대한방사선의학회지 1995 : 32(2) : rnl 를빼서세균학적, 세포학적, 또는화학적검사를의뢰 하였다. 카테터삽입은 Seldinger 방법으로시행하였으며 대부분의병변은하나의카테터로성공적배액이가능하 였으나 7 예 (4%) 에서는 2 개의카테터를삽입하여사
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1 대한방사선의학회지 1995 : 32(2) : 복부농양및액체저류에대한경피적 카테터배액술 :165 예의결과 1 윤대영 한준구 최병인 황대현 김태경 한만청 목 적 : 다앙한원인의복부농앙및액체저류를갖는환자들에시행한경피적카테터배액술의유 용성을알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 :3 년 6개월간 148 명의환자에서 165회의경피적카테터배액술을시행하였고평균추적기간은 274일이었다. 병변부위는횡경막하공간 46예, 간 33예, 간주위공간 20여 1. 춰 장및주위공간 14예, 글반강 13예, 후복강 13여 의순이었다. 병변의부위별로시술에따른성공율, 실패, 재발, 실패및재발의원인, 평균배액기간및합병증을분석하였다. 결과 : 159예 ( 96.4%) 에서수술없이배액술만으로치유가가능하였고나머지늠실패 2 여 IC 1.2%). 재발 4예 (2. 4 %) 였으며그원인은다방성병변및주위장기와의누공형성등이었다. 실패및재발총 6여 줄이들모두에서부분성공이가능하였다. 평균배액기간은 25.1 일이었으며 12여 에서는시술과정및시술후합병증이발생하였다 (7%). 합병증으로는시술후발열및오한 7 예, 카테터를통한출혈 1 예, 상복부시술시발생한늑막관통 2예, 장천자 2 여 등이었다. 결 론경피적카테터배액술은다양한원인의복부농앙및액체저류에서효과적이고안전한치 료방법으로사료된다. 서론경피적카테터배액술 (percutaneous catheter drainage) 은오래전부터다양한원인으로기언한복강내농양및액체저류의치료에널리이용되어왔다. 아울러최근초음파와 CT 등영상기술의발달로인하여병변의위치, 형태, 크기및주위장기와의관계에대한정확한정보를얻을수있게됨에따라보다효과적이고안전한시술이가능하게되었다 (1-8). 저자들은 1991년부터약 3년 6개월동안 148명의환자들에서 165예의다양한원인의복부농양및액체저류에대한경피적카테터배액술을시행하였던바그결과를문헌고찰과함께보고하는바이다. 대상및방법 199 1년 1 월부터 년 6월까지 3년 6개월간 14 8명의환자들에서시행된 1 65예의경피적카테터배액숨을대상으 1 서울대학교의과대학방사선과학교실 본논문은 1995년도서울대학교병원특진연구비의보조로이루어졌음 이논문은 1994 년 11 월 17일접수하여 1995 년 2월 6일에채택되었음 μm 로하였으며추적기간은 15일에서 3년 6개월사이로평균 274일이었다. 경피적카테터배액술시행직후다른병원으로전원되거나자의에의한퇴원후추적이되지않아결과를알수없었던경우는대상에서제외하였다. 대상환자의남녀비는 100: 48이었고연령분포는 1 6세에서 84세까지로평균연령은 53세였다. 배액술을시행한환자들의증상으로는고열, 동통, 호흡곤란등이었다. 모든병변에대하여경피척카테터배액숭이일차적으로시행되었으며시술전검사는 96예 (58%) 에서 CT 스캔을시행하였으며나머지 69예 (42%) 에서는초음파검사만을시행하여병변의위치및크기를파악하였다. 병변의위치와원인은 Table 1 에요약하였으며위치로는횡경막하공간이 46예 (28%) 로가장많았고원인으로서는수술후합병증으로발생한경우가 102예 (62%) 로가장많았다. 시술방법은시술전처치로응급환자를제외하고는약 8시간정도의금식을원칙으로하였으며시술 30분전에진통및진정목적으로 Demerol 50 mg을근육주사하였다. 환자의전신상태가불량하여병실에서초음파유도하에시술한 1 예를제외하고전예에서투시유도하에시솔하였다. 시술방법은초음파를이용하여배액이가장용이한부위및방향을결정하여피부에표시한후 2% Procaine 7-10 ml로국소마취를하고 21G Chiba need le로병변을천자하여농양또는저류액이흡입되는것을확인한후 5-10
2 대한방사선의학회지 1995 : 32(2) : rnl 를빼서세균학적, 세포학적, 또는화학적검사를의뢰 하였다. 카테터삽입은 Seldinger 방법으로시행하였으며 대부분의병변은하나의카테터로성공적배액이가능하 였으나 7 예 (4%) 에서는 2 개의카테터를삽입하여사용된 카테터수는총 1727~ 였다. 병변의크기, 모양및내용물의 점도에따라다양한크기와모양의카테터를사용하였으 며 10 Fr pig-tail 카테터가 117 예로가장많았고, 그이외 에도 12 Fr pig-tail 카테터 14 예, 9 Fr pig-tail 카테터 11 Table 1. Sites and Causes 01 Abscesses and Fluid Collections Site No. 01 Cases Type 01 Abscess or Fluid Collections Subphrenic 46* 42 Postoperative 4 Spontaneous abscess Li ver Pyogenic abscess 5 Amebic abscess 3 Others Subhepatic or Postoperative perihepatic 20thers Other Postoperative intraperiton eal 1 Hematoma Pancreatic or 14 7 Postoperative peripancreatic 5 Pseudocyst 2 Spontaneous abscess Pelvis Postoperative 3 Spontaneous abscess Retroperitoneal 13 7 Spontaneous abscess 4 Postoperative 2 Renal cyst Spleen and 6 5 Postoperative perisplenic 1 Splenic abscess Gallbladder 4 4 Empyema * Right 29 Left 17 예, 14 Fr pig-tail 카-테터 8 예, 85 Fr pig-tail 7'} 테터 6 예, 8 Fr pig-tail 카테터 6예, 기타 10예등이었다. 경우에따라서는카테터에여러개의측공을추가로만들어서사용하였다. 시술후초음파, C T 스캔, 또는 sinography 등으로추적촬영하여카테터의위치빛배액상태를파악하였으며배액양이 l 일 5cc이하이며증상완화, 백혈구수치감소, 초음파등의추적검사에서의호전등이있을때카테터를제거하였다. 결과에대한분석은 vansonnenberg 등 (1, 4) 의방법대로외과적수술없이치유되었던경우를완치 (cure), 배액이제대로되지않아수술을시행한경우를실패 (failure), 적절한배액이된후카테터제거전또는제거후재발되어재배액빛수숨을시행한경우를재발 (recurrence), 실패및재발의경우적절한배액이되었으나주위장기와의누공형성및수술부위의누수등의근본적인원인을제거하기위한수술이시행된경우와수술전에증상완화및패혈증예방등의효과가있었던경우를부분성공 (partia l suc cess) 으로정의하였다. 또한병변의원인, 주위장기와의누공 (fistu la) 형성및그배출량, 카테터의배액장애유무에따른배액기간의차이를분석하였으며통계처리방법으로는 Student s t-test를사용하였다. 합병증의경우, 차테터배액술과관련된발열은체온이정상이었던환자에서시술후 24시간이내에섭씨 38.3도이상의고열이발생한경우를인정하였다. 결과경피적카테터배액술을시행한 165예의결과는완치 1 59예 (96.4%), 실패 2예 (1. 2%), 재발 4예 (2.4%) 였으며, 실패및재발 6예중부분성공이 6예모두에서가능하였다. 병변의위치에따른결과는 Table 2와같다. 시술전지속적인발열이있였던경우대부분시술 72시간이내에열이감소하였다. 체온이외의임상적변화는국소통통의감소와오한및호흡곤란의해소, 혈액검사상백혈구수의감소등 Table 2.. Results 01 PCD Associated with Site 01 Target Lesion Site 01 Lesion Total C Subphrenic ( 98) Li ver ( 97) Subhepatic or perihetatic ( 95) Other intraperitoneal ( 88) Pancreatic and related ( 93) Pelvis (100) Retroperitoneal (100) Spleen or perisplenic 6 6 (100) Gall bladder 4 4 (100) Total (96.4) No. 01 Cases( %) F R PS/F+R 1(2) 1/1 1(3) 1/1 1(5) 1/1 1(6) 1 (6) 2/2 1(7) 1/1 2 (1.2) 4 (2.4) 6/6 C+PS 46 (100) 33 (100) 20 (100) 16 (100) 14 (100) 13 (100) 13 (100) 6 (100) 4 (100) 165 (100) C: Cure, F Failure, R: Recurrence, PS : Partial success m
3 윤대영외 : 복부농앙및액체저류에대한경피적카테터배액술 이였다. 배양이힘든결핵이나아메바를제외한화농성감염에 배액기간 44.4 일에 보였다 (p<.05). 비해각각통계적으로유의한차이를 의한것으로생각되는병변 134예의경우에시술시처음홉업한농에서원인균을배양할수있었는경우는 84예로 63% 였다. 2가지이상의균이배양되었던경우가 32예있였으며원인균으로는 Enter ococc u s가 25 예로가장많았고 Staphy lococcu s 20예, E coli 1 5예, Streptococcus 1 3 예, Pseudomonas 1 2예, Klebsi ella 10 여 1, Enterobacter 8예, 기타 23예였다. 시술과정또는시술후발생한경한합병증 (mi n or com pli c ation) 으로는발열 4 예, 발열없는오한 ( chill) 및떨럼 ( shivering) 3예가있었다. 발열이있었던 4예중 2예에서혈액배양을시행하였으며그중 l 예에서균혈증 (bacteremia) 이확인되었다. 그러나패혈성욕이생긴예는없었다. 이러한일시적인경한합병증들은대부분내과척처치로써곧증상의호전을보였다. 비교적중한항병증 (major 카테터배액기간은 2 주이내가 5 4 예, 2-4 주 69 예, 4-6 complication) 으로는카테터를통한출혈 (ble e din g thro 주 1 9 예, 6-8 주 9 예, 8 주이상 14 예였고가장길였던경우 u gh cath eter) 1 예, 상복부시술시발생한늑막관통 (tran 는 1 년 8 개월로평균배액기간은 25.1 일이었다. 병변의위 sgression of pleura) 2 예 (Fig. 1), 장천공 (bowe l perfor 치및원인에따라평균배액기간은차이를보여간주위공 간이 일로가장걸었고간이 일로가장짧았다 ation) 2 예 (Fig. 2 ) 등 5 예가있었다. 합병증은총 1 2 예에 (Table 3 ). 특히수술후에발생한 10 2 예의평균배액기간은 일로나머지 63 예의 일과통계적으로유의한차이 를보였다 (p<.05). 또한카테터의교체는 24 예 (1 5 % ) 에 서이루어졌으며대부분카테터의폐쇄및위치변동에의 한배액장애때문이었다. 카테터를교체한 24예의평균배 액기간은 일이였다. 농양또는액체저류와주위장기와의사이에누공이형성되어있였던경우는 11 예로연결부위는장 6 예, 훼장 4 예, 담도 l 예였으며 1 일배액량을기준으로나누었을때 200cc 미만의저배출 (l ow output) 누공이 3 예, 200c c 이상 의고배출 (high output) 누공이 8 예였다. 누공이있었던 경우의평균배액기간 일은누공이없었던경우의평균 배액기간 일에비해, 고배출누공이있었던경우의평 균배액기간 일은저배출누공이있었던경우의평균 Table 3. The Mean Duration of Drainage Associated with Site of Targ et Lesion Subphrenic Li ver Site of Lesion Subhepatic or perihepatic Other intraperitoneal Pancreatic and related Pelvis Retroperitoneal Spleen or perisplenic Gallbladder Total Mean Duration of Drainage (Days) 24.9 (4-111) 16.3 (3-1 16) 67.6 (4-605) 18.1 (4-34) 32.7 (6-61) 21.9 (3-70) 17.5 (3-46) 19.3 (2-50) 10.0 (2-22) 25.1 a 0 c Fig. 1. Transgress ion of pleura during the drainage of the right subphrenic abscess in a 64-year-old woman wi th a statu s of segmentectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma a. US through th e right upper quadrant shows a multilocu lated fluid coll ecti on (arrows) in the right subphrenic space and a small pleural effusion (arrowheads) b. A 12 Fr pig-tai l catheter was inserted flu oroscopicall y and 30 ml of pus was evacuated c. After ca theter removal, th ere was leakage of clear fluid wi th serosangui neous in color from th e site of catheter insertion suggesting a pleural fistula. Chest PA radiograph 1 day after catheter removal shows a increase of r ight pleural effusion (arrows) The pati ent 5 pleural effusion was regressed spontaneously 271
4 대한방사선의학호 지 1995; 32(2) : Fig. 2. A 61-year-old woman with enteric listula lormation lollowing PCD a. CT scan obtained after surgery 01 Whipple s operation and right nephrectomy lor duodenal cancer demonstrates fluid collection with air bubble in the right posterior pararenal space(l ong arrows) Note a dilated small bowel with thickened a wall anterior to abscess cavity(arrows) b. A radiograph obtained during injection 1 contrast media through the medially placed needle(white arrow) demonstrates a poorly delined cavity(long arrows) 16 c. 40 ml 01 purulent material and some lecal contents were drained through 14 Fr pig-tail catheter Catheter sinogram obtained in prone position demonstrates communication 01 the cavity into the adjacent small bowel. d. CT scan 7 days after catheter insertion shows resol ution 01 abscess with a small residual air pocket(arrows), however, the tip 01 catheter is placed more anteriorly (l ong arrows). At that time, the patient s condition improved and catheter was removed on day 11. The patient had been cured without any pα;tprocedural problem and was discharged Irom the hospital c d 서발생하여그발생빈도는 7% 였으며합병증에의하여사 적절한항생제의사용을유도하여배액술자체의성공율을 - 망한경우는없었다. 향상시킬수도있다. VanSonnenberg 등 (1) 은처음흡입한농에서원인균을배양할수있는경우가 5 1.7% 였다고보 고 찰 고하였 3나, 저자들의결과는이보다는양호하였고원인균이검출되지않는경우는대부분시술전의광범위한항생 경펴적카테터배액술의궁극적인목표는물론완치이다. 그러나최근에는환자의전신상태가불량하거나패혈증의위험이있는경우, 수술전에환자상태를안정시키고수술부위를깨끗하게하는보조적인역할도인정되고있다 (7, 9). 경피적카테터배액술의가장큰장점은병변의위 치, 크기, 모양및주위장기와의관계등을투시, 초음파, 또는 CT등의영상으로직접확인하면서세침을사용하여쉽고안전하게정확한위치에카테터를장치할수있다는점으로간단한국소마취후시술이이루어지므로써회복기간이빠르고합병증및사망율도극히낮은것으로알려져있다 (1-8 ). 또한전신마취의위험이없으며상태가위중한 제사용때문이나층이진액체의경우침전액이아닌상층액만을체취하는경우이다 ( 2, 3). 경피적카테터배액술의성공율및합병증의발생빈도는대상환자의선택, 시술부위, 시솔방법및용어의정의에따라조금씩의차이가있을수있을것으로생각된다. 복부농양및액체저류의경피척카테터배액술에서지금까지보고된바로는성공율이 83-92% (2-5), 합병증의발생빈도가 9-15% (1, 2, 4, 5, 14) 정도이며사망율은 0.4-4% (1, 4, 5) 이다. 따라서저자들의완치율 96.5% 와합병증발생빈도 7% 는기존의보고들에비하여상대적으로우수한결과로생각된다. 환자에서도큰제약없이시행할수있다 ( 9, 1 0). 경피적카테터배액술은물론치료적인측면이크지만 진단적가치도가지고있다. 특히정확한원인균의검출은낀경피적카테터배액술의성공율은병변의위치및원언에따라서다를수있다. 과거의보고들을보면격벽을동반한다방성병변이상대적으로많고내용물의점도가높
5 19. Papanicola 꺼고윤대영외 : 복부농앙및액체저류에대한경피적카테터배액술 은춰l 장성액체저류, 또는장관및담도등과의누공이형 성되어있는농양이나액체저류는 70-85% 의성공율을 보여간농양, 횡경막하농양및수술후액체저류등의 % 와차이를보인다 (1, 3, 4, 7, 13, ). 이들중격벽 을동반한다방성농양이나액체저류의경우, guidewire 를수회에걸쳐충분히강아서격벽의일부를파괴함으로 써보다성공적인배액을기대할수있으며 (2 이, 격벽이두 꺼워서효과적인배액을기대하기어려운경우 urokinase 등의섬유용해제의공동내삽입이권고되기도한다 (15, 21, 22). 경피적차테터배액술의평균배액기간은원인및주위 조직과의누공존재여부에따라차이가있으나대체로 30 일을초과하지않는것으로보고되어있다 (1 4). 저자들의 연구에서는간주위공간과취1 장에위치한경우, 수술후에 발생한경우, 주위장기와의누공이있고배출량이많은경 우, 카태터의배액장애가있는경우들에서특히배액기간 이길어졌다. 시술과정또는시술후발생하는합병증으로는고열및 오한, 패혈성속, 부적절한카테터위치, 장천공, 카테터를 통한출혈, 복강내의심한출혈, 늑막관통에의한기흉및 늑막삼출등이비교적흔하며드물게는복막염, 카테터삽 입부위의감염빛농양, 피부누공형성및카테터삽입에 의한주위장기와의누공형성, 체내에서의카태터절단등 이있다 (1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 11, 14, ). 이러한합병증중복강 내의심한출혈, 패혈성속, 복막염등은생명을위협할수 도있다. 최근합병증을감소시키기위한방안들이꾸준하 게발표되고있다. 배액술을시행하는대다수의경우는그 내용물이이미오염되어있기때문에패혈증의위험은항 상존재하지만시술전후의적절한항생제사용으로패혈 증의발생빈도를감소시킬수있다 (25). 또한시술전검사 로서 CT 스캔이병변의형태, 위치및주위장기와의관계 를가장정확하게보여주기때문에기술적인어려움이예 상되는환자의경피적카테터배액술을시행함에있어서 시술전 CT 스캔을시행하는것이접근경로선택을용이하 게하여합병증을줄일수있다고알려져있다 (4, 2 6). 저 자들의경우시술전 CT 스캔이 58% 에서시행되었으나다 방성이거나주위장기와의관계가명확하지않은경우 CT 의이용을주저할이유는없다고생각된다. 최근방사선과 에서시행하는중재적시술에서시술후의환자치료에있 taneous drainage 01 abscesses and Iluid collections : Technique, results, and applications. Radio/ogy 1982 ; 142: Gerzol SG, Robbins AH, Birkett DH, et al. Percutaneous cath eter drainage 01 abdominal abscesses guided by ultrasound and computed tomography. AJR 1979;133: Mueller PR, vansonnenberg E, Ferrucci JT. Percutaneous drainage abdominal abscesses and Iluid collections. 11 Current procedural concepts. Radio/ogy 1984; 151 : vansonnenberg E, Mueller PR, Ferrucci JT. Percutaneous drainage abdominal abscesses and fluid collections. 1 Results, Failures, and Complications. Radiology 1984 ; 151 : Gerzol SG, Robbins AH, Johnson WC, et al. Percutaneous catheter drainage 01 abdominal abscesses A live-year experience. N Engl J Med 1981 ; 305: Sone PJ. Percutaneous drainage of abdominal abscesses AJR 1984 ; 142: Muller PR, vansonnenberg E. Interventional radiology in the chest and abdomen N Engl J Med 1990; 322: vansonnenberg E, Casola G. Interventional radiology Invest Radiol 1988; 23 : Crass JR, Karl R. Bedside drainage of abscesses with sonographic guidance in the desperately il l. AJR 1982 ; Greenwood LH, Collins TL, Yrizarry JM. Percutaneous management of multiple liver abscesses. AJR 1982;139: 임정기, 박경주, 박재형한국성늑막삼출및농흉의카테터를이용 한경피적배액술대한방사선의학회지 1988; vansonnenberg E, Nakamoto SK, Mueller PR, et al. CT- and ultrasound-guided catheter drainage of chest-tube failure. Radiology 1984 ; 151 : empyemas after 13. Silverman SG, Mueller PR, Saini S, et al. Thoracic empyema management with image-guided catheter drainage. Radiology 1988;169: Lambiase RE, Deyoe L, Cronan JJ, Dorfman GS. Percutaneous drainage of 335 consecutive abscesses: results of primary drainage with 1-year follow-up. Radiology 1992 ; Moulton JS, Moore PT, Mencini RA. Treatment of loculated pleural effusion with transcatheter intracavitary urokinase AJR 1989; 153 : Lang EK, Springer RM, Glorioso LW 111, Cammarata CA. Abdominal abscess drainage under radiologic guidance: cause f failure. Radiology 1986; 159: vansonnenberg E, Wittich GR, Casola G, et al. Complicated pancreatic inflammatory disease: diagnostic and therapeutic role of interventional radiology. Radiology 1985 ; 155: Westcott JL. Percutaneous catheter drainage of pleural effusion and empyema. AJR 1985;144: 어카테터관리와합병증의조기발견및예방을위하여직 접시술을시행한방사선과의사의병실회진의필요성이강조되기도한다 (7, 27). 결론적으로경피적카테터배액술은다양한부위와원 인의복부농양및액체저류에대한효과적이고안전한 치료방법으로사료된다. 차며헌 1. vansonnenberg E, Ferrucci JT, Mueller PR, et al. Percu.
6 대한방사섣의학회지 1995; 32(2) : procedures. Radiology 1984 ; 152 : Radiology : Nicholas 0, Cooperberg P, Golding R, Burhenne HJ. The safe 26. Haaga JR, Weinstein AJ. CT-guided percutaneous aspiration intercostal approach:pleural complications in abdominal anddrainageofabscesses. AJR1979 ;135 : interventional radi ology. AJR 1984;141 : Goldberg MA, Muller PR, Saini S, et al. Importance of daily 25. Spies JB, Rosen RJ, Lebowitz AS. Antibiotic prophylaxis in rounds by the radiologist after interventional procedures of vascular and interventional radiology : A rational approach. the abdomen and chest. Radiology 1991 ; 180 : Journal of the Korean Radiological Society, 1995 ; 32 ( 2) : Percutaneous Catheter Drainage of Abdominal Abscesses and Fluid Collections: Outcome in 165 Cases 1 Dae Young Yoon, M.D., Joon Koo Han, M.D., Byung Ihn Choi, M.D., Dae Hyun Hwang, M.D., Tae Kyung Kim, M.D., Man Chung Han, M.D. 1 Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) in patients who have abdominal abscesses or fluid collections. Materials and Methods: We performed PCD for 165 abscesses and fluid collections in 148 patients. The follow-up periods in these patients ranged from 15 days to 42 months (mean, 274 days). The lesion sites were subphrenic space in 46 cases, liver in 33, perihepatic space in 20, pancreas or peirpancreatic space in 14, pelvic cavity in 13, and retroperitoneum in 13. We evaluated the success, failure, and recurrence rates, the causes of failure or recurrence, the mean duration of drainage, and the complications of PCD Results: Of the 165 cases, one hundred-fifty nine(96.5 %) were successfully cured, Although a partial success could be achieved, 2(1.2 %) cases were failed and 4(2.4%) were recurred. Multiloculation or fistula formation were the main causes of the unsullessful cases. The duration of drainage rainged from 2 to 605 days (mean, 1 days). Complications occured in 12 cases(7 %) during or after procedures, which included fever and chill in 7, transgression of pleura in 2, bowel perforation in 2, and bleeding through catheter in 1. Conclusion : PCD is an effective and safe method for various abdominal abscesses or fluid collections Index Words : Abscess, percutaneous drainage Address reprint requests to: Joon Koo Han, M.D., Department of Radiology Seoul National University College of Medicine n 28, Yeongon -D.ong, Chongro-gu, Seoul, K orea. Tel Fax η
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