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1 J East Asian Soc Dietary Life 25(1): (2015) , 2, 3 Study on Body Awareness, and Health Status according to Body Mass Index of College Women in Seoul Area Kyung-Ok Shin 1, Kyung-Soon Choi 1, Kyoung-Sik Han 2 and Min-Seok Choi 3 1 Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Sahmyook University, Seoul , Korea 2 Dept. of Animal Resources, Sahmyook University, Seoul , Korea 3 Dept. of Management Information System, Sahmyook University, Seoul , Korea ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate body recognition, eating patterns, and health status of female college students in Seoul according to body mass index. In this study, we classified subjects as underweight, normal weight, and obese according to BMI. The mean age of subjects was 20.69±1.72 years. Average height, weight or BMI of subjects were ±5.39 cm, 52.17±6.53 kg and 20.01±2.35 kg/m 2, respectively. Body satisfaction rate was 11.5% for Yes, whereas body dissatisfaction rate was 88.5% (p<). Body dissatisfaction rates for the overweight, body dissatisfaction and underweight groups were 54.7%, 37.5% and 3.1%, respectively. The most common reason for controlling weight was 52.8% for to look pretty, whereas stress at 45.5% was the most common in the obese group. Exercise + diet therapy was used by 48.7%, followed by hungry (23.9%), exercise (17.3%) and intermittent diet (6.1%). Regular exercise 35.3%, A good rest & sleep 32.4% and Regular meals & taking nutrition 26.6% were significantly important (p<). Overeating was lower among obese subjects, whereas consumption of fried foods and high-fat meats was higher (p<). These results suggest the need for proper nutrition education for college students. Key words : BMI, body awareness, weight-control, eating habit, healthy eating index Corresponding author : Kyung-Ok Shin, Tel: , Fax: , skorose@syu.ac.kr,., (Pak & Son 2002; Nam et al 2014)., (Nam et al 2014). (Cho IK 2003; Lim & Rha 2007; Kim KY 2008; Kim et al 2009; Nam et al 2014),,. (Kim SH 1995; Choi et al 2008; Choi et al 2010; Choi et al 2012). (Lee et al 1997; Cheong et al 2002; Kim et al 2004; Yoon HS 2006; Choi et al 2008; Choi et al 2012),,,. (Sung MH 2005; Nam et al 2014).,,,,

2 50 (Chyun et al 2000; Lee & Chang 2007; Choi et al 2008; Choi et al 2010; Choi et al 2012; Nam et al 2014). Nam et al(2014)., (Nam et al 2014).,,,,,,. 1. S , 217. (Body mass index : BMI) 52, 154, 11,,,,,. 2. (Yoon GA 2004, Shin & Choi 2014) BMI 25.0 kg/m 2,,. 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. 3),,,,,,. 4).,,,,,. 5),,,,,,. 1) (Samhwa Company, Korea) (Tanita corporation, Japan), [Body Mass Index: BMI, (kg)/ (m 2 )]. (World Health Organization 2000; Anuurad et al 2003; Shin & Choi 2014) (BMI < 18.5 kg/m 2 ), (18.5 kg/m 2 BMI < 24.9 kg/m 2 ), (BMI 25.0 kg/m 2 ). BMI 25 kg/m 2 6) 10 (Kim et al 2003). (, ) 1,,,,,,, (1 ) (1 ), 2, (,, ) 2,

3 25(1): (2015) 51,,,,, (, ) 2 (.). 3. SPSS version 18.0(SPSS Inc, Chicago, 11., U.S.A.). one-way Anova, (p<) Duncan.,, p< χ 2 -test. 1. Table ,, cm, kg kg/m ( 160 cm, 56.3 kg)(the Korean Nutrition Society 2010), 1.49 cm, 4.13 kg., kg, kg kg (p<) kg/m 2, kg/m kg/m 2. (Yu & Lee 2004), cm, 46.2 kg, 17.6 kg/m 2, Hong et al(2011) cm, 54.0 kg, 20.3 kg/m 2. Kim & Kim (2005) cm, 51.8 kg, Cheong et al(2007) cm, Shin & Chung(2010) cm, kg. Choi et al (2012) , cm, 51.8 kg 19.2 kg/m 2, , cm, 51.3 kg 19.6 kg/m 2,. Nam et al(2014) 21.0,, cm, 47.0 kg 17.9 kg/m 2. (2012), ( (kg/m 2 ) 25 ) %,. 2., Table 2 Table %, 1) Table 1. Anthropometric characteristics of subjects Variables Mean±S.D. Body mass index Underweight Normal weight Obese Significance Age (years) 20.69±1.72 1) 20.85± ± ±2.02 2) Height (cm) ± ± ± ±10.33 Weight (kg) 52.17± ±4.01 a ±4.61 b 66.36±7.61 c 3) BMI 4) (kg/m 2 ) 20.01± ±1.22 a 20.42±1.34 b 26.44±1.23 c Mean±S.D. 2) : statistically no significant difference at p< by ANOVA-test. 3) a c values with different alphabet were significant different among groups at p< by Duncan's multiple range test. 4) BMI : body mass index.

4 52 Table 2. Body awareness and satisfaction ( I ) Body satisfaction Reason of dissatisfaction body The most satisfying parts of the body part Worry about weight-control An instrument to control weight The advice for weight-control The desired degree of weight loss Intent surgery and prescription drugs Worry about food during weight loss Yes 15(28.8) 1) 10( 6.5) - 25(11.5) No 37(71.2) 144(93.5) 11(100) 192(88.5) Overweight 7(18.9) 88(61.1) 10(90.9) 105(48.4) Underweight 6(16.2) - - 6( 2.8) Body dissatisfaction 21(56.8) 51(35.4) - 72(33.1) Others 18( 8.1) 15( 3.5) 1( 9.1) 34(15.7) Face 11(21.2) 26(16.9) 4(36.4) 41(18.9) Head 4( 7.7) 15( 9.7) - 19( 8.8) Shoulder 3( 5.8) 20(13.0) 2(18.2) 25(11.5) Breast 1( 1.9) 13( 8.4) 1( 9.9) 15( 6.9) Belly 4( 7.7) 10( 6.5) - 14( 6.5) Hip 8(15.4) 12( 7.8) 1( 9.9) 21( 9.7) Leg - 3( 1.9) - 3( 1.4) Hight 12(23.1) 22(14.3) - 34(15.9) Weight 2( 3.8) 31(20.1) 3(27.3) 36(16.6) Appearance 7(13.5) 2( 1.3) - 9( 4.1) Yes 39(75.0) 147(95.5) 11(100) 197(90.8) No 13(25.0) 7( 4.5) - 20( 9.2) Looks pretty 24(61.5) 77(52.4) 3(27.3) 104(52.8) Healthy 2( 5.1) 16(10.9) 2(18.2) 20(10.2) Treatment of disease Advice - 2( 1.4) 1( 9.1) 3( 1.5) Stress 13(33.3) 51(34.7) 5(45.5) 69(35.0) Others - 1( 0.7) - 1( 0.5) For yourself 36(92.3) 127(86.4) 8(72.7) 171(86.8) Parents 2( 5.1) 12( 8.2) 2(18.2) 16( 8.1) Friends - 7( 4.8) 1( 9.1) 8( 4.1) Others 1( 2.6) 1( 0.7) - 2( 1.0) 1 2 kg 17(43.6) 9( 6.1) - 26(13.2) 3 5 kg 15(38.5) 74(50.3) 1( 9.1) 90(45.7) 6 8 kg 3( 7.7) 36(24.5) 1( 9.1) 40(20.3) 9 kg 4(10.3) 28(19.0) 9(81.8) 41(20.8) Yes 5(12.8) 43(29.3) 4(36.4) 52(26.4) No 34(87.2) 104(70.7) 7(63.6) 145(73.6) Carbohydrate foods 7(17.9) 49(33.4) 3(27.3) 58(29.4) Fast food 22(56.4) 77(52.4) 7(63.6) 1( 0.5) 2) 3)

5 25(1): (2015) 53 Table 2. Continued Worry about food during weight loss Method of weight-control Sugar foods 7(17.9) 13( 8.8) - 106(53.8) Alcohol 2( 5.1) 7( 4.8) 1( 9.1) 20(10.2) Others 1( 2.6) 1( 0.7) - 12( 6.1) The hungry 13(33.3) 32(21.8) 2(18.2) 47(23.9) One food diet - 1( 0.7) - 1( 0.5) Protein diet - 4( 2.7) - 4( 2.0) Diet supplements and injections 1( 2.6) 2( 1.4) - 3( 1.5) Exercise 10(25.6) 22(15.0) 2(18.2) 34(17.3) Exercise + diet therapy 14(35.9) 75(51.0) 7(63.6) 96(48.7) Intermittent diet 1( 2.6) 11( 7.5) - 12( 6.1) 1) 2) 3) N(%) : number of subjects, the relative % of subjects. Significant at p< by χ 2 -test. : statistically no significant difference at p< by χ 2 -test. 88.5%. 71.2%, 93.5%, 100% (p<). 56.8%, 61.1% 90.9% (p<). (Lee & Park 2003) 15.6% 37.5%, Rhee JH(2007),,.,, (Hong et al 2011). Hong et al(2011) 90.1%, BMI, 64.9%, 26%, (p<0.0001). Lee & Lee (1996) 17.2%, 2.1%, 61.0%, 31.5%. (Cho & Kang 2004), 74.3%,. Ju et al(2013),. Table 3. Body awareness and satisfaction ( II ) < 1 weeks 13(33.3) 1) 17(11.6) - 30(15.2) Try period of weight-control 1 weeks 1 month 13(33.3) 50(34.0) 3(27.3) 66(33.5) 1 3 month 6(15.4) 55(37.4) 7(63.6) 68(34.5) 3 6 month 2( 5.1) 20(13.6) 1( 9.1) 23(11.7) 1 years 5(12.8) 5( 3.4) - 10( 5.1) 2)

6 54 Table 3. Continued Self-confidence 28(71.8) 94(63.9) 8(72.7) 130(66.0) Emerging changes in the weight-control Maintaining weight The reason for the failure of weight loss Side effects of weight loss Learn about weight loss Cost for weight-control (10 4 won) Disease appears after weight loss Study - 1( 0.7) - 1( 0.5) Healthy 1( 2.6) 26(17.7) 1( 9.1) 28(14.2) Complete disease remission Never 10(25.6) 26(17.7) 2(18.2) 38(19.3) Yes 20(51.3) 47(32.0) 2(18.2) 69(35.0) No 19(48.7) 100(68.0) 9(81.8) 128(65.0) Lack of willingness 15(78.9) 73(73.0) 6(66.7) 94(73.4) The wrong way 2(10.5) 7( 7.0) - 9( 7.0) Study - 8( 8.0) 2(22.2) 10( 7.8) Disturbance of the surrounding environment and friends - 9( 9.0) 1(11.1) 10( 7.8) Others 2(10.5) 3( 3.0) - 5( 3.9) Yo-yo syndrome 5(26.3) 30(30.0) 4(44.4) 39(30.5) Increased appetite 3(15.8) 19(19.0) - 22(17.2) Anemia 6(31.6) 13(13.0) - 19(14.8) Stress - 8( 8.0) 1(11.2) 9( 7.0) Others 5(26.3) 30(30.0) 4(44.4) 39(30.5) Internet 27(69.2) 109(74.1) 8(72.7) 144(73.1) Hospital consultation 2( 5.1) 4( 2.7) 1( 9.1) 7( 3.6) Book and magazine 1( 2.6) 8( 5.4) - 9( 4.6) Friends and family 6(15.4) 17(11.6) 2(18.2) 25(12.7) Others 3( 7.7) 9( 6.1) - 12( 6.1) (66.7) 82(55.8) 3(27.3) 111(56.3) (12.8) 45(30.6) 5(45.5) 55(27.9) ( 7.7) 11( 7.5) 3(27.3) 17( 8.6) 30 5(12.8) 9( 6.1) - 14( 7.1) Anemia 11(28.2) 29(19.7) 1( 9.1) 41(20.8) Irregular menstruation 3( 7.7) 22(15.0) 1( 9.1) 26(13.2) Osteoporosis 1( 2.6) 1( 0.7) - 2( 1.0) Breakdown of body 14(35.9) 42(28.6) 1( 9.1) 57(28.9) Anorexia - 3( 2.0) 1( 9.1) 4( 2.0) Others 10(25.8) 50(34.0) 7(63.6) 67(34.0) 3) 1) 2) 3) N(%) : number of subjects, the relative % of subjects. Significant at p< by χ 2 -test. : statistically no significant difference at p< by χ 2 -test.

7 25(1): (2015) 55, (23.1%), (21.2%), (15.4%), (13.5%), (20.1%), (16.9%), (14.3%), (13.0%),, (36.4%), (27.3%), (18.2%) (p< ). 52.8%, 35.0% 10.2%, 45.5%. 86.8%, 8.1% 4.1%. Hong et al(2011) 8.0%, 92.0%. (Lee et al 2005; Ahn & Park 2009; Cho & Choi 2010), 85.7%, 91.9% 92.8%. 1 2 kg 43.6%, 3 5 kg 50.3%, 9 kg 81.8% (p<). 26.4%, 73.6%. 53.8%. (48.7%), 23.9%, 17.3%, 6.1%. Yu et al(2003), Ghaderi & Scott(2001) Hong et al(2011). Choi et al(2010), 32.0%, 71.7%, 39.8%, 17.4%, 16.9%, 2.0%. Hong et al(2011) 73%, 95.8% 32.8%. (Nunez et al 1998, Kim & Lee 2006, Strong et al 2008),,,, % 33.3%, %, % (p<)., 66.0%, 14.2%. 51.3%, 32.0% 18.2% (p<)., 73.4%, 7.8% 7.8%. 31.6%, 26.3% 15.8%, 30.0%, 19.0% 13.0%, 44.4%, 11.2%. 73.1%, 12.7%, 4.6%. Cho & Choi(2010),,,. TV (Cho & Choi 2010). Choi et al(2012) % 60.3% ( ), TV %, %, %, 7.1% 30 (p<). 35.9%, 28.2%, 7.7.%, 28.6%, 19.7%, 15.0%, 9.1%,

8 56 9.1%, 9.1%, 9.1%.,. 3. Table Choi et al(2010) Table 4. Health related habits of drinking Alcohol drinking Frequency of weekly drinking Begin drinking habit Motive for drinking Daily amount of alcohol drinking(soju) Reason of drinking Kind of alcohol Yes 50(96.2)1) 135(87.7) 9(81.8) 194(89.4) No 2( 3.8) 19(12.3) 2(18.2) 23(10.6) Everyday 1( 2.0) 7( 5.2) - 8( 4.1) 1 time/w 6(12.0) 26(19.3) 2(22.2) 34(17.5) 2 3 times/w 4( 8.0) 14(10.4) 1(11.1) 19( 9.8) 2 3 times/month 39(78.0) 88(65.2) 6(66.6) 133(68.6) Elementary school - 3( 2.2) - 3( 1.5) Middle school 5(10.0) 17(12.6) - 22(11.3) High school 15(30.0) 22(16.3) 4(44.4) 41(21.1) University 30(60.0) 93(68.9) 5(55.6) 128(66.1) Curiosity 13(26.0) 32(23.7) 4(44.4) 49(25.3) Stress 1( 2.0) 7( 5.2) - 8( 4.1) Admonition 2( 4.0) 14(10.4) 1(11.1) 17( 8.8) For show 1( 2.0) 1( 0.7) - 2( 1.0) From necessity 33(66.0) 81(60.0) 4(44.4) 118(60.8) 1/2 14(28.0) 39(28.9) 1(11.1) 54(27.8) 1/2 1 32(64.0) 75(55.5) 7(77.7) 114(58.8) 1 2 3( 6.0) 21(15.6) 1(11.1) 25(12.8) 3 1( 2.0) - - 1( 0.5) Habitually 2( 4.0) 13( 9.6) 1(11.1) 16( 8.2) Mental stability 3( 6.0) 6( 4.4) - 9( 4.6) Social relations 39(78.0) 92(68.1) 8(88.9) 139(71.6) Weight control Others 6(12.0) 24(17.8) - 30(15.5) Soju 20(40.0) 59(43.7) 4(44.4) 83(42.8) Beer 24(48.0) 73(54.1) 5(55.6) 102(52.6) Makgeolli 5(10.0) 3( 2.2) - 8( 4.1) Liquor 1( 2.0) - - 1( 0.5) Traditional liquor ) 1) 2) N(%) : number of subjects, the relative % of subjects. : statistically no significant difference at p< by χ 2 -test.

9 25(1): (2015) %, 1.8%,. 68.6% 2 3, %. 66.1%, 21.1%, 11.3%. 60.8%, 26.0% 23.7%, 11.1%. ( 4 5 ) 58.8%, ( 2 ) 27.8%, ( 6 8 ) 12.8%. 71.6%, 8.2%, 4.6%. 52.6%, 42.8%, 4.1%.. (2012), 1 (365 ) 7 ( 5 ), 5 ( 3 ) %, %, % %. (Kromhout D 1983; Williamson et al 1987; Lee & Kim 1991),. (Shin et al 2009; Choi et al 2010),,. (Dallongeville et al 1998; Kim et al 2006; Shin & Choi 2014),. 4. Table %, 50.0% 54.6%. 49.0%, 36.6% 54.4% (p<). Choi et al(2008),. Choi et al(2012) (35.2%), (32.4%), % 6 8, %, 8 7.8%. 30.8%, 39.0% 18.2%. 44.9% 1 2, %. (2008 ), 20 29, %, %. Choi et al(2010) 12.3%, (61.2%). Choi et al (2012) 30 38%. 5. Table 6., %, %, %. 69.1%. 17.5%, 33.2%. Choi et al(2010) %, %. (Lee & Lee 1996)

10 58 Table 5. Health related habits of subjects Interest in health A key to health Daily the sleeping hours Exercise Frequency of exercise per week Duration of daily exercise Very often 33(63.5) 1) 77(50.0) 6(54.6) 116(53.5) Sometimes 18(34.6) 68(44.2) 5(45.5) 91(41.9) Almost never 1( 1.9) 9( 5.8) - 10( 4.6) A good rest & sleep 25(49.0) 41(28.3) 1( 9.1) 67(32.4) Regular exercise 14(27.5) 53(36.6) 6(54.5) 73(35.3) Regular meals & taking nutrition 12(23.5) 40(27.6) 3(27.3) 55(26.6) Prohibition of smoking & drinking - 1( 0.7) - 1( 0.5) Supplement intake Obesity measurement - 10( 6.9) 1( 9.1) 11( 5.3) > 4 hours 2( 3.8) 5( 3.2) 1( 9.1) 8( 3.7) 4 6 hours 13(25.0) 49(31.8) 5(45.5) 67(30.9) 6 8 hours 32(61.5) 88(57.1) 5(45.5) 125(57.6) > 8 hours 5( 9.6) 12( 7.8) - 17( 7.8) Yes 16(30.8) 60(39.0) 2(18.2) 78(35.9) No 36(69.2) 64(61.0) 9(81.8) 139(64.1) 1 2 times/w 8(50.0) 26(43.3) 1(50.0) 35(44.9) 3 times/w 6(37.5) 15(25.0) - 21(26.9) 4 5 times/w 1( 6.3) 16(26.7) 1(50.0) 18(23.1) Every day 1( 6.3) 3( 5.0) - 4( 5.1) 30 minutes 3(18.8) 11(18.3) 1(50.0) 15(19.2) 30 minutes 1 hour 9(56.2) 22(36.7) 1(50.0) 32(41.0) 1 hour hour 30 minutes 4(25.0) 20(33.3) - 24(30.8) 1 hour 30 minutes 2 hour - 7(11.7) - 7( 9.0) 2) 3) 1) 2) 3) N(%) : number of subjects, the relative % of subjects. : statistically no significant difference at p< by χ 2 -test. Significant at p< by χ 2 -test.,,,. 32.7%, 26.0% 36.4% %, 36.4%. (Kim SH 1995, Ahn et al 2007, Choi et al 2010) 20.8%, 50 56%. 36.5%, 17.5% 27.3% (p<), 16.6%., 42.3%, 41.6% 45.5% (p<). 62.2%, 43.3%

11 25(1): (2015) 59 Table 6. Eating habits of subjects < 20 33(63.5) 102(66.2) 6(54.5) 141(65.0) Food expenses ( 10 4 won) Type of food expenses consumption Time of meal Eat breakfast Overeating Eating out Snacking Unbalanced meals (32.7) 48(31.2) 4(45.5) 70(32.3) ( 3.8) 1( 0.6) - 3( 1.4) 100-3( 1.9) - 3( 1.4) A homelike meal 8(15.4) 29(18.8) 2(18.2) 39(18.0) Eating out 38(73.1) 106(68.8) 6(54.5) 150(69.1) Meal delivery 2( 3.8) 3( 1.9) - 5( 2.3) Snack 4( 7.7) 16(10.4) 3(27.3) 23(10.6) Regularly 8(15.4) 29(18.8) 1( 9.1) 38(17.5) Sometimes 29(55.8) 73(47.4) 5(45.5) 107(49.3) Irregularly 15(28.8) 52(33.8) 5(45.5) 72(33.2) Every day 17(32.7) 33(21.4) 1( 9.1) 51(23.5) 5 6 times/w 3( 5.8) 19(12.3) 1( 9.1) 23(10.6) 3 4 times/w 9(17.3) 29(18.8) 1( 9.1) 39(18.0) 1 2 times/w 11(21.2) 40(26.0) 4(36.4) 55(25.3) Not at all 12(23.1) 33(21.4) 4(36.4) 49(22.6) Almost never 19(36.5) 27(17.5) 3(27.3) 49(22.6) Sometimes 26(50.0) 100(64.9) 6(54.5) 132(60.8) Often 7(13.5) 27(17.5) 2(18.2) 36(16.6) Korean food 11(21.2) 64(41.6) 3(27.3) 78(35.9) Western food 22(42.3) 42(27.3) 3(27.3) 67(30.9) Chinese food 18(34.6) 48(31.2) 5(45.5) 71(32.7) Fast food Others 1( 1.9) - - 1( 0.5) Almost never 8(15.4) 14( 9.1) 1( 9.1) 23(10.6) 1 time 30(57.7) 98(63.6) 7(63.6) 135(62.2) 2 times 10(19.2) 23(14.9) 2(18.2) 35(16.1) > 3 times 4( 7.7) 19(12.3) 1( 9.1) 24(11.1) Almost never 11(21.2) 21(13.6) - 32(14.7) Sometimes 16(30.8) 71(46.1) 4(36.4) 91(41.9) Often 25(48.1) 62(40.3) 7(63.6) 94(43.3) 2) 3) 1) 2) 3) N(%) : number of subjects, the relative % of subjects. : statistically no significant difference at p< by χ 2 -test. Significant at p< by χ 2 -test.. Choi et al(2012) , ,,

12 ,. 6. Table %, 44.7%. Table 7. Mini dietary assessment in college women Milk & its products, daily Meat, fish, egg, soybean etc, every meal Kimchi, vegetables, every meal Fruits & other juices, daily Fried foods, more than 2 times per week High fat meat, more than 2 times per week Add more salt or soy source at meals 3 meals a day, regularly Ice cream, cake, cookies, carbonated drinks as snack, more than 2 times per week Variety of food (balanced diet) Very often 10(19.2) 1) 33(21.4) - 43(19.8) Sometimes 17(32.7) 57(37.0) 3(27.3) 77(35.5) Seldom 25(48.1) 64(41.6) 8(72.7) 97(44.7) Very often 21(40.4) 53(34.4) 2(18.2) 76(35.0) Sometimes 28(53.8) 82(53.2) 5(45.5) 115(53.0) Seldom 3( 5.8) 19(12.3) 4(36.4) 26(12.0) Very often 23(44.2) 63(40.9) 4(36.4) 90(41.5) Sometimes 22(42.3) 65(42.2) 5(45.5) 92(42.4) Seldom 7(13.5) 26(16.9) 2(18.2) 35(16.1) Very often 18(34.6) 45(29.2) 4(36.4) 67(30.9) Sometimes 24(46.2) 58(37.7) 2(18.2) 84(38.7) Seldom 10(19.2) 51(33.1) 5(45.5) 66(30.4) Very often 19(36.5) 67(43.5) 6(54.5) 92(42.4) Sometimes 30(57.7) 69(44.8) 1( 9.1) 100(46.1) Seldom 3( 5.8) 18(11.7) 4(36.4) 25(11.5) Very often 15(28.8) 38(24.7) 3(27.3) 56(25.8) Sometimes 24(46.2) 65(42.2) 3(27.3) 92(42.4) Seldom 13(25.0) 51(33.1) 5(45.5) 69(31.8) Very often 9(17.3) 20(13.0) - 29(13.4) Sometimes 24(46.2) 49(31.8) 3(27.3) 76(35.0) Seldom 19(36.5) 85(55.2) 8(72.7) 112(51.6) Very often 7(13.5) 28(18.2) 2(18.2) 37(17.1) Sometimes 22(42.3) 49(31.8) 1( 9.1) 72(33.2) Seldom 23(44.2) 77(50.0) 8(72.7) 108(49.8) Very often 20(38.5) 67(43.5) 3(27.3) 90(41.5) Sometimes 14(26.9) 59(38.3) 3(27.3) 76(35.0) Seldom 18(34.6) 28(18.2) 5(45.5) 51(23.5) Very often 27(51.9) 59(38.3) 6(54.5) 92(42.4) Sometimes 18(34.6) 76(49.4) 3(27.3) 97(44.7) Seldom 7(13.5) 19(12.3) 2(18.2) 28(12.9) 2) 3) 1) 2) 3) N(%) : number of subjects, the relative % of subjects. : statistically no significant difference at p< by χ 2 -test. Significant at p< by χ 2 -test.

13 25(1): (2015) %, (1 ) (1 ) 69.6%. (,, ) %, 17.1%, (.) 87.1%. 40.4%, 34.4% 18.2% (p<) %, 43.5% 54.5%, (p<). 17.3% 13.0%, 72.7% (p<).,,, (, ) %, 43.5% 27.3%, 45.5% (p<). Choi et al(2012) ,,,, 2008,,. Shin & Choi (2014) (41.3%) ( 9.1%, 27.9%), (37.0%), (43.5%) (54.3%).,, ,, cm, kg kg/m %, 56.8%, 61.1%, 90.9% (p<). 52.8%, 35.0% 10.2%, 45.5%. 9 kg 81.8%, 3 5 kg 45.7% (p<). 3. (48.7%), 23.9%, 17.3%, 6.1%. 31.6%, 26.3% 15.8%, 44.4%, 11.2% %, 50.0% 54.6%. 49.0%, 36.6% 54.4% (p<) %, 36.4% %, 34.4% 18.2% (p<). 2 (p<).,,.,,,.,

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