Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems, Vol. 27, No. 2, April 2017 활용해국내에서는처음으로서해안갯골의형상을수록한 갯골분포도 를제작하기도하였다. 갯벌은직접적인접근이어려워지상측량이힘들기때문에갯벌에대한
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1 Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Vol. 27, No. 2, April 2017, pp ISSN(Print) ISSN(Online) JKIIS 드론을활용한갯벌지형및시계열정보의획득 Use of a Drone for Mapping and Time Series Image Acquisition of Tidal Zones 오재홍 * 김덕진 ** 이효성 *** Jaehong Oh, Duk-jin Kim, and Hyoseong Lee * 전남대학교토목공학과, ** 서울대학교지구환경과학부, *** 순천대학교토목공학과 *Dept. of Civil Engineering, Chonnam National University **School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University ***Dept. of Civil Engineering, Sunchon National University 요약우리나라갯벌은우리나라의하천및중국의양자강과황하등으로부터흘러들어온퇴적물이밀물과썰물에의해생성된지형이며오염정화, 어패류생산등에있어중요성이아주높다. 갯벌은직접적인접근이어려워지상측량이힘들어항공사진측량기법을활용하여고해상도의공간정보를얻는것이효율적이다. 본연구에서는비용및촬영주기등에있어단점이있는유인항공기및인공위성을보완하기위해최근산업적으로주목받고있는드론을활용하여갯벌지형생성에대한연구를수행하였다. 전라남도영광함평만야월리갯벌에대해 GPS(Global Positioning System) 기준점측량, 시간대별드론영상획득, 번들조정, 입체영상처리를통하여 DSM(Digital Surface Model) 및정사영상을생성하고상호좌표등록등의절차를통해단시간내에공간정확성이높은갯벌의시계열공간정보의생성이가능하였다. 키워드 : 드론, 갯벌, DSM, 시계열 Received: Jan. 13, 2017 Revised: Feb. 8, 2017 Accepted: Feb. 10, 2017 Corresponding authors djkim@snu.ac.kr Abstract The mud flat in Korea is the geographical feature generated from the sediment of rivers of Korea and China and it is the important topography for pollution purification and fishing industry. The mud flat is difficult to access such that it requires the aerial survey for the high-resolution spatial information of the area. In this study we used drones instead of the conventional aerial and remote sensing approaches which have shortcomings of costs and revisit times. We carried out GPS-based control point survey, temporal image acquisition using drones, bundle adjustment, stereo image processing for DSM and ortho photo generation, followed by coregistration between the spatio-temporal information. Key Words : Drone, Tidal Flat, DSM, Time-Series 1. 서론 본논문은한국연구재단연구자지원사업 (2016M1A3A3A ) 에서지원하여연구하였음. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 우리나라서해의갯벌은우리나라의하천뿐아니라중국의양자강과황하등으로부터흘러들어온퇴적물이밀물과썰물에의해생성되는지형이다. 서해의갯벌은북해연안, 캐나다동부연안, 미국미시시피하구, 아마존하구와더불어세계대규모갯벌의하나로국제적으로매우희귀한갯벌중하나이다. 특히전라남도의갯벌은영광에서무안, 함평, 목포를거쳐해남에이르는해안의굴곡이심하고섬도많아매우아름다우며그면적을합치면 1,000km 2 가넘는다. 갯벌은오염정화등생태계의기능뿐아니라어류생산성에있어서도큰가치를지니므로매립, 준설등개발이아닌보존지역의중요성이아주높다. 따라서국립수산과학원은갯벌연구센터 ( 를운영하고있으며갯벌과관련한연구를수행하고및시스템을통해우리나라갯벌에대한정보를제공하고있다. 갯벌은많은이로운점이있으나갯골로인한위험성또한존재한다. 갯벌의갯골은갯벌에형성되는하도형태의유로로서, 바닷물로인한갯골의급격한경사를파악하기힘들어 2011 년부터 2015년까지갯벌익사사고로 17명이숨지는안타까운사고가발생하기도하였다. 이를예방하기위해해양수산부국립해양조사원은갯골안전사고예방을위해항공수심측량기술을 드론을활용한갯벌지형및시계열정보의획득 119
2 Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems, Vol. 27, No. 2, April 2017 활용해국내에서는처음으로서해안갯골의형상을수록한 갯골분포도 를제작하기도하였다. 갯벌은직접적인접근이어려워지상측량이힘들기때문에갯벌에대한고해상도의공간정보를얻기위해서는항공기나위성으로부터획득된영상정보를활용하는항공사진측량기법을사용하는것이효율적이다. 국내에서항공기이나위성에서획득된영상정보를이용하여갯벌에대한연구의사례를몇가지살펴보면, 위성영상을이용하여갯벌의지형정보의추출이과거로부터현재까지연구되고있으며 [1-4], Ahn et al.[5] 은유인항공기로부터획득된항공사진으로부터순천만갯벌의퇴적및침식변화를탐지하는데기초자료가될수있는 DEM(Digital Elevation Model) 을제작하였다. Kim et al.[6] 은토양의유전상수, 표면의거칠기, 지표면의기하등다양한물리적요소들의정보를포함하고있는 SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) 자료를이용하여갯벌의표층퇴적환경을분석하였다. Kim[7] 는고해상도항공 LiDAR를이용하여하천과사면의관계만큼이나갯벌지형과갯골도상관성을갖는다는가정하에갯벌유형에따른갯골지형비교 분석을실시하기도하였다. 유인항공기의경우유인항공기특성상운용비용이비싸고해당시스템을장착하기위한항공기의개조가필요하여경제적인측면에서단점이있다. 또한우리나라와같이항공규제가심한경우운용에더욱문제점이있다. 한편최근드론등무인항공기는자동비행제어 [8] 가가능하여수치지도갱신등공간정보획득과관련한여러분야에서활용도가높아지고있고 [9], 이를갯벌지형의생성을위한연구또한제안되고있다 [10]. 본연구에서는이러한드론의장점을활용하여갯벌에대한시계열공간정보를획득하기위한연구를진행하였다. 즉, 간조부터만조까지일정한시간간격으로갯벌의공간정보를획득하였고, 간조때획득된데이터를사용하여갯벌의 3차원지형정보를생성하고, 시간대별데이터를상호처리하여시계열공간영상정보를구축하기위한실험을실시하였다. (Orthophotos) 을생성한다. 마지막으로시계열영상간의이격을최소화하기위해상호좌표등록을통해이격을없앤후최종시계열데이터를생성한다. 그림 1. 연구절차 Fig. 1. Procedure of this research 연구대상지는그림 2와같이함평만의야월리의갯벌로선정하였다. 함평만갯벌은세계5대갯벌중하나이며세계5대갯벌중갯벌특성이가장우수한곳으로꼽힌다. 특히서해안중내륙깊숙히만입해들어온주머니모양의반폐쇄적인유형과큰하천이없이만이형성된독특한형태의구조를가져자연가치가큰곳이다. 2. 드론을활용한갯벌조사 본연구의목표는드론을활용하여갯벌에대한시계열지형및영상자료를확보하기위한것으로서그림 1과같은절차로진행되었다. 선정된대상지에대해갯벌측량을위한기준점을설치하고, 해당일에대해예측된간조및만조시간사이에약 30분간격으로드론촬영을수행하였다. 이후촬영된데이터를바탕으로번들조정을통해사진측량을위한전처리를수행하고, 갯벌의지형정보인 DSM(Digital Surface Model) 과갯벌의영상인정사영상 그림 2. 연구대상지 ( 함평만 ) Fig. 2. Study area (Hampyeong Bay) < 기준점측량 > 시계열영상의보다정확하고효율적인생성을위해지상기준점을그림 3과같이갯벌에설치하여 Network RTK기반으로 GPS측량을수행하여촬영된영상의번들조정에활용하였다. 갯벌의경우간조및만조가있는지형의특징으로인해기준점 120 오재홍 김덕진 이효성
3 설치시주의해야하는데간조이후로물이서서히차오르기때문에그림3의좌측과같이폴대형태의기준점을설치하는것이좋다. 본연구에서는 Pole형태이외에도빠르게설치하여활용할수있는 Cone형태의기준점도설치하여 GPS측량후기준점으로활용하였다. 일반적으로 Network RTK의정밀도는위성의수신여부, 장애물여부등에따라약간씩은다를수있으나갯벌의경우장애물등이별로없으므로모호정수치가정수로서추정되는상태인고정솔루션 (Fixed Solution) 이확보되는경우에수cm 내로간주할있는것이일반적이다. 그림 3. 지상기준점측량 ( 만조용 Pole 형태및 Cone 형태 ) Fig. 3. Measurements of ground control points (pole-type and cone-type) < 시계열드론영상촬영 > 본연구에서는저가의드론을활용하여갯벌지형및시계열정보를획득하고자하였다. 따라서간조로부터만조까지여러번촬영을번갈아해야하기때문에본연구에서는팬텀 4와팬텀 3 프로페셔널 2기의드론을사용하여데이터를획득하였다. 표 1 은팬텀 4 및카메라에대한스펙을보여주고있다. 참고로하루에여러번의데이터취득을진행해야하므로충분한여분의배터리를확보해두는것이필수적이다. 표 1. 드론및카메라의재원 Table 1. Drone and camera specifications Drone Phantom 4 Camera 드론촬영은 8월 10일진행되었다. 대상지와가장가까운조석관측소는 향화도 로서해당일의물흐름은 조금 으로서흐름이많지않은날이다. 간조시각이약오후 1시이므로오후 1시부터만조인약오후 7시30까지드론측량이실시되었으며, 약 15~30분간격으로총 17회촬영을실시하였다 ( 표 2). 1회촬영시간은약 5~8분가량소요되었다. 특히일몰시각이오후 7시28분이므로예보된터라일몰시간에어두운영상이취득되지않도록주의하였다. 표 2. 촬영시각 Table 2. Observation times Obs. Start Time (hh:mm) Obs. Start Time (hh:mm) 1 12:11 (PM) 10 17: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Times of flood and ebb tide on the day of observation Flood tide: 06:52, 19:26 Ebb tide: 00:48, 13:13 촬영시고도는공간해상도를고려하여설정하였다. 즉, 3.5cm의공간해상도를획득키위해서갯벌표면으로부터약 85m( 타원체고로약 110m) 로설정하였는데아래의비행고도와스펙에나온카메라초점거리와의관계를통해사진의축척과공간해상도를계산할수가있다. 축척의역수 = 비행고도 / 초점거리 85m/0.0037m = 약 공간해상도 = 1픽셀크기 x 축척의역수 = mm x = mm = 약 3.6cm 사진의종중복도 (endlap) 및횡중복도 (sidelap) 은 80% 로설정하였다. 갯벌의경우바람으로인해드론의비행궤도에순간적인이탈이발생할수가있고, 드론에장착된카메라의경우고성능의카메라가아닌이유로렌즈수차 (lens abberation) 로인해영상가장자리의공간해상도가저하되므로중복도를높여이에대한영향을줄이고자하였다. Weight 1380g Focal length 3.7mm Max speed 20 m/s Pixel pitch mm Flight time 28 mins FOV 94 deg GNSS GPS GLONASS Sensor size 12.4M (4000x3000) < 번들조정 > 시간순서에따라촬영된데이터세트별로각각번들조정을수행하였다. 영상당평균 2만개이상의특징점을자동으로추출하여접합점 (tie points) 로활용되었고, 그림 4와같이 GPS측량을수행한기준점을수작업으로독취하여기준점 (ground control points) 드론을활용한갯벌지형및시계열정보의획득 121
4 Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems, Vol. 27, No. 2, April 2017 으로사용하였다. 번들조정은카메라의내부표정요소 (IOP: interior orientation parameters) 를외부표정요소 (EOP: exterior orientation parameters) 와함께구해내는셀프캘리브레이션 (self-calibration) 방식으로진행되었다 [11]. 번들조정결과지상기준점에서잔차 RMS(root mean square) 가수평수직약 10cm~20cm범위로도출되었다. 이는촬영된영상의공간해상도대비하여 3~6픽셀에해당하는것으로서일반적으로 내륙에서측량했을때보다두배이상의정확성저하가발생했다. 이는접근과이동이쉽지않은갯벌지역의특성상지상기준점의설치가어려워영상전반에걸쳐기준점의확보가어려웠기때문이며더욱이만조시간대로갈수록물이계속해서차오르기때문에사용가능한기준점의수가줄어들기때문에정확성의확보가어려워진다. 또한갯벌내에서측량시 GPS 폴대를중력방향으로레벨링하는데부정확성이발생한이유도있는것으로보인다. < 정사영상생성및 DSM생성 > 80% 의중복도로입체촬영된영상으로부터갯벌의지형을생성하기위해스테레오매칭을수행하였다. 스테레오매칭은상관계수 (normalized cross correlation) 매칭과최소제곱 (least square) 매칭을기반으로수행되었으며, 매칭윈도우의크기는 7x7픽셀을사용하였다. 매칭결과약 70개 /m3 점밀도의 3차원점군집 (Point Clouds) 을생성할수있었다. 매칭결과로부터주변지형과의지형변화를고려하여필터링을통해과대오차 ( 노이즈 ) 를제거하였다. 입체매칭을통해추출된 3차원점군집을 IDW(Inverse Distance Weighting) 기반으로보간 (Interpolation) 하여최종 1 그림 4. 영상에서기준점독취 Fig. 4. Acquisition of ground control points 픽셀공간해상도의 DSM를생성할수있었다. 1픽셀공간해상도는약간의고도차이등으로인해 mm단위의차이가있으나대략 3.5cm 그림 5. 번들조정장면 Fig. 5. Bundle adjustment 표 3. 번들조정결과 Table 3. Results of bundle adjustment Residual (GCPs) E/N/h (RMSE) Residual (GCPs) E/N/h (RMSE) 1 9/6/8 cm 10 9/8/16 cm 2 10/9/12 cm 11 2/3/13 cm 3 12/10/15 cm 12 7/10/20 cm 4 11/10/11 cm 13 9/10/23 cm 5 9/9/15 cm 14 9/7/15 cm 6 10/10/14 cm 15 6/8/10 cm 7 9/8/13 cm 16 9/11/28 cm 8 9/9/18 cm 17 4/5/8 cm 9 10/6/18 cm - - 그림 6. 대상지일부에대해생성된 DSM 및정사영상 Fig. 6. Generated DSM and orthorectified image over study area 122 오재홍 김덕진 이효성
5 경우 1차식 (Affine 변환 ) 을적용시에 RMSE가 3.34픽셀로큰오차를보이며, 3차식을적용한다고하더라도 2.7픽셀로서큰차이를보였다. 따라서본연구에서는 Linear Rubber Sheeting을사용하여국지적인이격 / 왜곡을최소화하였다. 특히, 매칭점이부족한지역에서는국소적인이격이발생할수있으므로이러한모델적용 그림 7. 갯골단면도 Fig. 7. Profile of tidal channels 에해당한다. 다음으로생성된 DSM과번들조정결과를바탕으로편위수정을통해 DSM과동일한공간해상도를갖는정사영상을생성하고, 여러인접영상을접합 ( 모자이크 ) 하여단일시간대의영상을하나의전체정사영상으로제작할수있었다. 그림 6은오후 12시11분간조때촬영된영상으로갯벌지형과정상영상을생성해본결과이다. DSM으로부터음영기복도 (Hillshade) 영상을생성하여갯골이시각적으로인지가쉽도록처리하였다. 음영기복도만보더라도시각적으로간조때의영상으로서갯골깊숙한부분까지고해상도로자세한형상이추출될수있을것으로판단된다. 갯골의형상을보다정확히살펴보기위해그림 6의윗그림에서직선을따라그림 7과같은단면도를추출할수있었다. 해당단면도를따라갯골부가높은해상도로추출되어있는것을확인할수있고단위갯골별로최대최소차이가 3~4m에이르는큰갯골의형태를보임을알수있었다. < 상호좌표등록 > 접근이어려운갯벌의특성상영상이획득되는전체지역에대하여고르게지상기준점을분포시키기어렵기때문에, 지상기준점이획득되지못한영역의경우공간정확도가낮아지게되어시계열영상간의이격이발생할수있다. 따라서본연구에서는 2차적으로영상간의상호좌표등록 (Co-registration) 을수행하여시계열데이터간의좌표정보정밀도를향상시켰다. 시계열영상은같은날짜에영상이취득되어지형의변화가없고, 약간의이격이있을뿐지형이거의유사한위치에존재하기때문에높은자동매칭의성능을기대할수있다. 본연구에서는상관계수매칭과최소제곱매칭을이용하여자동으로매칭점을추출하였다. 그림 7과 8은 5시 48분과 6시 42분에취득된영상간의상호매칭결과를보여주고있으며상호좌표등록을위한자동매칭점의예를확인해볼수있다. 영상전반에걸쳐매칭점이고르게분포되어추출된것을확인할수있고확대된그림에서약 1시간간격차이로인해물이차오른것을확인해볼수도있다. 상호좌표등록을위한 Geometric Model은국소적인이격을최소화하기위해선정되어야한다. 그림 8과 9의두시간대영상의 그림 8. 상호좌표등록을위한영상간의매칭점 (17 시 48 분촬영 ) Fig. 8. Matching points between images for co-registration (the image was taken at 17:48) 그림 9. 상호좌표등록을위한영상간의매칭점 (18 시 42 분촬영 ) Fig. 9. Matching points between images for co-registration (the image was taken at 18:42) 드론을활용한갯벌지형및시계열정보의획득 123
6 Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems, Vol. 27, No. 2, April 2017 시주의가필요하다. 상호좌표등록전 / 후의차이를그림 10을통해확인할수있다. 그림에서좌측및우측영상은각각오후 6시 7분, 오후 6시 25분에획득한데이터이다. 해당지역은지상기준점이충분히확보되지못한지역으로서상화좌표등록을통해좌 / 우영상간에갯골의연속성의품질이보다향상된것을육안으로확인할수있다. 상호좌표등록완료후최종적으로그림 11과같은간조부터 만조까지의정확한공간좌표를갖는 3차원갯벌시계열영상데이터를구축할수있었다. 드론을활용하는경우기존의유인비행기보다매우저고도로데이터획득이가능하여공간해상도측면에서큰장점을갖고, 기존의위성영상과비교했을때에도해상도뿐아니라취득시기에도구애를받지않아큰장점을보임을알수있었다. 따라서갯벌의지형정보및변화탐지, 생태학적정보수집, 위험갯골정보수집등에있어큰효용성이있을것이다. 3. 결론 그림 10. 상호좌표등록전후 Fig. 10. Comparison between before and after co-registration 본논문에서는저가의드론을이용하여갯벌지형및시계열정보획득에대한연구를수행하였다. 전라남도영광함평만야월리갯벌에대해 GPS 기준점측량, 시간대별드론영상획득, 번들조정, 입체영상처리를통한 DSM 생성및정사영상생성, 상호좌표등록등의절차를통해단시간내에 cm급고해상도및공간정확성이높은갯벌의공간정보생성이가능하였다. 향후 DSLR 카메라등의고해상도센서를활용하게되면보다고품질의데이터획득이가능할것으로판단되며, 특히중급의드론과측량용 GPS, INS 등위치 / 자세정보를위한고정밀센서를활용한다면갯벌에대해어렵게획득해야만하는기준점에대한요구도를낮추어보다쉽게갯벌공간정보의획득및처리가가능할수있을것으로기대된다. References 그림 11. 갯벌간조 / 만조시계열진행 Fig. 11. Time-series view of tidal flat as flooded [1] Ae Sook Suh, In Tae Lee, Won Jin Cho, Joong Sun Won, Seung Soo Chun, Keum Lan Kim, and Joo Hyung Ryu, InIntertidal DEM Generation Using Waterline Extracted from Remotely Sensed Data, Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 16, no. 3, pp , [2] Joo-Hyung Ryu, Joong-Sun Won, Kyung Duck Min, Waterline extraction from Landsat TM data in a tidal flat: A case study in Gomso Bay, Korea, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 83, no. 3, pp , December [3] S.W. Park and J.C. Jeong, Extraction of DEM in the southern tidal flat of Kanghwa island using satellite image, The Journal of GIS Association of Korea, vol. 11, no. 1, pp , 오재홍 김덕진 이효성
7 [4] Yoon-Kyung Lee, Joo-Hyung Ryu, Sang-Hoon Hong, Joong-Sun Won, Hong-Rhyong Yoo, A Study of DEM Generation in the Ganghwado Southern Intertidal Flat Using Waterline Method and InSAR, Journal of Korean Wetlands Society, Vol.8, No. 3, pp , [5] K. Ahn, H. Lee and D.J. Kim, DEM Generation of Tidal Flat in Suncheon Bay Using Digital Aerial Images, Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 27, no. 4, pp , [6] K.L. Kim, J.H. Ryu, S.W. Kim and J.K. Choi, Application of SAR DATA to the Study on the Characteristics of Sedimentary Environments in a Tidal Flat, Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 26, no. 5, pp , [7] J. Kim, A Tidal Channel and Creeks Analysis Using Airborne LiDAR, Master Thesis, Sungshin Women s University, [8] E.H. Sun, T.H. Luat, D. Kim and Y.T. Kim, A study on the image-based automatic flight control of mini drone, Jounal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems, vol. 25, no. 6, pp , [9] S.B. Lim, C.W. Seo, and H.C. Yun, Digital map updates with uav photogrammetric methods, Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, vol. 33, no. 5, pp , [10] Bum-Jun Kim, Yoon-Kyung Lee, Joo-Hyung Ryu, SeungKuk Lee, and Kye-Lim Kim, DEM generation of intertidal zone in Korea using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Beijing, July [11] Jae-Hong Oh, Yang-Dam Eo, and Chang-No Lee, A Photogrammetric Network and Object Field Design for Efficient Self-Calibration of Non-metric Digital Cameras, Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, vol. 24, no. 3, pp , 저자소개오재홍 (Jaehong Oh) 1999년 : 서울대학교지구환경시스템공학부공학사 2001년 : 서울대학교지구환경시스템공학부공학석사 2011년 : The Ohio State University 공학박사 2013년 ~ 현재 : 전남대학교토목공학과교수관심분야 : Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, GPS Phone : ojh@jnu.ac.kr 김덕진 (Duk-jin Kim) 1999년 : 서울대학교지구환경과학부이학사 2001년 : 서울대학교지구환경과학부이학석사 2005년 : 서울대학교지구환경과학부이학박사 2008년 ~ 현재 : 서울대학교지구환경과학부교수관심분야 : Synthetic Aperture Radar, Radar Remote Sensing, Tidal Flat Phone : djkim@snu.ac.kr 이효성 (Hyoseong Lee) 1995년 : 경상대학교공과대학토목공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1997년 : 경상대학교대학원 ( 공학석사 ) 2000년 : 경상대학교대학원 ( 공학박사 ) 2006년 ~ 현재 : 순천대학교토목공학과교수 관심분야 : Photogrammetry Phone : hslee@scnu.ac.kr 드론을활용한갯벌지형및시계열정보의획득 125
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