석회보르도액반복사용이토양과인삼체내구리농축에미치는영향 405 농축되는것을우려하여유기농업에활용할수없도록금하고있어이에대한자료가필요한실정이며, 국내감귤농장에서구리제사용에따른새순의구리피해가발생하기도하여검토가필요하다 (Hyun et al, 2005, Moonenaar et al,
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1 농약과학회지제18권제4호 (2014) Vol. 18, No. 4, pp (2014) Open Access Online ISSN Print ISSN ORIGINAL ARTICLES / CONTROL 석회보르도액반복사용이토양과인삼체내구리농축에미치는영향 정원권 1 * 안덕종 1 최진국 1 류태석 1 장명환 1 권태룡 1 박준홍 2 박상조 2 경상북도농업기술원풍기인삼시험장, 경상북도농업기술원농업환경연구과 Effects of Repetitive using Lime Bordeaux Mixture in the Copper Concentration of the Soil and Ginseng Root Won-Kwon Jung 1 *, Deok-Jong Ahn 1, Jin-Kook Choi 1, Tae-Suk Ryu 1, Myeong-Hwan Jang 1, Tae-Ryong Kwon 1, Jun-Hong Park 2 and Sang-Jo Park 2 1 Punggi Ginseng Experiment Station, Institute of Gyeongsangbukdo Agricultural Research and Extention Services, YeongJu , Korea 2 Institute of Gyeongsangbukdo Agricultural Research and Extention Services, Daegu , Korea (Received on October 10, Revised on October 15, Accepted on November 2, 2014) Abstract Three type of Lime Bordeaux mixture (LBM) that has been used since 1800's for control plant disease are used for eco-friendly ginseng (Panax ginseng) disease control. But it was restricted the use in the crops cultivation in some countries of Europe recently, because there is a possibility that the copper component is concentrated in the soil and plants with using LBM containing copper. According to the concentration and number of LBM spraying treatment, it was investigated copper and other components in soil and ginseng root. In case of LBM sprayed 33 times for three years, copper concentration was increased up to 75.9 ppm in the soil. However copper concentration of ginseng root was increased with 9.9~23.0 mg/kg in comparison with 8.38~11.39 mg/kg at LBM non-treatment. It has shown that the copper components can be concentrated to in the soil if used continuously in the long term. Key words Copper, Ginseng, Lime Bordeaux Mixture (LBM), Residue 서 론 석회보르도액은 19세기말프랑스의보르도시지역포도재배지에서황산구리와석회의혼합물이포도노균병에효과가있는것을발견한이래지금까지과수나화훼작물의보호살균제로이용되고있다. 인삼의점무늬병 (Alternaria panax) 과탄저병 (Colletotrichum panacicola) 은 5~9월에지상부에발생하여조기낙엽을유도하는주요병해이다. 최근에는잿빛곰팡이병의발생이증가하고있다. 석회보르도액은농약사용이상용화되기전, 인삼병해관리를위하여주로사용하였다. 3년생인삼의점무늬병과탄저병에대한예방효과는농약살포한것과유사하였다 (Jung et al. *Corresponding author Tel: , Fax: jwonkwon@korea.kr 2013). Lee 등도석회보르도액을 3, 4 년생에살포하였을때, 무처리에비하여지상부생육에는차이가없었으나지상부엽생존율이높았고, 주당뿌리무게도높았으나, 화학약제살포한시험구보다는약간낮았다고하였다 (Lee et al., 2010, 2012). 석회보르도액의병에대한예방효과는좋은편이나, 농업인이직접조제하기가번거롭기때문에화학농약위주의방제가이루어져왔다. 그러나약제잔류에의한문제가대두되면서, 수확하는연도의인삼포장이나, 친환경재배를하는포장에서석회보르도액을사용한다. 인삼은농약잔류검사가철저하게이루어지고그결과에따라법적인처분이이루어지고있어, 이러한잔류문제를회피하기위하여그리고석회보르도액제조업체가늘어나면서화학농약대체제로석회보르도액을살포하는빈도가늘어나고있다. 그러나최근유럽국가들은석회보르도액의구리가토양및작물에 404
2 석회보르도액반복사용이토양과인삼체내구리농축에미치는영향 405 농축되는것을우려하여유기농업에활용할수없도록금하고있어이에대한자료가필요한실정이며, 국내감귤농장에서구리제사용에따른새순의구리피해가발생하기도하여검토가필요하다 (Hyun et al, 2005, Moonenaar et al, 1998). 일본의사과원토양중금속조사결과, 사과원표토 0~15 cm 깊이에집중적으로구리가농축되어평균 ppm이었으며, 이러한토양에는지렁이등토양동물의개체수와종류수가대조토양보다현저하게적었다 ( 望月武雄 et al., 1975). 일부나라에서석회보르도액의사용을제한하는이유는석회보르도액에포함되어있는구리성분이토양에지속적으로농축되어환경을파괴한다는이유때문이다 (Clark, 1902). 국내토양환경보전법시행규칙 [ 시행 ][ 환경부령제 463호, , 타법개정 ] 에의한 [ 별표 3] 구리의토양오염우려기준 ( 제1조의5관련 ) 은 150 ppm이다. 따라서본시험에서는 3~5년생인삼포장에석회보르도액살포농도와횟수에따라토양내구리농축정도를조사하여적정사용한도를제시하고자본연구를수행하게되었다. 재료및방법 석회보르도액조제석회보르도액의주재료는생석회 (Ca 80%) 와황산동 (Cu 24%) 이며, 4-4식, 6-6식, 8-8식을각각비율별로조제하였다 (Table 1). 생석회와황산동을각각의용기에서따뜻한물에넣어충분히저어서녹인후황산동액을생석회액에부으면서저어주었다. 용액의잎부착율을높여주기위해서파라핀오일을계면활성제로첨가하여조제를완성하였다. 석회보르도액처리본시험은 3년생인삼포장에서시작하여 5년생까지 3년에걸쳐실시하였다. 석회보르도액 4-4식, 6-6식, 8-8식을각각 4월중순부터 9월중순까지 15일간격으로연간 11회, 3 년간총 33회살포처리하였다. 1회살포시약 1.6 m 2 당 1 L 의석회보르도액이수동식분무기를이용하여살포하였고, 각처리는 3반복으로수행하였다. 시료채취석회보르도액처리포장의작토층 0~10 cm 이내의토양을한시험구에서 10개지점에서채취후혼합하여분석용토양시료를준비하였다. 시료의조제는토양및식물체분석법 ( 농업과학기술원, 2000) 과토양오염공정시험법 (Ministry of Environment, 2003) 에준하여실시하였다. 채취된토양시료는음건후막자와유발을이용하여잘게부수어 10 mesh (<2 mm) 로체질한후시료의 4분의 1을취하여소량정밀분쇄기를이용하여분쇄한후, 200 mesh (<0.074 mm) 입도로체질하여사용하였다. 한편, 인삼뿌리는처리구당 10뿌리를채취후 50 o C에서건조후시료분쇄기로곱게갈아분석시료로사용하였다 (Park et al, 2009). 토양중금속분석조제된분석용시료 10 g을 100 ml 플라스크에넣고 0.1N 염산용액 50 ml를첨가하여항온수평진탕기 (100 rpm, 진폭 10 cm) 를사용하여 30 o C를유지하면서 1시간진탕한다음여과하였다. 여과된시료는 ICP-AES (Integra XL Dual, GBC, Australia) 로분석하였다. 인삼시료중금속및성분분석조제된분석용시료 0.25 g을취하여마이크로웨이브 (Mars5, CEM, USA) 분해용기 (XP1500 vessel) 에넣고진한질산 9ml와과산화수소 1ml을첨가한뒤분해용기를후드안에서 1일간정치시켜발생하는가스를제거한후분해용기의마개와밸브를연결한후마이크로웨이브회전판에장착시키고온도와압력을설정한뒤분해를시작하였다. 산농도를낮추기위해농축장치 (NicroVap, CEM, USA) 를이용하여분해액을 1ml 이하로농축하였으며, 농축시료에탈이온수를가하여 50 ml로희석한뒤내부표준물을첨가하고 ICP-TOF-MS(Optimass 8000, GBC, Australia) 를이용하여분석을수행하였다. 결과 석회보르도액처리에따른토양성분변화석회보르도액을살포하면서년 2회토양성분을조사한결과, ph는 5.7~6.6으로일정한변동의경향이없었고, EC Table 1. The rate of Lime and Copper for making Lime-Bordeaux Mixture by type Type Lime a) (g) Copper sulfate b) (g) Wetting agent c) (ml) Water (L) 4-4 type type type a)lime: quicklime active component 80% over b)copper sulfate: CuSO 4.5H 2 O ( g), copper 24% over c)wetting agent: sticking paraffin oil (Boron : 0.2%, Molybdenum : %)
3 406 정원권 안덕종 최진국 류태석 장명환 권태룡 박준홍 박상조 Table 2. Changes of the Components of Soil by Treatment LBM Type of LBM Control Number of LBM treatment a) ph (1:5) EC (ds m 1 ) OM (%) Cu (mg/kg) Exch. cation, cmol c kg 1 K Ca Mg a)treatment time (The day of soil analysis) : 0 ( ), 7 ( ), 11 ( ), 17 ( ), 22 ( ), 29 ( ), 33 ( ) 는지속적으로증가하였다. 그러나석회보르도액처리농도별차이는거의없었다. 유기물함량은석회보르도액처리 2년차인 17회및 22회살포후조사에서약간높았다. K와 Mg는처리에따른차이가거의없었고, Ca는처리후기로갈수록증가하는경향을나타내었다. 처리전 Cu 함량은 0.9~1.2 mg/kg이었으며, 석회보르도액처리횟수가증가할수록토양내함량이지속적으로증가하는경향을나타내었다. 4-4식석회보르도액 29회처리구에서는최고 75.9 mg/ kg이검출되었다. 그러나처리한석회보르도액중의농도가높다고해서토양내에 Cu 함량이비례적으로높게검출되지는않았다. 석회보르도액을총 33회살포한곳의 Cu 농도는 31.5~58.2 mg/kg으로토양오염우려기준 (150 mg/kg) 에 비해다소낮았으나, 처리농도와횟수가증가함에따라표토 (0~10 cm) 에포함된 Cu 함량은증가하는경향을나타내었다 (Table 2). 석회보르도액처리에따른인삼체내성분변화석회보르도액을농도별로각각 22회와 33회처리후인삼의뿌리를채취하여성분을분석한결과, 6-6식과 8-8식처리구의인삼뿌리에서 CaO가다소높아졌다. MgO의함량은거의변화가없었다. 그러나 Cu는석회보르도액무처리구인삼뿌리의경우 8.38~11.39 mg/kg 범위였으나, 석회보르도액처리구의뿌리에서는 9.94~23.01 mg/kg 으로약간높았다.
4 석회보르도액반복사용이토양과인삼체내구리농축에미치는영향 407 Table 3. Changes of Copper, CaO and MgO in ginseng root by Number of LBM treatment Type of LBM Number of LBM treatment a) CaO (%) MgO (%) Cu (mg/kg) Control a) Number of LBM treatment 고 찰 석회보르도액을농도별로연간 11 회살포처리하였을때, 토양성분중 ph 나, 유기물의변화는거의없었으나, EC 와 Ca는약간증가하였고 Cu는지속적으로일정한패턴을가지고증가하면서 0~10 cm 내의표토에축적되는것을확인하였다. EC의증가는시간이경과할수록토양내염류가표토로상승하였기때문이며 Ca는석회보르도액에포함된 Ca 가일부토양에축척된것으로보인다. Cu의경우, 지속적으로증가하는경향을나타내었는데, 일본의아오모리현사과원에서 Cu의농도가 400 ppm을넘어선함량이검출된것과같이표토에 Cu가계속하여농축되는것으로나타났다 ( 望月武雄 et al., 1975). 그리고국내토양오염우려기준 ( 토양환경보전법시행규칙 ( 시행 ), 환경부령제463호, ( 별표 3) 토양오염우려기준 ( 제1조의5관련 )] 인 150 ppm은석회보르도액을약 80여회살포시도달될것으로예측된다. 그리고석회보르도액을살포하는것이아니라관주한다면더적은처리횟수안에서도토양내 Cu 농도가빠르게높아질것으로보인다. 그리고 Cu가가장많이검출된지점인 75.9 mg/kg을기준하여계산하면약 65회살포처리만하여도 150 ppm에이를수있다. 인삼 1작기 (5~6년) 동안석회보르도액 33회살포는토양오염에치명적인피해를주지않지만, 계속해서사용한다면토양오염이우려된다고볼수있다. 제주도의 30년차이상된감귤원토양표층 0~10 cm 깊이의토양에서구리잔류량이최고 ppm까지검출된것과비교하면, 인삼포장에인위적인석회보르도액살포에의하여구리잔류량이최고 75.9 mg/kg은상당히높은수치이다 (Lee, 1985). 석회보르도액을농도별로각각 22회와 33회살포처리후인삼의뿌리를채취하여성분을분석한결과, Cu 함량은최고 mg/kg으로석회보르도액무처리구인삼뿌리보다 1.2~2.0 배정도증가하였다. 한국인영양섭취기준의구리상한섭취량은 10 mg으로제정되어있으나하루 0.6 mg 이상구리가체내에보유될경우문제점이발생할수있다고하 였다 (Bae et al., 2013). 석회보르도액처리구인삼체내구리함량이가장높은처리구 9.94~23.01 mg/kg 인경우, 1일섭취량은 0.10~0.23 mg/kg정도섭취하는것이된다. 그리고무처리구의구리함유량이 8.38~11.39 mg/kg이기때문에석회보르도액을처리하는것이인삼체내구리함량증가에미치는영향은미미한것으로판단되며, 안전성에는큰문제가없을것으로생각된다. 감사의글 본연구는농촌진흥청출연금과제 (PJ008813) 로수행된연구결과의일부로서이에감사드립니다. Literature cited Bae, Y. J, M. H. Kim and J. Y. Yeon (2012) Evaluation of dietary zinc, copper, manganese and selenium intake in female university students. Korean J Community Nutr. 17: Clark and Judson F. (1902) On the toxic properties of some copper compounds with special reference to Bordeaux mixture. Botanical gazette. 33: Hyun, J. W., S. W. Ko, D. H. Kim, S. G. Han, H. S. Kim, H. M. Kwon and H. C. Lim (2005) Effective usage of copper fungicides for environment-friendly control of citrus diseases. Res. Plant Dis. 11: Jung W. K., D. J. Ahn, J. K Choi., M. H. Jang and T. R. Kwon (2013) Effect of spraying lime-bordeaux mixture as concentration and appling time series on growth and disease occurrence of three-year-old ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 21: Lee, K. S. (1980). A survey of pesticide residues of citrus fruits and citrus orchard soil in Jeju Island. J. Korean Agricultural Chemical Society. 23: Lee, S. W., G. S. Kim, D. Y. Hyun, Y. B. Kim, S. W. Kang and S. W. Cha (2010). Effects of spraying lime-bordeaux
5 408 정원권 안덕종 최진국 류태석 장명환 권태룡 박준홍 박상조 mixture on yield, ginsenoside and 70% ethanol extract contents of 3-Year-Old ginseng in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 18: Lee, S. W., G. S. Kim, K. C. Park, S. H. Lee, I. B. Jang, J. Eo and S. W. Cha (2012). Growth characteristics and ginsenosides content of 4-year-old ginseng by spraying lime-bordeaux mixture in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 20: Ministry of Environment. (2003) Soil environmental conservation act Moolenaar, S. W. and P. Beltrami (1998) Heavy metal balances of an Italian soil as affected by sewage sludge and Bordeaux mixture applications. Journal of environmental quality. 27: Park S. W., J. S. Yang, S. W. Ryu, D. Y. Kim, J. D. Shin, W. I. Kim, J. H. Choi, S. L. Kim and A. F. Saint (2009) Uptake and translocation of heavy metals to rice plant on paddy soils in Top-Rice cultivation areas. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture. 28: National Academy of Agricultural Science (2000) The Method of the Soil and Plant. 望月武雄, 千葉滋男, 花田慧 and 濟藤寬 (1975) 農藥の撒布によって重金屬類の蓄積したりソゴ園土壤の動物生態學的硏究. 日本土壤肥料學雜誌. 46:45-50 석회보르도액반복사용이토양과인삼체내구리농축에미치는영향 정원권 1 * 안덕종 1 최진국 1 류태석 1 장명환 1 권태룡 1 박준홍 2 박상조 2 경상북도농업기술원풍기인삼시험장, 경상북도농업기술원농업환경연구과 요약석회보르도액처리에따른토양화학성의변화는거의없었으나, 석회보르도액의주성분인구리의함량은지속적으로증가하였다. 3 년간총 33 회살포하였을때, 토양 10 cm 이내토양의구리함량은최고 73.3 mg/kg 까지증가하였다. 무처리토양내구리함량이 0~1.5 ppm 정도인것에비하여많이증가하였으나, 토양오염우려수준 (150 ppm) 보다는낮았으며, 인삼체내구리함량도 9.9~23.0 mg/kg 으로무처리구의 8.38~11.39 mg/kg 에비하여크게늘어나지않았다. 색인어 구리, 인삼, 석회보르도액, 잔류
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