835 MHz 및 1,800 MHz 대역에서인체의전기적특성을가지는한국인손모양의팬텀제작 mmunication Industry Association) tolerance of ±20 % at both bands. Its 3D CAD(3 Dimensional Computer
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1 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE May; 24(5), ISSN (Print) ISSN X (Online) 835 MHz 및 1,800 MHz 대역에서인체의전기적특성을가지는한국인손모양의팬텀제작 Manufacturing of a Korean Hand Phantom with Human Electrical Properties at 835 MHz and 1,800 MHz Bands 최동근 *, * 김윤명 * 최재훈 * Donggeun Choi*, *** Yoonmyoung Gimm** Jaehoon Choi*** 요약 휴대전화의이용이증가하면서, 손에미치는전자파의영향에대한관심이증가하고있다. IEC TC106 에서도휴대전화의전자파인체노출량평가방법표준에손영향을반영하기위하여국제적인교류연구가활발하게 진행되고있다. 현재상용화된손팬텀은평균서양인손을이용하고있을뿐만아니라, 한가지형태의파지 ( 把持 ) 만가능하기때문에, SAR 측정결과에대한분석에제한이많은실정이다. 손의영향을제대로분석하기위해서는다양한형태의파지가가능한손팬텀이필요하다. 또한, 국내환경에맞는손팬텀의개발이필수적이 다. 본논문에서는다양한형태의파지가가능한 835 MHz 대역과 1,800 MHz 대역의한국인의젤리형손팬텀을제작하였다. 제작된손팬텀의전기적특성은비유전율과도전율이 CTIA( 미국이동통신산업협회 ) 권고기준값의 ±10 % 이내로서, CTIA 에서제시하는오차기준 (±20 %) 보다더우수한특성을나타냈다. 또한, 손팬텀의 3D CAD(3 차원컴퓨터이용설계 ) 파일을개발하여손에의한 SAR 영향분석을위한시뮬레이션에서활용할수있도록하였다. 본연구를통해제작된젤리형손팬텀과 3D 파일은휴대전화의손영향에대한연구에유용하게이용될수있을것으로본다. Abstract Interest of the hand effect on the electromagnetic wave are internationally increasing with the increase of the use of the mobile phone. IEC TC106(International Electrotechnical Commission, Technical Committee 106) promotes international research exchange program in order to reflect the effect of human hands in the standard assessment method of human exposure dosimetry by the electromagnetic wave of mobile phones. Since current commercialized hand phantom is manufactured by taking into account the average size of westerners and provides only one grip posture, it imposes many restrictions on the accurate SAR measurement. Therefore, the development of proper hand phantom accounting for domestic situation and various grip posture capability is essential in order to analyze the accurate effect of human hand on the exposure estimation. In this paper, a jelly hand phantom suitable for Korean was manufactured with various grip posture capability at 835 MHz and 1,800 MHz bands. Although the tolerances of permittivity and conductivity of the manufactured hand phantom are with ±10 % each, it was much less than CTIA(Cellular Teleco- 본연구는방송통신위원회의전파방송위성원천기술개발사업의연구결과로수행되었음 (KCA ). * 국립전파연구원전파환경안전과 (EMF Environment Safety Division, National Radio Research Agency) ** 단국대학교전자전기공학과 (Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dankook University) *** 한양대학교전자컴퓨터통신공학과 (Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering, Hanyang University) Manuscript received February 26, 2013 ; Revised April 25, 2013 ; Accepted April 30, (ID No ) Corresponding Author : Jaehoon Choi ( choijh@hanyang.ac.kr) 534 c Copyright The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science. All Rights Reserved.
2 835 MHz 및 1,800 MHz 대역에서인체의전기적특성을가지는한국인손모양의팬텀제작 mmunication Industry Association) tolerance of ±20 % at both bands. Its 3D CAD(3 Dimensional Computer Aided Design) file which was developed can be utilized for the simulation of human hand effect on SAR measurement of mobile phones. The findings in this study can be utilized for the analysis of human hand effect on SAR measurement of a mobile phone. Key words : SAR, Hand Effect, Hand Phantom, IEC TC106, CTIA Ⅰ. 서론 2011 년 WHO( 세계보건기구 ) 가휴대전화에서발 생하는전자파를발암가능물질 (2B 등급 ) 로지정함 에따라일반국민들이전자파로부터인체영향에 대한의구심이날로증가하고있다. 우리나라뿐만 아니라세계각국에서는이를해소하기위하여보다 정확한전자파인체영향평가및분석연구에많은 노력을하고있다. 휴대전화를얼굴에댈때는손으 로잡으면서사용하기때문에, 휴대전화의전자파 인체영향을제대로검증하고평가하기위해서는인 체와동일한전기적특성을갖는손을모사하는팬 텀이필요하다 [1]~[5]. 최근 IEC, IEEE, CENELEC 등에서기존의 SAR 측정방법표준에서는휴대전화를파지 ( 把持 ) 하는 손가락및손모양이개인적인성향및특성에따라 매우다양하고복잡하여손팬텀을구현하기어렵다 고언급하고있으며, 향후필요할경우에손팬텀의 표준을권고하겠다고하였다 [1] [3]. 현재 IEC TC106 에서는휴대전화의 SAR 측정방법표준개발에손 영향을반영하기위한프로젝트팀을운영하고있으 며, 각국의전문가들로구성된연구반을구성하여 손에의한 SAR 영향분석을위하여지정시험기관 간의비교 SAR 측정을진행하고있다 [3]. 하지만, 비 교 SAR 측정은 CTIA 에서제시하고있는외국인손크기와한가지파지만가능한손팬텀을사용하여 [4] 동양의환경을충분히반영하지못했을뿐만아니 라, SAR 측정운용자에따라손팬텀의거치방법이 달라서신뢰성이있는결과를얻지못하고있는실 정이다. 또한, 기존의손영향에대한연구결과들은 손에의한영향으로휴대전화의안테나매칭이틀어져 SAR 값이낮게나온다는결과가대부분이어서 [5] ~[9] 측정방법표준에반영이되지않았다. 하지만 최근에실시된각국의비교 SAR 측정결과에서일 부데이터가 SAR 값이높게나타나는결과가있어서 IEC TC106 에서는 SAR 측정방법표준에손의영향 을반영하기로결정하였다 [3]. 그러므로정확한전자파영향분석연구를위해 서는국내환경에맞는동양인손과의비교연구와 다양한파지가가능한손팬텀개발이필요하다 [6],[10]. 본논문에서는 835 MHz 및 1,800 MHz 대역에서 CTIA 가제시하는사람손과동일한전기적특성을 가지는한국인의젤리형손팬텀을제작하는새로운 방법을제시하였다. 그리고제작된손팬텀의전기 적특성을확인하기위하여유전율측정기를이용하 여전기적특성을측정하였다. 또한, SAR 수치해석 을위한시뮬레이션툴 (simulation tool) 에서사용이 가능한손팬텀의 3D CAD 파일을개발하였다. Ⅱ. 팬텀과 3D CAD 파일의규격, 재료및제작 제안한손팬텀은국내성인남성 30 명의오른손 크기와한표본당 20 개의특징점을조사한결과를 평균하여기준이되는국내성인의우측손을선정 하여제작하였다. 그림 1 은손의크기를확인하기 (a) 오른손등번호 (b) 휴대전화파지모습 (a) Numbers indicating the po- (b) Grip view of mobile sitions on the back of the phone right hand 그림 1. 오른손등번호및모형 Fig. 1. Numbers indicating the positions on the back of the right hand and grip view. 535
3 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 24, no. 5, May 위해손등번호및파지모형을보여주고있으며, 표 1 은성인남성의오른손크기를나타낸다. 손팬텀 은 835 MHz 및 1,800 MHz 주파수대역에서사용가 능하도록각대역마다 1 개씩을제작하였다. 그리고 바 (bar) 형태등의다양한크기의휴대전화를파지할 수있도록엄지손가락을 180 회전할수있도록하 였으며, 검지손가락은좌, 우방향으로각 1 cm 씩 움직일수있도록제작하였다. 표 1 에서제시하는값들과가장근접한크기를가 지는국내성인남성의오른손을선택한후, 바타입 등의휴대전화를파지할수있는형태를유지하면서 3D 스캐너 [11] 를사용하여 360 도회전하면서스캔 작업을수행하였다. 그리고손팬텀제작을위한성 표 1. 국내성인남성 30 명의오른손등번호간의거리및손등번호의해당손가락둘레의평균측정치 Table 1. Average values of distance between right hand back numbers and average values of finger girths of corresponding the back numbers of 30 Korean male hands. 손등의번호 번호간거리 (mm) 손등의번호 해당손가락둘레 (mm) 1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~20 20 그림 2. 제작된손팬텀의 3D CAD 파일 Fig. 2. 3D CAD file of fabricated hand phantom. 형틀제조와전자파영향분석을위한시뮬레이션 용모델링에사용할 3D CAD 파일을만들기위하여 편집소프트웨어를사용하여스캔한손의 3 차원데 이터를각프레임별로하나의완성된 3D 모델로완 성하였다. 제작한손모양의 3D CAD 파일은 SAR 수치해석용상용시뮬레이션툴에서모델링이가능 하도록제작하였으며, 손팬텀의성형틀제조에도 사용하였다. 그리고엄지손가락은 180 도회전할 수있게제작하여다양한크기의휴대전화를파지할 수있도록하였으며, 검지손가락은가운데위치를 중심으로좌우로각 1 cm 씩이동가능하도록개발하 였다 ( 그림 2) [12]. 손팬텀제작은실물크기대로스캔한표준남성 의오른손 3D CAD 데이터를이용하여수치제어 (NC: Numerical Control) 기계로손모양을가공하였 고, 적층방법을사용하여오른손성형틀을제작하 였다. 제작된팬텀성형틀의재질은저유전율및 저손실재료를선정하여제작하였으며 ( 비 ( 比 ) 유전 율 5 이하, 손실탄젠트 0.05 이하 ), 껍질 (shell) 두께 는 2 mm 로하였다. 성형틀속에충전 ( 充塡 ) 시키는팬텀재질로는액 체형, 젤리형, 고체형팬텀등이있으나, 본논문에 서는손의형태를유지할수있고, 손가락을움직일 수있도록젤리형태로제작하였다. 액체형팬텀은 용량및부피가커서보관이어려우며, 밀봉하여보 536
4 835 MHz 및 1,800 MHz 대역에서인체의전기적특성을가지는한국인손모양의팬텀제작 표 MHz 및 1,800 MHz 대역을위한젤리형손팬텀의물질및질량구성비 Table 2. Composition of materials used for jelly hand phantom at 835 MHz and 1,800 MHz bands. 성 분 질량구성비 (%) 835 MHz 대역 1,800 MHz 대역 증류수 글리세롤 소금 폴리에틸렌가루 한천 목표비유전율 30.3±20 % 27±20 % 목표도전율 [S/m] 0.29±20 % 0.99±20 % 존하지않으면재질의전기적인특성이쉽게변하는 단점이있기때문에 [13] 새롭게제안된젤리형손팬 텀을이용하면이를보완할수있다 [14]. 젤리팬텀제조에사용되는재료는시중에서쉽 게구할수있는글리세롤 (glycerol), 증류수 (deionized water), 소금 (NaCl), 한천 (agar), 폴리에틸렌가루 (polyethylene powder) 등을사용하였다. 여기서, 증류수와 폴리에틸렌가루는양에따라비 ( 比 ) 유전율을조절 할수있으며, 소금은도전율을조절할수있다. 또 한, 글리세롤은팬텀을장기간사용할수있도록방 부제역할을하며, 젤리형태로모양을유지한다. 한 천은액체형태의팬텀재료들을고형화시킨다 [15]. 표 2 에서는 835 MHz 와 1,800 MHz 대역에서요구 되는손팬텀의전기적특성을구현하기위한물질 들과그구성비를제시하였다 [16]. 젤리형손팬텀의제조는목표유전율과도전율 을만족하도록재료를정확히조성하여야한다. 또 한혼합과정에서공기가유입되는경우원하는전기 적특성을얻을수없게된다. 젤리형팬텀의제조 방법은아래와같다 [14]. 1) 증류수, 글리세롤, 한천, 소금, 폴리에틸렌가루 를정밀저울을이용하여표 2 에서제시하는 비율만큼각각측정하여준비한다. 2) 먼저, 물에소금을녹이고, 제조한소금물에글 리세롤을넣고잘섞어준다. 3) 섞은재료를용기에담아가스레인지에올려놓 고약 20 분간가열시킨다. 4) 아랫부분이타지않도록주걱으로천천히저 어준다. 5) 만들어진혼합액을교반기 (stirrer) 용기에담고 폴리에틸렌가루를체로쳐서넣는다. 6) 폴리에틸렌가루가골고루섞이도록거품기를 이용해교반기안의재료들을 15 분간저어 준다. 7) 제작한손모형의실리콘주형안으로공기가 들어가지않도록 6 번에서만든재료를천천히 넣는다. 8) 공기와접촉하지않도록비닐랩 (wrap) 을씌우 고, 24 시간정도상온에식혀굳힌다. 9) 제작된젤리형손팬텀은장기간사용을위하 여냉장고에보관한다. Ⅲ. 팬텀성능측정 제작된젤리형손팬텀은오른손의외형상모양 을그대로재현하였고, 전기적인특성은표 2 의목 표값범위내에들어가도록제작하였다. 젤리형손팬텀재질의전기적인특성을측정하 기위해서, 유전율프로브키트 (dielectric probe kit, 모델 : HP 85070E) 와회로망분석기 (network analyzer, 모델 : HP 8753C) 를사용하여그림 3 과같이측정시 스템을구성하였다. 측정절차는아래와같다. 1) 회로망분석기에동축선케이블을연결한다. 2) 동축선케이블끝에프로브를연결한후공기 그림 3. 복소유전율측정시스템구성도 Fig. 3. Measurement system diagram of the complex dielectric constants. 537
5 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 24, no. 5, May (a) 제작된 835 MHz 대역의 손 팬텀 및 검지 사진 (a) Fabricated jelly hand phantom and index finger for 835 MHz band (a) 제작된 1,800 MHz 대역의 손 팬텀 및 검지 사진 (a) Fabricated jelly hand phantom and index finger for 1,800 MHz band (b) 835 MHz 대역의 전기적 특성 (b) Electrical properties at 835 MHz band (b) 1,800 MHz 대역의 전기적 특성 결과 (b) Electrical properties at 1,800 MHz band 그림 4. 측정된 835 MHz 젤리형 손 팬텀의 비유전 율과 도전율 Fig. 4. Measured dielectric constant( ) and conductivity( ) of 835 MHz jelly hand phantom. 그림 5. 측정된 1,800 MHz 젤리형 손 팬텀의 비유전 율과 도전율 Fig. 5. Measured dielectric constant( ) and conductivity( ) of 1,800 MHz jelly hand phantom. 중에서 개방(open) 상태, 단락(short) 상태, 그리 고 증류수를 부하(load)로 한 상태에서 각각 유 재질의 특성을 확보하였다. 여기서, 835 MHz 대역은 전율 측정 시스템을 교정(calibration)한다. 3) 프로브 종단면을 측정 매질에 접촉한 후 전기 적 특성을 측정한다. 그림 4, 5는 제작된 835 MHz 및 1,800 MHz 대역 의 젤리형 손 팬텀의 실물과 비유전율 및 도전율의 전기적 특성 결과이다. CTIA에서 제시하는 손 팬텀 의 전기적 특성은 비유전율 및 도전율 기준과 대비 하여 ± 20 %의 오차 범위이내이어야 하지만[4],[15],[17], 개발한 젤리형 손 팬텀은 835 MHz( 30.3, 0.59) 및 1,800 MHz 대역( 27, 0.99)에서 각각 ± 10 % 이내의 오차 범위 이내에 들어가는 우수한 MHz이고, 1,800 MHz 대역은 1,750 1,870 MHz이다. 여러 연구 결과들에서 검지 손가락이 휴대전화 뒷면의 상하 및 좌우로 1 cm 간격으로 터치하는 위 치 변화에 따라 TRP(총 방사 전력)값과 휴대전화의 [5],[12] 안테나 반사 손실이 변하는 것으로 나타났다.본 연구를 통해 개발한 손 팬텀은 전자파의 다양한 영 향을 분석하는데 유용하게 활용될 것으로 사료된다. Ⅳ. 결 론 CTIA에서 제시하는 835 MHz 및 1,800 MHz 대역 의 전기적 특성(비유전율과 도전율)을 구현할 수 있
6 835 MHz 및 1,800 MHz 대역에서인체의전기적특성을가지는한국인손모양의팬텀제작 고국내성인남성의손모양과크기를반영한젤리형손팬텀을개발하였다. 젤리형팬텀은폴리에틸렌가루와글리세롤과소금등을이용하여제작하였으며, 제작된팬텀의측정결과, CTIA에서제시한비유전율 (±10 %) 과도전율 (±10 %) 을만족하였다. 그리고엄지와검지손가락을움직이게하여다양한크기의휴대전화를파지하고터치할수있도록하였다. 또한, TRP, 안테나반사손실, 방사패턴등전자파영향분석을위한시뮬레이션툴에사용할수있는손팬텀의 3D CAD 파일도개발하였다. 개발된손팬텀은향후손에의한휴대전화의 SAR 영향연구에널리활용될것으로예상된다. 참고문헌 [1] IEC, EN , "Human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-mounted wireless communication devices - Human models, instrumentation, and procedures - Part 1: Procedure to determine the specific absorption rate(sar) for handheld devices used in close proximity of the ear (frequency range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz)", IEC(Feb. 2005), EN, Jul [2] IEEE Recommended Practice for Determining the Peak Spatial-Average Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the Human Head from Wireless Communications Devices: Measurement Techniques, IEEE Std TM, IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 34, Dec [3] IEC MT HEMI international project, B. Derat, S. Gabriel, A. Faraone, Hand Effect Measurement Interlab Final Report, Aug [4] CTIA, "CTIA certification test plan for mobile station over the air performance", Method Meas. Radiated RF Power and Receiver Performance, Apr [5] 최명선, 장영호, 김윤명, 박한규, " 손과악세서리에의한휴대폰전자파의인체노출특성 ", 한국전자파학회논문지, 16(6), pp , 2005년 6 월. [6] C. H. Li, E. Ofli, N. Chavannes, and N. Kuster, "Effect of hand phantom on mobile phone antenna performance", IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propag., vol. 57, no. 9, pp , Sep [7] N. A. Samsuri, J. A. Flint, "A study on the effect of loop-like jewellery items worn on human hand on Specific Absorption Rate(SAR) at 1,900 MHz", 2008 Loughborough Antennas & Propag. Conference, vol. 3, no. 3, pp , Mar [8] Liang-Cheng Kuo, Huey-Ru Chuang, "Design of a 900/1,800 MHz dual-band loop antenna mounted on a handset considering the human hand and head effects", Antennas and Propag. Society International Symposium, IEEE, vol. 3, no. 1, pp , Jun [9] Minh-Chau T. Huynh, Warren L. Stutzman, "A review of radiation effects on human operators of handheld radios", Microwave Journal, Jun [10] Chung-Huan Li, Mark Douglas, Erdem Ofli, Benoit Derat, and Niels Kuster, "User s hand effect on the specific absorption rate in the Head", AP-S URSI Symposium, pp , Oct [11] EPIK, 3D scanner( 미놀타사의 Vivid 9i). [12] Dong-Geun Choi, Hak-Tae Oh, Sung-Tek Kahng, Do-Hwan Kwon, Sun-Goo Kim, and Chan-Ho Jeong, "Investigating the hand effect of the electromagnetic field from a mobile phone on the hearing aid", Bioelectromagnetics Society 32nd Annual Meeting (Seoul), Jun [13] Youn-Myoung Gimm, "General method of formulating the human tissue simulant liquid for SAR measurement", EMC 04 Sendai, vol. 2, no. 3B2-1, pp , Jun [14] Y. Okano, A. Hase, I. Ida, and K. Ito, "A study on estimation of SAR in human head for electromagnetic energy exposure", APMC(Japan), Tech. Rep. TH2C-1, Dec [15] 이순용, 서원범, 권결, 최재훈, "MICS 대역과 ISM 대역에서인체전기적상수를갖는준고체형플랫팬텀제작 ", 한국전자파학회논문지, 23(1), pp , 2012년 1월. [16] Y. Okano, K. Ito, I. Ida, and M. Takahashi, "The 539
7 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 24, no. 5, May SAR evaluation method by a combination of thermographic experiments and biological tissue-equivalent phantoms", IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 48, no. 11, pp , Nov [17] C. Gabriel, "Tissue equivalent material for hand phantoms", Phys. Medi. Biol., vol. 52, no. 14, pp , Jul 최동근 2003 년 2 월 : 충북대학교정보통신공학과 ( 공학사 ) 2005 년 2 월 : 충북대학교정보통신공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2006 년 7 월 ~ 현재 : 국립전파연구원공업연구사 2010 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 한양대학교전자컴퓨터통신공학과박사과정 [ 주관심분야 ] SAR 평가기술, 전자파수치해석, 전자파인체보호, 안테나설계 최재훈 1980 년 : 한양대학교전자공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1986 년 : 미국 Ohio State University 전기공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1989 년 : 미국 Ohio State University 전기공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1989 년 ~1991 년 : 미국 Arizona State University 연구교수 1991 년 ~1995 년 : 한국통신위성사업단연구팀장 1995 년 ~ 현재 : 한양대학교융합전자공학부교수 [ 주관심분야 ] 안테나및마이크로파회로설계, EMI/EMC 김윤명 1975 년 2 월 : 서울대학교전자공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1977 년 2 월 : 한국과학원전기및전자공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1990 년 9 월 : 한국과학기술원전기및전자공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1977 년 2 월 ~1980 년 2 월 : 금성정밀공업주식회사 ( 現 LIG 넥스원 ) 중앙연구소연구원 1980 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 단국대학교전자전기공학부교수 2000 년 6 월 ~ 현재 : ( 주 )EMF Safety 대표이사 [ 주관심분야 ] 전자파환경, EMI/EMC, 전자계의인체영향측정, 무선전력전달등 540
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