용된 CTL cell, CTL cell 사진, 정면도, 측면도, (d) 입력반사계수 (S 11) Fig. 1 CTL cell used in the experiment, Photograph of CTL cell, Front view, Side view, (d) Input VSWR characteristics(s 11) 2.2. CTL cell의입력상태에따른동작특성앞서살펴본바와같이 CTL cell은네개의단자로구성되는데, 서로마주보는두개의단자 ( 그림 2의 1번단자와 3번단자, 2번단자와 4번단자 ) 는연결되어있다. 즉, 하나의단자에 50Ω 특성임피던스의신호가입력되면반대쪽의다른단자에서는 50Ω 특성임피던스의신호로출력하게된다. 이를고려하여살펴보면, CTL cell 은그림 2와같이서로다른네가지의입력형태를가질수있다. 첫번째로, 그림 2의 와같이같은방향의입력단자 (1번단자와 2번단자 ) 에동일세기의 180도위상차를갖는신호를공급하는것이다. 반대쪽 3번단자와 4번단자는 50Ω 저항을연결하여 CTL cell로반사되어입력하는신호가존재하지않도록하여야한다. 1번단자와 2번단자에동일세기와 180도위상차의신호가입력되면 CTL cell의중심지점에서의전계는양쪽선로에서발생하는전계의값이크기가같고부호가반대가되어두배가되고, 자계도양선로에서크기가같고방향이같은자계가생성되어두배의자계의값으로존재하게된다. 보통 CTL cell에서는이와같은신호공급으로측정영역에서원하는전계와자계의세기를만들어사용한다. 두번째로그림 2의 와같이같은방향의입력단자 (1번단자와 2번단자 ) 에동일세기와동일위상의신호를공급하고, 반대쪽 3번단자와 4번단자는 50Ω 저항을연결하는것이다. 1번단자와 2번단자에동일세기와동일위상의신호가입력하면 CTL cell의중심지점에서의전계는양쪽선로에서발생하는전계의값이같아서존재하지않고, 자계는양쪽선로에서크기가같고방향이반대인자계가생성되어 CTL cell의중심에서는전계와자계모두존재하지않게된다. 1057

4 한국정보통신학회논문지제 17 권제 5 호 세번째로그림 2의 와같이 CTL cell의 1번단자와 4번단자에동일세기의 180도위상차를갖는신호를공급하고, 2번단자와 4번단자에 50Ω 저항을연결하는것이다. 1번단자와 4번단자에동일세기와역위상의신호가입력되면 CTL cell의중심지점에서의양쪽선로에서발생하는전계의값이크기가같고부호가반대가되어두배가되고, 자계는양쪽선로에서크기가같고방향이반대가되어서로상쇄된다. 즉, 측정영역에서는자계의값이없고전계의값만존재하는우세전계장모드가된다. 마지막네번째로그림 2의 (d) 와같이 CTL cell의 1 번단자와 4번단자에동일세기와동일위상의신호를공급하고, 2번단자와 4번단자에 50Ω 저항을연결하는것이다. 1번단자와 4번단자에동일세기와동일위상의신호가입력되면 CTL cell의중심지점에서의전계의세기는양쪽선로에서발생하는전계의값이같아서존재하지않고, 자계의세기는양쪽선로에서크기가같고방향이같아서두배의자계로존재하게된다즉, 우세전계장모드의반대로전계는없고, 자계만존재하는우세자계장모드가된다 CTL cell에서우세전계장과우세자계장실험 CTL cell 내에서우세전계장또는우세자계장을발생시키기위해서는그림 3과같은실험구성도로실험장비를구성하였다. (d) 그림 2. CTL cell 에서입력단자와입력신호형태에따른전계와자계발생특성 Fig. 2 Electric and magnetic field characteristics due to input ports and input signals in CTL Cell 그림 3. CTL cell 에서우세전계장과우세자계장발생을위한실험구조도 Fig. 3 Experiment scheme for the dominant E-mode and H-mode generation in the CTL cell 1058

5 신호발생기에서발생한신호는전력분배기를이용하여동일세기와동일위상의두개의경로신호로분배또는발룬을이용하여동일세기와 180도위상차를갖는두개의경로신호로분배해야한다. 이렇게분배된신호는 CTL cell의 1번과 4번단자에공급하게된다. 스펙트럼분석기를이용하여 CTL cell의입력단자에서의신호세기를확인하는것이보다정확한실험이될수있다. 안정적인우세전계장과우세자계장을발생시키기위해서는광대역에걸쳐동일세기와원하는위상차의신호로분배하는것이매우중요하다. 실험에사용된 CTL cell은첫번째공진주파수가 2.20GHz, 두번째공진주파수가 2.93GHz에서발생하여 CTL cell에서우세전계장특성과우세자계장특성실험을 3.1GHz 주파수영역까지하면충분하다고할수있다. (d) 그림 4. 제작한발룬과디바이더, Low frequency 발룬 (118X30 mm 2 ), High frequency 발룬 (84X30 mm 2 ), Low frequency 분배기 (67mmX30 mm 2 ), (d) High frequency 분배기 (48X30 mm 2 ) Fig. 4 Fabricated balun and power-divider, Low frequency balun, Highfrequency balun, Low frequency power-divider, (d) High frequency power-divider (d) 그림 5. 제작한발룬과디바이더동작특성, Low frequency 발룬, High frequency 발룬, Low frequency 분배기, (d) High frequency 분배기 Fig. 5 The characteristic of the fabricated balun and power-divider, Low frequency balun, High frequency balun, Low frequency power-divider, (d) High frequency power-divider 1059

6 한국정보통신학회논문지제 17 권제 5 호 우세전계장실험을위해동일한세기와 180도위상차를갖는신호를만들기위한발룬은윌킨슨전력분배기와두개의 Sageline을이용하여구현하였다.[7] 윌킨슨전력분배기의하나의출력을입력받은 Sageline은커플링단자와전달단자에개방형태로연결하고, 윌킨슨전력분배기의다른하나의출력을입력받은 Sageline은커플링단자와전달단자에단락형태로연결하면두개의출력단에서는동일세기와 180도위상차를같는발룬신호를생성하게된다. 발룬은 1500~3100MHz 주파수영역을위한고주파수대역용과 700~1500MHz 주파수영역을위한저주파수대역용으로분리하여제작하였다. 700MHz 이하의주파수영역은 CTL cell이안정적으로동작하는영역이므로 CTL cell에대한특성조사를위한측정이필요없다고할수있다. 그림 4의 와 는제작된발룬의모습이고, 그림 5 의 와 는제작된발룬의동작특성이다. 측정된발룬의동작특성을살펴보면 700~ 3100 MHz의주파수영역에서세기차 0.3 db이내, 위상차 180±2.5도이내의값을가졌다. 우세자계장실험을위해동일한세기와동일위상의신호를만들기위한전력분배기는그림 4의 와 (d) 와같이윌킨슨전력분배기형태로제작하였다. 전력분배기도저주파수대역용과고주파수대역용으로제작하였는데저주파수대역용은 500~ 1500MHz, 고주파수대역용은 1500~3100MHz에서동작하였다. 그림 5 의 와 (d) 는제작된분배기의동작특성으로, 500~ 3100MHz의주파수영역에서세기차 0.2 db이내, 위상차 1도이내의값을가졌다 실험결과 CTL cell 내부의우세전계장과우세자계장의동작특성은 IndexSAR사의 IXP-050 전계프로브를이용하여측정하였다. IXP-050 전계프로브는 3개축에서전계값을측정하는방식으로자계에대한응답이없는구조로되어있다. 또한, 동작주파수범위는 100~3000MHz이고, 응답특성은 0.25 db 오차정확도이내에서불균일에따른오차를최소화하기위해삼각형구조로높은공간해상능력을갖도록구성되어있다. 3000MHz 이상의주파수대역에대한결과는오차의범위가증가되는것으로측정이불가능한것은아니어서, 우세전계장및우세자계장상태에서의전계측정실험은 3100MHz까지수행하였다. CTL cell의우세전계장입력상태의동작특성실험에서는균일장영역의중심지점에서 7개주파수에대한단자입력전력의변화에따른전계특성, 7dBm 고정입력전력에대하여균일장영역의측정위치변화에따른전계특성, 균일장영역세지점에서의 7dBm 단자입력전력에대한주파수변화에따른전계특성을살펴보았다. CTL cell의우세자계장입력상태의동작특성실험에서는균일장영역의중심지점에서 5개주파수에대한단자입력전력의변화에따른전계특성, 7dBm 고정입력전력에대하여균일장영역의측정위치변화에따른전계특성, 측정위치가균일장영역의중심에서 7dBm 단자입력전력에대하여주파수변화에따른전계특성을살펴보았다. CTL cell 중심지점에서우세전계장상태에서 7개주파수 (800MHz, 1000MHz, 1200MHz, 1500 MHz, 2000MHz, 2500MHz, 3000MHz) 에대한단자입력전력의변화에따른전계측정실험은 -4dBm에서부터 16dBm까지단자입력전력을변화시키며측정하였다. 여기서, 800MHz, 1000MHz, 1200MHz는저주파수대역용발룬을이용하였고, 1500MHz, 2000MHz, 2500MHz, 3000MHz는고주파수대역용발룬을이용하였다. 그림 6의 는측정된결과로서, 3000MHz 주파수를제외하고는동일단자입력전력에대해주파수의변화에관계없이매우비슷한전계를가짐을볼수있다. 입력전력이매우낮은경우또는단자입력전력이없는경우에도전계프로브는약 4mV 정도의전계값이측정되는데, 이는전계프로브가가지는최소특성값인것으로판단된다. 우세전계장조건에서단자당입력전력이 7dBm일경우에측정위치에따른전계를살펴보기위한실험에서는저주파수대역용발룬을이용하는경우와고주파수대역용발룬을이용하는경우를살펴보기위하여, 1000MHz와 2200MHz 주파수에서측정하였다. 그림 6의 와같이두개의주파수에서측정된값이매우비슷함을볼수있다. 또한, 우세전계장조건에서단자당입력전력이 7dBm인상태에서측정영역공간내의세지점에서 700MHz부터 3200MHz까지 50MHz 주파수간격으로주파수변화에따른전계특성을측정하였다. 그림 6의 는측정결과로 2650MHz까지는안정적인측정값을가지다가, 주파수가올라갈수록측정값이낮아진다. 2933MHz에서는중심에서전계값이 50V/m 이상의값을가져전계공진이발생함을알수있었다. 1060

7 그림 6. CTL cell 의우세전계장특성, 입력전력의변화에따른전계특성, 균일장영역에서측정위치에따른전계특성, 균일장영역에서주파수변화에따른전계특성 Fig. 6 The characteristics of the dominant E-mode in the CTL cell, Input power variation, The measurement location variation, The frequency variation of input signal 그림 7. CTL cell 의우세자계장특성, 입력전력의변화에따른전계특성, 균일장영역에서측정위치에따른전계특성, 균일장영역에서주파수변화에따른전계특성 Fig. 7 The characteristics of the dominant H-mode in the CTL cell, Input power variation, The measurement location variation, The frequency variation of input signal 1061

8 한국정보통신학회논문지제 17 권제 5 호 CTL cell의우세자계장상태에서중심지점에서 5개주파수 (1000MHz, 1200MHz, 1500MHz, 2200MHz, 3000MHz) 에대한단자입력전력의변화에따른전계특성측정실험은우세전계장실험과동일하게 -4dBm 에서부터 16dBm까지입력전력을변화시키며측정하였다. 1000MHz, 1200MHz는저주파수대역용전력분배기, 1500 MHz, 2200MHz, 3000MHz는고주파수대역용전력분배기를이용하였다. 그림 7의 는측정된결과로서, 2200MHz 주파수를제외하고는주파수가다름에도입력전력의변화에대해거의비슷한전계가측정되었다. 2200MHz 주파수에서는우세자계장이라해도중심지점에서전계가존재한다고판단할수있다. 우세자계장조건에서단자당입력전력이 7dBm일경우에측정위치에따른전계값을살펴보기위한실험에서는앞서우세전계장실험과같이저주파수대역용전력분배기와고주파수대역용전력분배기를이용하는경우의특성변화를살펴보기위하여 1000MHz와 2000MHz 주파수에서측정하였다. 그림 7의 와같이 1000MHz 주파수실험에서는측정위치의변화에관계없이전계가검출되지않는매우안정적인값을보였으나, 2000MHz 주파수실험에서는중심위치에서만전계가검출되지않았지만측정위치가조금만변경되어도전계가검출됨을볼수있다. 또한, 우세자계장조건에서단자당입력전력이 7dBm인상태에서 CTL cell 내부의중심위치에서의 500MHz부터 3200MHz까지 50MHz 주파수간격으로주파수변화에따른전계특성실험에서는그림 7의 의결과를보였다. 2204MHz 에서는중심에서전계값이약 18V/m의가져전계공진이발생함을알수있었다. 우세전계장과우세자계장을이용한 CTL cell의특성측정실험을통하여 CTL cell의주파수및측정위치에따른동작특성및공진주파수에대한다양한결과를살펴볼수있었다. CTL cell을우세자계장상태에서측정한결과를바탕으로살펴보면공진주파수 TE 011 모드는 2204MHz에서발생하고, 우세전계장상태에서측정한결과를바탕으로살펴보면공진주파수 TE 021 모드는 2933MHz에서발생함을알수있었다. CTL cell에서우세전계장상태의전계측정은 TE 011 공진주파수와관계없이 TE 021 공진주파수보다약간낮은주파수인 2.65GHz까지안정적으로균일장영역에서측정가능함을실험을통해확인할수있었다. CTL cell에서우세 자계장상태의전계측정은균일장영역의중심지점은약 2GHz까지가능하며, 균일장전체의영역에서측정은 2GHz 보다낮은주파수까지가능하다고판단된다. 또한, 우세자계장상태에서는 TE 011 공진주파수와 TE 021 공진주파수사이인 2.25GHz에서 2.85GHz 주파수범위사이에서도안정적인전계특성을갖는다. Ⅲ. 결론표준전자파발생장치인 CTL cell에서자계가존재하지않고전계만존재하는우세전계장상태와전계가존재하지않고자계만존재하는우세자계장상태를생성하고, 전계프로브를이용하여 CTL cell의동작특성을살펴보았다. 2.7GHz 주파수까지 VSWR이 1.13이하인 CTL cell은우세자계장실험에서 TE 011 공진주파수를확인할수있었으며, 우세전계장실험에서 TE 021 공진주파수를확인할수있었다. 또한, 우세전계장상태와우세자계장상태의다양한실험을통해 CTL cell의전계장에서의전계의안정적인동작주파수영역과측정영역, 자계장에서의전계영향정도를살펴볼수있었다. 또한, CTL cell에서제안된방법의실험을하면전자기기에서발생하는순수전계의양과순수자계의양, 전자기기가순수전계에의해영향받는정도또는순수자계에의해영향받는정도를살펴볼수있을것이다. 실험에서자계프로브가없어서우세전계장에서의자계특성과우세자계장에서의자계특성에대한내용은논문에기술하지않았다. CTL cell의우세전계장상태와우세자계장상태에서보다정확한동작특성을확인하기위해서는추후이에대한실험이진행되어야할것이다. 참고문헌 [1] M. L. Crawford, "Generation of standard EM fields using TEM transmission cells," IEEE Trans. on EMC, vol.16, pp , 1974 [2] 이애경, 김정기, TEM cell의이론과응용, 한국전자파학회지전자파기술, vol.2, no.2, pp.79-84,

9 [3] 윤재훈, 김진석, 김정기. 표준전자파발생용원통형결합전송라인셀, 한국통신학회논문지, vol.23, no.9, pp , 1998 [4] D. Konigstein and D. Hansen, "A new family of TEM cells with enlarged bandwidth and optimized working volume," Proc. 7th Inter. Symp. on EMC, vol.1, pp , 1987 [5] J.H. Yun, Optimized Straight CTL Cell to Calibrate EM Field Probes in Air up to 2.1 GHz, Proc. 23th Inter. Symp. on EMC, vol.1, pp , 2003 [6] U.H. Park, J.H. Yun, J.H. Kwon, S.M. Park and Y.H. Kim, The Dominant E-field generation in the Optimized Straight CTL Cell by using a Wideband Balun, APCC2009, pp , 2009 [7] U. H. Park and J. S. Lim, A 700-to 2500-MHz microstrip balun using a Wilkinson divider and 3-dB quadrature couplers, Microw.Opt.Tecnol.Lett., vol.47, no.4, pp , April 저자소개 박웅희 (Unghee Park) 2000년서강대학교전자공학과공학박사 ~ 한국전자통신연구원안테나기술팀선임연구원 ~현재강원대학교공학대학전자공학과부교수 관심분야 : 마이크로파회로및부품설계 1063

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