대한치과보존학회지 : Vol. 32, No. 6, 2007 isthmus, apical delta 등근관계의복잡한구조때문에완전한밀봉을통한전근관계의삼차원적충전이어렵다 3). 일반적으로측방가압법은 spreader 를이용하여많은 gutta-percha point 를근첨부에가
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1 Continuous wave of obturation technique에서플러거의다양한적용깊이에따른근단부폐쇄효율비교 ABSTRACT 이상진 박정길 허복 김현철 * 부산대학교치의학전문대학원치과보존학교실 COMPARISON OF APICAL SEALING EFFICACIES USING DIFFERENT PLUGGING DEPTH IN CONTINUOUS WAVE OF OBTURATION TECHNIQUE Sang-Jin Lee, Jeong-Kil Park, Bock Hur, Hyeon-Cheol Kim* Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea The purpose of this study was to compare apical sealing ability of continuous wave canal filling technique according to various heat source plugging depths. Eighty one extracted human premolars with straight root were cleaned and shaped to size 35 using.06 taper rotary NiTi file. After cleansing and shaping, the teeth were divided into 5 groups following the heat source probing depths from the apex; 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 mm. All specimens were filled using E&Q plus with #35 /.06 tapered gutta-percha cone. The positive control teeth were not filled. All teeth were coated with nail varnish except the apical 1 mm around the apical foramen. Negative control teeth were completely sealed include the apical foramen. All specimens were immersed in 1% methylene blue solution for 72 hours. Then the specimens were sectioned horizontally at 1, 2 and 3 mm from the root apex. Each sectioned surface was photographed using a digital camera attached to the stereomicroscope at fold magnification. All points at 1, 2 and 3 mm were summed as final score of one specimen. Statistical analysis of the collected data was performed. Under the condition of this study, there was no significant difference between the heat source plugging depths of 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 mm in apical sealing ability. All of apical heat source plugging depth from 3 to 7 mm including Buchanan s protocol -from 5 to 7 mm- seems to be acceptable in clinical application. [J Kor Acad Cons Dent 32(6): , 2007] Key words: Continuous wave of obturation technique, dye leakage, heat source, plugging depth - Received , revised , accepted * Corresponding Author: Hyeon-Cheol Kim Department of Conservative Dentistry School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, 10, 1ga, Ami-Dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, , Korea Tel: Fax: golddent@pusan.ac.kr Ⅰ. 서론 성형과세정이완료된근관의충전은세균이근관으로침투하는것을예방하고재군집화하여증식하는것을방지한다. 근관충전에서의적절한밀폐와완전한봉쇄는근관치료의실패가능성을최소한으로줄인다 1,2). 측방근관, fin, 491
2 대한치과보존학회지 : Vol. 32, No. 6, 2007 isthmus, apical delta 등근관계의복잡한구조때문에완전한밀봉을통한전근관계의삼차원적충전이어렵다 3). 일반적으로측방가압법은 spreader 를이용하여많은 gutta-percha point 를근첨부에가압하여긴밀한근첨부밀봉을제공하는이점이있다. 그러나, 측방가압법의주요단점은 cold gutta-percha cones 이근관벽에부착되지않는것이다. 이는특히근관의불규칙성이존재할때더욱부각된다 3,4). 또이러한점이근관치료의실패가능성을높이는것과도관계된다 5-7). 이런문제점을극복하기위해 Schilder 는온수직가압법을소개하였다. 이방법은측방가압법보다더나은근관밀폐를제공하지만더많은시간과기구의사용이요구되는단점이있다 8-10). 이러한단점을극복하기위해, Buchanan 은 1996 년에수직가압법의변형된기법인 Continuous Wave of Obturation Technique 을 System B heat source (Analytic Technology, Redmond, WA, USA) 와함께소개하였다 11). 이방법에서는 System B 에부착된 plugger (Buchanan plugger; Analytic technology, Redmond, WA, USA) 를이용하여한번에수직가압하는동작으로충전이가능하도록하였다. 임상적으로, 이기술을사용할때 plugging depth 는근첨부에서의효과적인 gutta-percha 의가압과근첨부의밀봉을얻는데중요하다 4,12). Buchanan 11) 은 continuous wave of obturation technique 에서근관장보다 5~7 mm짧은 plugger 의적용깊이를제안하였지만, Guess 등 13) 의연구에서는근관장에서 3.5~4.5 mm떨어진 plugger 적용깊이가가장좋은결과를나타냈다고보고하였다. 그리고각제조사에서도다양한 plugger 의적용깊이를제시하고있다. 이연구의목적은 continuous wave of obturation technique 에서다양한 plugger 의적용깊이에따른근첨부의밀폐능을비교하는것이다. Ⅱ. 재료및방법 직선적치근을가진발거된인간의소구치를실험에사용하였다. #4 carbide round bur를이용하여근관와동을형성하고안정적이고일정한근관장의확보를위해교합면을삭제하였다. #15 K-file을근첨근단공에서보일때까지삽입하고이길이에서 0.5 mm짧게근관장을결정하였다. 토크조절이가능한 endodontic motor (X-smart; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) 를이용하여모든근관을성형하였다. 제조사의지시에따라 ProTaper (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) 와 ProFile (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) 을이용하여 crown down fashion으로성형하였다. 각파일의사용전후에 #10 K-file로근첨공을통과시킴으로써근첨부개방을확인하였다. 근관세척제로성형과정동안 2.5% NaOCl을사용하였다. #35 /.06 ProFile로근첨부성형을마무리하였다. 성형후에도말층을제거하기위해 17% EDTA solution (MD- Cleaner; Meta Biomed Co., Chungju, Korea) 을 2분간모든근관에적용하고식염수로세척하였다. 그리고 #35 크기의 paper point로근관을건조시켰다. 성형이완료된근관에 FM 크기의 plugger를적용하여근관장보다 3, 4, 5, 6 mm그리고 7 mm짧은위치에서적합되는다섯군의근관으로분류하였다. 각군은 15개의근관으로구성되었고모든근관은 E & Q Plus (Meta Biomed Co., Chungju, Korea) 를이용하여 #35 /.06 크기의 master cones으로충전하였다. 부가적인여섯개의치근을양성과음성대조군으로 3개씩사용하였으며성형과세정만을시행하고충전하지않았다. Root canal sealer로 Adseal (Meta Biomed Co., Chungju, Korea) 을사용하였다. Gutta-Gauge (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) 를이용하여 master cones을 #35 크기로계량한후, sealer를묻히고근관장보다 0.5 mm짧게근관에삽입하였다. Heat source plugger의온도는 200 로조절하여사용하였다 12). 사전에시적한근관장보다 1 mm정도짧게도달되는깊이에서 Plugger의열발생을멈추고지속적으로수직가압하였다. 근단부에충전된 gutta-percha의수축을보상할수있도록 10초정도가압을유지한후, 순간가열하며 plugger 를제거하였다. 충전된근단부 gutta-percha는 hand plugger (S-Kondensor; Obtura Corporation, Fenton, MO, USA) 를이용하여응축하고, 180 로조절된 E & Q plus gun system을이용하여 back-filling하였다. Hand plugger를이용하여다시응축한다음근관와동을 glassionomer (Fuji II LC; GC, Tokyo, Japan) 로충전하였다. 음성대조군을제외한모든치아는근단공의근단부 1 mm를제외하고 nail varnish를충분히도포하였다. 음성대조군은근단공을포함하여완전히도포하였다. 그후, 시편을 1% methylene blue 용액에 72시간동안보관하였다. 저속핸드피스를사용하여충분한주수하에 fine diamond disk (Horico, Berlin, Germany) 로치근을치근첨으로부터상부 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm의위치에서수평으로절단하였다. 각절단면을 stereomicroscope (OPMI pico; Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) 에서 배확대율로관찰하고그상을현미경에부착된 digital camera (EOS350D; CANON, Japan) 로촬영하였다. 촬영된사진을 해상도의컴퓨터모니터 492
3 (SyncMaster CX1565N; Samsung, Suwon, Korea) 상에서실험군에대한정보를모르는실험에직접참가하지않은두명의관찰자가미세누출점수를부여하였다. 염색제의침투를평가하는데 Five-point scoring system 을사용하였으며 (Figure 1), 두관찰자가부여하는점수가일치되고동의하는경우에결정하였다. 근관경계에염색제가침투되지않은시편에 0 점이주어졌다. 염색제의투과가근관벽의 1/4 이하인경우에 0.25 점, 1/4 을초과하여 1/2 이하인경우 0.5 점, 1/2 을초과하고 3/4 이하인경우에 0.75 점, 그리고 3/4 을초과하여거의모든근관벽을염색제가투과한경우 1 점의점수가주어졌다. 치근단으로부터 1 mm, 2 mm및 3 mm의절단면에서부여된모든점수를합산하여각시편의점수로결정하였다. 수집된데이터는 SPSS version 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을사용하여유의확률 95% 에서 Kruskal-Wallis test 를시행하였다. Ⅲ. 결과 Five-point scoring system 을이용하여염색제누출에따른시편의점수를부여한견본을 Figure 2 에나타냈다. 염색제누출을비교한결과, 근관장에서 3 mm짧게 plug- 0 point 0.25 point 0.5 point 0.75 point 1 point Figure 1. Five-point scoring system at each level; Bold line means the dye leakage area. A; 0 point B; 0.25 point C; 0.5 point D; 0.75 point E; 1 point *Arrow; leakage area Figure 2. Representative samples of each degree according to Five-point scoring system. A; 2 mm level of the specimen of 3 mm plugging depth B; 3 mm level of the specimen of 5 mm plugging depth C; 1 mm level of the specimen of 6 mm plugging depth D; 1 mm level of the specimen of 7 mm plugging depth E; 1 mm level of a specimen of positive control group 493
4 대한치과보존학회지 : Vol. 32, No. 6, 2007 Table 1. Dye leakage score Heat Source Plugging Depth N Mean SD Total Positive control group showed 3 point (maximum) in all specimen (n = 3). Negative control group showed 0 point in all specimen (n = 3). ger 를적용한군에서가장낮은누출점수가나타났고 6 mm와 7 mm깊이를사용한군에서높은누출점수가나타났다. 그러나모든 plugger 의적용깊이간에통계학적으로유의한차이는없었다 (P > 0.05, Table 1). Ⅳ. 고찰 특히근첨부에서완전한밀폐를얻는것은근관치료의장기간예후가장중요한요소중하나이다 1,2). 전술한것처럼근관벽에 gutta-percha 가잘밀착될수있도록하는많은충전방법이소개되었다. 근래에 continuous wave of obturation technique 은치근주위의열자극에관한주의를필요로함에도 10,11,14) 삼차원적인근관충전을얻기위한효과적인방법으로더욱사용이증가되고있다. 가열된 plugger 가삽입되는깊이는온수직가압법에서는물론 continuous wave of obturation technique 에서도근관폐쇄를높이기위한요소로중요하다 1,4,12). 이방법에서도훌륭한밀폐를이루기위해서는 gutta-percha master cone 이반드시근관벽의형태를따라적합될수있도록충분히연화된상태여야한다. Diemer 등 15) 은 continuous wave of obturation technique 에서, heat source plugger 가가압전에 gutta-percha 가식는것을줄인다고하였으며, 이는치근단방향으로가압하는과정동안에 guttapercha 가근단부로보다더잘흐를수있게도와주는것으로보인다. Buchanan 은이러한점이가열시간, 적용시간, 삽입깊이에의존된다고하였다 11,12). 가열된 plugger 가근관에더깊이들어갈수록 guttapercha 에더많은열이가해지게되고근관과근관의불규칙한형태에보다더용이하게적합될수있게한다 4,16,17). Schilder 1) 와 Yared 등 18) 에따르면, 열전달이용이하도록 plugger 를근관장보다 5 mm이내로가능한깊게들어갈수있게해야한다고하였다. Weller 등 16) 의연구에서는 plugger 가근관장보다 3 mm이상멀리삽입되면, master cone 이근첨부에서적합되지않는다고보고하였다. Smith 등 4) 도근관장보다 3 mm이내로짧게열을적용해야 master cone 을연화시켜근관벽에잘적합될수있게한다고보고하였다. 그리고이들은온수직가압법을이용하여열을적용하는깊이 (3, 4, 5 and 7 mm ) 가각각유의한차이를나타낸다고보고하였으며, 깊게열이적용될수록근관벽에 guttapercha 가적합되는질이높아진다고하였다. 이것은 Bowman 과 Baumgartner 의연구 19) 에의해다시검증되었다. 연구자혹은제조사마다 continuous wave of obturation technique 에서추천되는 plugging depth 가차이가있다. Continuous wave of obturation technique 을처음발전시킨 Buchanan 은 continuous wave technique 에서최상의결과를얻기위해근관장보다 5 mm에서 7 mm짧은 heat source plugging depth 를추천하였다 11,12). 이는 Yared 와 Bou Dagher 18) 가수직가압법에서효과적인 gutta-percha 의가압과빈틈없는치근단밀폐를얻기위해 plugger 를작업장으로부터 5-7 mm까지삽입해야한다고한것과유사하다. 앞서서론에서언급했던바와같이, 일부연구에서는근관장으로부터 mm의 plugger depth 에서최상의결과를나타낸다고보고하였다 13). E & Q Plus system 의제조사에서권하는 plugging depth 는근관장에서 4-6 mm짧은길이이다. 이연구의계획단계에서는 Smith 등 4) 이보고했던바와같이더깊은 plugging depth 가보다나은 gutta-percha 의흐름성을형성하고근관벽에보다빈틈없이 gutta-percha 가적합되어미세누출이적을것이라고추정하였다. 실험결과는예상과유사하게나타났지만모든실험군간에통계학적으로유의한차이는없었다. 실험을위해가능한직선적치근을가진발거치아를선택하였지만 Guess 등 13) 의연구에서지적되었듯이, 근관형태 494
5 를임상적으로측정할수없듯이정확하게조절할수는없었다. 근단부의성형을동일한크기까지조정하였으므로근관의모양차이에따라, plugger 의적용깊이차이가결정되었다고볼수있다. 이러한차이가염색제의누출을더많이초래하고군간의유의한차이를줄인것으로도해석이가능할것이다. Venturi 와 Breschi 20) 는 continuous wave obturation unit 를사용한근첨부의충전뒤에수기구를사용하여수직가압하는것은 gutta-percha 의근첨부밀폐에중요한요소로작용한다고하였다. 수직가압을하는동안더많은힘을적용함으로써근관내불규칙한부분에 gutta-percha 가보다잘들어갈수있도록한다. 이연구에서도, 근단부충전후수직가압을위해세가지 S-Kondensor 중에서근단부에충전된 gutta-percha 의절단위치와같은깊이에도달하는것을선택하여수직가압을충분히하였다. 이러한부가적인가압이근단부누출을최소화하고각군간의유의한차이를최소화하였을것으로추정된다. Sealer 없이가열된 gutta-percha 만으로는인상을채득한것과같은근관벽과의긴밀한적합을얻을수었다 21,22). 임상적으로, sealer 는미세누출을줄이기위해근관충전법방법과관계없이항상사용된다. 이연구에서는에폭시계레진 sealer 인 Adseal 을사용하였다. 이런형태의 sealer 는상대적으로높은압축강도를가지며상아질과 gutta-percha 에 sealer 가더잘부착된다 23). 최근치관부누출을비교한연구 24) 에서레진계 sealer 의일부는 sealer 자체만으로도열가소성 gutta-percha 만을사용하거나 sealer 와함께사용하여 backfill 한경우보다치관부미세누출을더잘막아주었다고하였다. 이렇게레진계 sealer 도근관충전에서미세누출결과에미치는영향이크다고보인다 25). 이연구에서도 sealer 의훌륭한밀폐력에의해서도 plugger 의적용깊이에따른근관폐쇄력의차이가감소되었을가능성도배제할수는없다. 이실험과정에서, 모든근관에 2.5% NaOCl 과 17% EDTA 용액을사용하였다. Baumgartner 와 Mader 26) 는근관형성동안에 NaOCl 과 EDTA 의사용이도말층을제거하는데효과적이라고보고하였다. Villegas 등 27) 의연구에서도도말층의제거는상아질벽에 sealer 나근관충전제의침투에있어더나은결과를가져온다고하였다. 이러한조건역시이연구에서각군들간의유의한차이를감소시키는원인으로생각된다. Continuous wave of obturation technique 에서 heated plugger 의삽입깊이에따른비교결과가통계학적으로유의한차이가없는결과를나타내었으나, 여러변수를더통제한비교연구가필요하며임상적인장기연구결과로도비교검증할필요가있을것으로사료된다. Ⅴ. 결론 이연구의조건하에서, continuous wave of obturation technique 에서 3, 4, 5, 6 그리고 7 mm의 heat source plugger 의적용깊이에따른치근단밀폐효율의유의한차이는없었다. 근관장에서 5 mm - 7 mm짧은깊이까지의 plugger 적용깊이를권고하는 Buchanan s protocol 을포함하여 3 mm에서 7 mm사이의모든 apical heat source plugger 의적용깊이가임상적으로수용가능할만하다고추정된다. 참고문헌 1. Schilder H. Filling root canals in three dimensions. Dent Clin North Am 1: , Dow PR, Ingle JI. Isotope determination of root canal failure. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 8: , Weine FS. The enigma of the lateral canal. Dent Clin North Am 28: , Smith RS, Weller RN, Loushine RJ, Kimbrough WF. Effect of varying the depth of heat application on the adaptability of gutta-percha during warm vertical compaction. J Endod 26: , Khayat A, Lee SJ, Torabinejad M. Human saliva penetration of coronally unsealed obturated root canals. J Endod 19: , Trope M, Chow E, Nissan R. In vitro endotoxin penetration of coronally unsealed endodontically treated teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol 11:90-94, Friedman S, Torneck CD, Komorowski R, Ouzounian Z, Syrtash P, Kaufman A. In vivo model for assessing the functional efficacy of endodontic filling materials and techniques. J Endod 23: , Yared GM, Bou Dagher F. Sealing ability of the vertical condensation with different root canal sealers. J Endod 22: 6-8, Pommel L, Camps J. In Vitro apical leakage of system B compared with other filling techniques. J Endod 27: , Lea CS, Apicella MJ, Mines P, Yancich PP, Parker MH. Comparison of the obturation density of cold lateral compaction versus warm vertical compaction using the continuous wave of condensation technique. J Endod 31:37-39, Buchanan LS. The Continuous wave of obturation technique: centered condensation warm gutta-percha in 12 seconds. Dent Today 15:60-62, 64-67, Buchanan LS. Continuous wave of condensation technique. Endod Prac 1:7-10, 13-16, 18, Guess GM, Edwards KR, Yang ML, Iqbal MK, Kim S. Analysis of Continuous-Wave Obturation Using a Single-cone and Hybrid Technique. J Endod 29: , Kim YJ, Hwang YC, Kim SH, Hwang IN, Choi BY, Jeong YJ, Juhng WN, Oh WM. Analysis of temperature rise on the root surface during continuous wave of condensation technique. J Kor Acad Cons Dent 28: ,
6 대한치과보존학회지 : Vol. 32, No. 6, Diemer F, Sinan A, Calas P. Penetration Depth of Warm Vertical gutta-percha pluggers: Impact of apical preparation. J Endod 32: , Weller RN, Kimbrough WF, Anderson RW. A comparison of thermoplastic obturation techniques: adaptation to the canal walls. J Endod 23: , Yared GM, Bou Dagher FE. Apical enlargement: influence on the sealing ability of the vertical compaction technique. J Endod 20: , Yared GM, Bou Dagher FE. Influence of plugger penetration on the sealing ability of vertical condensation. J Endod 21: , Bowman CJ, Baumgartner JC. Gutta-percha obturation of lateral grooves and depressions. J Endod 28: , Venturi M, Breschi L. Evaluation of apical filling after warm vertical gutta-percha compaction using different procedures. J Endod 30: , Gutmann JL. Adaptation of injected thermoplasticized gutta-percha in the absence of the dentinal smear layer. Int Endod J 26:87-92, Bradshaw GG, Hall A, Edmunds DH. The sealing ability of injection-moulded thermoplasticized gutta-percha. Int Endod J 22:17-20, McComb D, Smith DC. Comparison of physical properties of polycarboxylate-based and conventional root canal sealers. J Endod 8: , Whitworth JM, Baco L. Coronal Leakage of Sealer- Only Backfill: An In Vitro Evaluation. J Endod 31: 김성용, 이미정, 문장원, 이세준, 유미경. 근관내불규칙확장부에서 sealer 적용방법에따른충전효과평가. 대한치과보존학회지 30:31-37, Baumgartner JC, Mader CL. A scanning electron microscopic evaluation of four root canal irrigation regimens. J Endod 13: , Villegas JC, Yoshioka T, Kobayashi C, Suda H. Obturation of accessory canals after four different final irrigation regimes. J Endod 28: ,
7 국문초록 Continuous wave of obturation technique 에서플러거의다양한적용깊이에따른근단부폐쇄효율비교 이상진 박정길 허복 김현철 * 부산대학교치의학전문대학원치과보존학교실 이연구의목적은 continuous wave of obturation technique 으로근관충전을할때, 다양한 heat source plugger 의깊이에따른근단부근관폐쇄능력을비교하는것이었다. 직선형태발거소구치를 #35/.06 크기까지니켈티타늄파일을사용하여성형및세정하였다. 성형과세정이완료된치아를 heat source plugger 의적용깊이에따라 15 개씩 5 군으로분류하였다 ; 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm. 양성대조군을제외한모든근관은 E&Q plus (Meta Biomed Co., Chungju, Korea) 를사용하여 #35/.06 gutta-percha cone 으로충전하였다. 모든치아의근첨공주변 1 mm를제외하고 nail varnish 를도포하였고음성대조군은근첨공을포함하여전체면을도포하였다. 모든시편을 1% 메틸렌블루용액에 72 시간동안보관한다음치근첨으로부터 1, 2, 3 mm높이에서수평으로절단하였다. 각단면을 배현미경하에서관찰하고디지털카메라로촬영하였다. 염색제누출평가를위해 five-degree scoring system 을사용하였다. 각절단면에서의점수를모두합하여한시편의점수로사용하고통계학적분석을하였다. 이실험조건하에서, 3-7 mm까지의 heat source plugger 의적용깊이는근단부폐쇄에서유의한차이를나타내지않았다. 5-7 mm의 Buchanan s protocol 을포함한 3-7 mm를모두임상적용에서받아들여질만하다고보인다. 주요어 : Continuous wave 충전법, Heat source, Plugging 깊이, 누출 497
근단부크기에따른 customized master cone 의치근단밀폐효과에관한연구 Ⅰ. 서론 근관치료과정은근관와동형성, 근관형성그리고근관충전의세단계로나눠지며, 성공적인근관치료를위해서는근관내감염된치수조직과세균및세균독성산물을제거하고근관충전을하여야한다. 근관충전의성공은대개근
근단부크기에따른 customized master cone 의치근단밀폐효과에관한연구 홍혜영 최호영 최기운경희대학교치과대학치과보존학교실 ABSTRACT EFFECTIVENESS OF CUSTOMIZED MASTER CONE ON APICAL SEALING IN VARIOUS APICAL SIZE OF PREPARED ROOT CANALS Hye-Young Hong,
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