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1 2015 년 1 월전자공학회논문지제 52 권제 1 호 Journal of The Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers Vol. 52, NO. 1, January 논문 WCDMA 휴대전화전자파가인공심장박동기및이식형제세동기에미치는영향 (Effects of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Emitted by WCDMA Mobile Phones on Pacemakers and ICDs ) 정재원 *, 최수범 **, 박지수 ***, 김덕원 **** * (Jai Won Chung, Soo Beom Choi, Jee Soo Park, and Deok Won Kim c ) 요 약 제 2 세대 (2G) 휴대전화인 GSM (global system for mobile communication) 휴대전화는 pacemaker 및 ICD (implantable cardioverter defibrillator) 의기능에영향을미칠수있다고보고가되어왔다. 이에본연구에서는제 3 세대 (3G) 휴대전화인 WCDMA (wideband code division multiple access) 휴대전화에서방출되는전자파가 pacemaker 및 ICD 에미치는영향에대해알아보았다. 총 5 개의 pacemaker 및 3 개의 ICD 를대상으로 ECG simulator 를이용한 in-vitro 실험으로진행하였다. 실제 WCDMA 휴대전화대신 WCDMA 모듈 ( 평균출력 : 0.25 W, 주파수대역 : 1950 MHz) 을사용했다. WCDMA 모듈전자파가 pacemaker 및 ICD 에미치는영향을평가하기위해, 각이식형의료기기들을 WCDMA 모듈에최대한근접 (3 mm 이내 ) 시킨후 5 분간전자파에노출시켰다. 실험결과 WCDMA 모듈전자파가 5 개의 pacemaker 및 3 개의 ICD 에미친어떠한영향도관찰할수없었다. WCDMA 휴대전화는 GSM 휴대전화보다더높은주파수대역 ( MHz) 에서더낮은출력 ( W) 을방출하기때문에, WCDMA 휴대전화에서발생하는전자파는 pacemaker 및 ICD 기기들에게영향을미치지않을것으로사료된다. Abstract Reports show that global system for mobile communication (GSM) mobile phones, or two-generation (2G) mobile phones, could affect functions of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). In this study, we evaluated the effects of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) emitted by wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) mobile phones, which were third-generation (3G) mobile phones, on pacemakers and ICDs. Five pacemakers and three ICDs were subjected to in-vitro test using a ECG simulator. We used a WCDMA module (average power : 0.25 W, frequency band : 1950 MHz) instead of a real WCDMA mobile phone. To assess the effects of the WCDMA module on pacemakers and ICDs, each implantable device was placed in close proximity (within 3 mm) to the WCDMA module for 5 min. As a result, no effects were observed on the five pacemakers and three ICDs for the RF-EMFs emitted by the WCDMA module. Because WCDMA mobile phones have the higher frequency band ( MHz) and lower power output ( W) than GSM moboile phone, the RF-EMFs emitted by WCDMA mobile phones do not affect patients with pacemaker or ICD. Keywords : WCDMA mobile phone, Pacemaker, Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator, Malfunction * 학생회원, 연세대학교생체공학협동과정 (Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University) ** 학생회원, 연세대학교의과대학의과학과 (Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University) *** 학생회원, 연세대학교의과대학의학과 (Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University) **** 평생회원, 연세대학교의과대학의학공학교실 (Department of Medical Engineering, College of Medicine, Yonsei University) c Corresponding Author ( kdw@yuhs.ac) 본연구는 2010년한국연구재단의기초연구사업지원을받아수행된것임 (NRF ) 접수일자 : 2014년11월04일, 수정일자 : 2014년12월26일, 게재확정 : 2015년01월06일 (148)
2 2015 년 1 월전자공학회논문지제 52 권제 1 호 149 Journal of The Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers Vol. 52, NO. 1, January 2015 Ⅰ. 서론최근대표적인이식형의료기기들인 pacemaker와 ICD (implantable cardioverter defibrillator) 의사용이증가하고있다. 미국에서 1993년부터 2008년까지약 300만개의 pacemaker와약 100만개의 ICD가이식되었으며, 매년약 5% 씩이식되는 pacemaker 및 ICD의수가증가한것으로발표되었다 [1]. 국내에서도 2000년에총 1120개의 pacemaker가이식되었으나 2000년부터 2012년까지매년 10% 이상씩이식건수가증가하여, 2012년에는총 3484개의 pacemaker가이식되었다 [2]. Pacemaker와 ICD의경우매우작은심장고유의전기적인신호들을감지하도록설계되어있어서, 휴대전화나 EAS (electronic article surveillance) 시스템등의다양한기기들에서발생하는전자파에의해오동작을일으킬수있다 [3]. 특히, pacemaker와 ICD는심장에문제가있는환자들을대상으로인체내부에이식되어심장의이상유무를진단하고심장박동에도움을주도록개발된의료기기들인만큼, 전자파로인해 pacemaker 또는 ICD에서잘못된전기적자극이방출되는등의오동작이발생할경우심장기능에문제가있는환자들에게는치명적인위험이될수있다. 제 2세대 (2G) 휴대전화인 GSM (global system for mobile communication) 휴대전화에서발생하는전자파가 pacemaker 및 ICD에영향을미친다는연구결과들은이미발표가되어왔다. 1995년 Barbaro 등은 2대의 GSM 휴대전화에서발생하는전자파가총 101명의 pacemaker 환자중약 26% 의환자에게영향을미친것을관찰했으며 [4], 1997년 Altamura 등은 1대의 GSM 휴대전화에서발생하는전자파가총 200명의 pacemaker 환자중약 22% 의환자에게영향을미친것을관찰했다 [5]. ICD의경우, 2003년 Santomauro 등은 2대의 GSM 휴대전화에서발생하는전자파가총 56명의 ICD 환자중약 11% 의환자에게영향을미친것을관찰했다 [6]. 하지만, 최근제 3세대 (3G) 휴대전화인 WCDMA (wideband code division multiple access) 휴대전화의사용이급격하게증가함에따라, WCDMA 휴대전화전자파가 pacemaker 및 ICD에미칠수있는영향에관한관심이고조되고있다. 국내스마트폰가입자의경우 2009년말에는 80만명 ( 전체이동전화가입자의약 2%) 에불과했으나 2009년부터 2013년까지연평균 162% 의높은증가율을기록하며, 2013년말에는 3752 만명 ( 전체이동전화가입자의약 69%) 에달할정도로빠르게증가하고있다 [7]. 그러나, WCDMA 휴대전화전자파와 pacemaker 및 ICD와의관계에대하여조사한연구는세계적으로많지않고, 특히국내에서는전무한상황이다. 이에본연구에서는 WCDMA 휴대전화전자파가 pacemaker 및 ICD에미치는영향을알아보기위하여 WCDMA 휴대전화를모사한 WCDMA 모듈에서발생하는전기장의세기를측정하고, WCDMA 모듈전자파가 pacemaker 및 ICD에미치는영향을 in-vitro 실험을통해알아보고자하였다. Ⅱ. 본론 1. Pacemaker 및 ICD 본연구에총 5개의 pacemaker와 3개의 ICD가실험에사용되었으며, 사용된기기들의제조사는모두동일하다 ( 표 1). Pacemaker의경우, 단일방 (single chamber) 인 SSIR (single chamber pacing, single chamber sensing, inhibited by single chamber event, rate adaptive) 형 pacemaker 1개, 이중방 (dual chamber) 인 DDDR (dual chamber pacing, dual chamber sensing, dual function, rate adaptive) 형 pacemaker 2개, 그리고이중방인 DDD형 pacemaker 2 개가사용되었다. 모든 pacemaker들은감지배열 (sensing configuration) 을단극성감지 (unipolar sensing) 또는양극성감지 (bipolar sensing) 로프로그램적으로설정할수있는기기들이었다. ICD의경우, 단일방인 VVIR (ventricular pacing, ventricular sensing, inhibited by ventricular event, rate adaptive) 형 ICD 2개와삼중방 (triple chamber) 인 DDDR형 ICD 1개가사용되었다. 2. WCDMA 모듈 WCDMA 휴대전화가최대출력인 0.25 W (24 dbm) 일때방출되는전자파에연속적으로 pacemaker 및 ICD를노출시켜보기위해서, 시판되고있는스마트폰대신마이크로웨이브 (microwave) 를방출하는 Qualcomm chip (baseband: MSM6290, RF: RTR6285, Power Management: PM6658) 이내장된 WCDMA 모 (149)
3 150 WCDMA 휴대전화전자파가인공심장박동기및이식형제세동기에미치는영향정재원외 표 1. Pacemaker 및 ICD 목록 Table 1. Characteristic of the pacemakers and ICDs. 이식형의료기기 모델 방 종류 Pacemaker (1) A 단일 SSIR Pacemaker (2) A 이중 DDDR Pacemaker (3) B 이중 DDD Pacemaker (4) B 이중 DDDR Pacemaker (5) C 이중 DDD ICD (1) D 단일 VVIR ICD (2) E 단일 VVIR ICD (3) F 삼중 DDDR 듈을사용하였다 [8]. 송신주파수는 1950 MHz이며, E5515C Wireless Communication Test set (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) 을이용하여평균출력세기를측정한결과 0.25 W가일정하게출력되었다. 모듈은 5 m USB 케이블을통해서노트북 (X-Note R500, LG electronics, Korea) 에연결되어작동하고, 케이블과노트북사이에 USB 타입의전류계를연결하였다. 노트북을통해모듈을제어하고전류값을확인하여작동상태를체크하였다. WCDMA 모듈에서발생하는전자파의세기를측정하기위하여, 마이크로웨이브대역의전자파를측정할수있는전자파측정기인 SRM-3000 (Narda GmbH, Germany) 을사용하였다. WCDMA 모듈로부터 0 cm인위치에서부터 30 cm 떨어진위치까지 5 cm 거리마다전기장의세기를측정하였다. 각지점에서 6분간의평균전기장세기를측정하였으며, 측정된전기장값들은 ICNIRP (International Commition Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) 의일반인전자파노출한계기준치와비교하였다. [9] 추가로, 실험실주변환경에서 ELF (extremely low frequency) 대역의 3축전자기장측정기인 EHP-50C (Narda-STS, Italy) 를사용하여측정한주변전기장및자기장세기는각각 1.8 ± 0.0 V/m와 0.02 ± 0.01 ut이었다. 또한 SRM-3000을사용하여 MHz 대역을측정한결과 0.05 ± 0.00 V/m 의전기장세기가측정되어주변전자파의세기가미약 함을확인하였다. 3. In-vitro 실험환경구축 그림 1은 WCDMA 모듈의전자파가 pacemaker 및 ICD에미치는영향을 in-vitro로실험하기위하여사용된 pacemaker ( 또는 ICD), ECG simulator (Heart 그림 1. In-vitro 실험을위해사용된 pacemaker ( 또는 ICD), ECG simulator, 노트북, 그리고 programmer 간의연결을나타내는블록다이어그램 Fig. 1. Block diagram of connections between pacemaker (or ICD), ECG simulator, laptop computer, and programmer for the in-vitro study. simulator Model 3550, St. Jude Medical, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota, USA), 노트북, 그리고 programmer (Model 2090, Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) 간의연결을나타낸다. ECG simulator 는실험시 pacemaker나 ICD에연결되어실제환자의심장과같은역할을하게된다 [10]. ECG simulator 는 atrium 채널과 ventricle 채널을통해서 pacemaker 및 ICD에환자의심장박동을의미하는전기적신호들을입력하고, 이로인해 pacemaker 및 ICD에서방출되는전기신호들을다시입력받는다. ECG simulator 의 output 채널에서는 pacemaker 또는 ICD의전기적자극에의해변화된환자의심장박동을의미하는체표면 ECG 신호가출력된다. 노트북 (DV6-1101TU, Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, CA) 은 ECG simulator의출력파형을실험중실시간으로관찰및저장하기위하여사용되었다. 노트북은 ADC (analog-to-digital converter) 인 NI-USB 6009 (National Instruments, Austin, TX) 를통해서 ECG simulator 의 output 채널에연결되었고, LabVIEW 2010 (National Instruments, Austin, TX) 을사용하여 ECG simulator 의출력파형을실시간으로관찰및저장했다. Programmer 는 RF (radio frequency) 통신을통해서 pacemaker나 ICD의설정을변경하고저장된정보들을확인할수있는장비이다. Programmer 를사용하여전자파노출전실험조건에따라 pacemaker 및 ICD의설정을변경하였고, 전자파노출후각 pacemaker 및 ICD에저장된정보들을확인하여전자파노출에따른 pacemaker 및 ICD의오동작여부를확인하였다. (150)
4 2015 년 1 월전자공학회논문지제 52 권제 1 호 151 Journal of The Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers Vol. 52, NO. 1, January 실험방법 ECG simulator 는심박수만변화시켰으며, 그외의설정들은모두기본값으로설정하였다. Pacemaker는주로서맥이있는환자들에게사용되는기기이므로, pacemaker 실험시 ECG simulator 의심박수는 40 bpm (beat per minute) 으로설정하였다. ICD는주로심실빈맥이나심실세동과같이심장박동이갑자기비정상적으로빨라지는부정맥환자들을대상으로사용되는기기이므로, ICD 실험시 ECG simulator 의심박수는 70 bpm으로설정하였다. Pacemaker의모드는임상에서많이사용되는모드들을고려하여단일방 pacemaker는 AAI (atrial pacing, atrial sensing, inhibited by atrial event) 와 VVI 모드로, 이중방 pacemaker들은 AAI, VVI, DDD ( 또는 DDDR) 모드로각각설정하여실험하였다 [11]. Pacemaker는심방전위감지민감도 (sensitivity) 가높을수록전자파에영향을받을가능성이높아지므로, pacemaker의감지민감도는최대값으로설정하여실험하였다 [10]. 또한, pacemaker는감지배열이단극성감지인경우양극성감지일때보다전자파에의해영향을받을가능성이더높다고보고되어, 감지배열은단극성감지및양극성감지로각각설정하여실험하였다 [3]. 그외의 pacemaker의설정들을모두기본값으로설정하여실험하였다. ICD의경우심박동조율 (pacing) 기능이동작하며심장의신호 ( 또는잡음 ) 를감지하는동안감지민감도가최대가되며전자파에의해영향을받을가능성이커지므로, 실험시 ICD의심박동조율기능이동작하도록심박동조율의최소주기를 ECG simulator 의설정된심박수인 70 bpm 보다 10 bpm 높은 80 bpm으로설정하여실험하였고, 이후 ICD의심박동조율기능이동작하지않도록심박동조율의최소주기를 40 bpm으로설정하여실험을반복하였다 [12]. 그외의 ICD의설정들을모두기본값으로설정하여실험하였다. WCDMA 모듈의전자파가 pacemaker 및 ICD에미치는영향을평가하기위해서각 pacemaker 및 ICD를 WCDMA 모듈과최대한근접 (3 mm 이내 ) 시킨후 5 분동안전자파에노출시켰으며, 만약전자파에의한오동작이관찰될경우 WCDMA 모듈과오동작이관찰된 pacemaker 또는 ICD와의거리를 1 cm씩이격시키며오동작이관찰되지않을때까지실험을반복했다. WCDMA 모듈의전자파가 pacemaker 및 ICD에미치는영향을분석하기위해서, 실험후 LabVIEW 2010 을이용하여실험중저장된 ECG simulator 의출력파형 ( 체표면 ECG 신호 ) 에서 RR 간격과 pacemaker 또는 ICD에서출력된전기신호들을검출하여설정한조건 대로 pacemaker 또는 ICD가정상동작하였는지여부를평가하였다. 또한, programmer를이용하여 pacemaker 및 ICD에저장된사건히스토그램 (event histogram) 과심박수히스토그램 (heart rate histogram) 을검토하였고, 각기기의설정에변경이있는지확인했다. Ⅲ. 결과 표 2는 WCDMA 모듈에서발생하는 1950 MHz 대역의전기장세기를측정한결과이다. WCDMA 모듈을기준으로 0 cm인거리에서최대 5.0 V/m의전기장세기가측정되었고, 이는해당주파수대역에서의 ICNIRP 의인체보호기준치인 61 V/m의약 8 % 에해당하는값이다 [9]. WCDMA 모듈전자파가 pacemaker에미치는영향의경우, 총 5개의 pacemaker를최대민감도로설정한후 AAI, VVI, DDD ( 또는 DDDR) 모드에서단극성및양극성감지로각각설정하여 5분간 WCDMA 모듈전자파에노출시킨결과, 모든 pacemaker에서전자파로인한어떠한영향도관찰할수없었다. 총 3개의 ICD 역시심박동조율기능이동작하고있을때와동작하고있지않을때에각각 WCDMA 모듈전자파에 5분간노출시킨결과, 모든 ICD에서전자파로인한의한어떠한영향도관찰할수없었다. 표 2. WCDMA 모듈 (1950 MHz) 의전기장세기 Table 2. Electric field strength of WCDMA module. (1950 MHz) 측정값 전기장세기 (V/m) 거리 (cm) Ⅳ. 결론 본연구에서는국내최초로 WCDMA 휴대전화전자파가 pacemaker 및 ICD에미치는영향에대하여조사 (151)
5 152 WCDMA 휴대전화전자파가인공심장박동기및이식형제세동기에미치는영향정재원외 하였다. 실제상황에서 pacemaker 또는 ICD를이식받은환자가 WCDMA 휴대전화전자파에노출되었을경우, 휴대전화의출력상태나각이식형의료기기들의설정조건에따라서 WCDMA 휴대전화전자파가 pacemaker 또는 ICD 환자에게미치는영향이달라질수있다. 본연구는 in-vitro 실험을통해서인체에미치는위험없이 WCDMA 휴대전화전자파가 pacemaker 및 ICD에미치는영향을평가할수있었기때문에, WCDMA 휴대전화가최대출력 (0.25 W) 일때방출되는전자파를연속적으로발생시킬수있는 WCDMA 모듈을사용하여실험하였다. 또한, 이전관련연구들에서 pacemaker의경우감지민감도나감지배열의설정에따라서, ICD의경우심박동조율기능의동작유무에따라서전자파가미치는영향이달라진다고보고되어, 해당설정조건들로 pacemaker 및 ICD의설정을각각변경하며 WCDMA 모듈전자파에노출시켜보았다 [3, 10, 12]. 하지만, 본연구에서는 WCDMA 모듈에서발생하는전자파가총 5개의 pacemaker와 3개의 ICD에미친어떠한영향도관찰할수없었다. 이러한결과는 GSM 휴대전화에서발생하는전자파가 pacemaker 및 ICD에영향을미친다고보고된이전연구결과들과는다른결과이다 [4~6]. 제 3세대휴대전화에서발생하는전자파가 pacemaker 및 ICD에미치는영향을조사한관련연구로는, 2010년 Mohamed 등은 2대의 UMTS (universal mobile telecommunication system) 휴대전화에서발생하는전자파에총 100명의 pacemaker 환자들을노출시켰으나, UMTS 휴대전화전자파가 pacemaker 환자들에게미친어떠한영향도관찰할수없었다 [13]. 이처럼, GSM 휴대전화와는다르게제 3세대휴대전화들인 WCDMA 휴대전화와 UMTS 휴대전화에서발생하는전자파가 pacemaker 및 ICD에영향을미치지않은이유는, WCDMA ( 또는 UMTS) 휴대전화가 GSM 휴대전화에비해더높은주파수대역에서더낮은출력을방출하기때문이다 [13]. 일반적으로 GSM 휴대전화는 MHz의주파수대역에서 W의출력범위를가지며, WCDMA ( 또는 UMTS) 휴대전화는 MHz의주파수대역에서 W의출력범위를가진다 [14]. 따라서, 현재사용이급증하고있는 WCDMA 휴대전화에서발생하는전자파는 pacemaker 및 ICD 환자들에게영향을미치지않을것 으로사료된다. 추가로, 본연구에서 WCDMA 휴대전화의최대출력인 0.25 W로출력을일정하게설정한 WCDMA 모듈에서발생하는전기장의세기를측정해본결과, WCDMA 모듈과의거리가 0 cm 일때에도 ICNIRP 의인체보호기준치의약 8 % 에해당하는 5.0 V/m의미약한전기장세기가측정됨을확인했다. 본연구에서는 WCDMA 휴대전화전자파가 pacemaker 및 ICD에미치는영향을평가하기위해서총 5개의 pacemaker와 3개의 ICD를대상으로한 in-vitro 실험만을진행했기때문에, 더다양한 pacemaker 및 ICD를대상으로한추가적인 in-vitro 및 in-vivo 연구가진행되어야한다. 국가에따라휴대전화의통신방식이다른것과같이국내와해외의전자파환경이다를수있다는것을고려하였을때, 국내에서도각종전자파발생원들이 pacemaker 및 ICD에미치는영향을알아보는다양한연구들이진행되어야한다. 하지만, 조사된바로는현재국내에서는 2009년심영우등이 2 개의 EAS에서발생하는전자파 1개의 pacemaker 및 1개의 ICD에미치는영향을알아본연구외에는전자파가 pacemaker 및 ICD에미치는영향에대하여알아본연구는전무한실정이다 [15]. 2009년식품의약품안전청에서발표한휴대전화와이식형의료기기장착부위의거리를약 22 cm 이상으로유지하라는지침역시, 2009년일본총무성이제 2세대휴대전화인 PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) 휴대전화에서발생하는전자파가 pacemaker에미치는영향에대해조사한연구결과를토대로발표한지침을바탕으로하고있다 [16~17]. 따라서, 본연구결과는현재국내에는마련되어있지않은 pacemaker 및 ICD 환자를위한스마트폰전자파에대한안전기준마련과, pacemaker 및 ICD 환자들이가지고있는스마트폰전자파에대한불안감을해소시키는데도움이될것으로사료된다. REFERENCES [1] A.J. Greenspon, J.D. Patel, E. Lau, J.A. Ochoa, D.R. Frisch, R.T. Ho, B.B. Pavri, and S.M. Kurtz, 16-year trends in the infection burden for pacemakers and implantable cardioverterdefibrillators in the United States 1993 to 2008, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., vol. 58, no. 10, pp , (152)
6 2015 년 1 월전자공학회논문지제 52 권제 1 호 153 Journal of The Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers Vol. 52, NO. 1, January 2015 [2] T.H. Rho, 우리나라의영구심박동기과거와현 재, The Official Journal of Korean Heart Rhythm Society, vol. 15, no. 3, pp , [3] M.E. McIvor, J. Reddinger, E. Floden, R.C. Sheppard, D. Johnson, G.I. Becker, and M. Mayotte, Study of pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator triggering by electronic article surveillance devices (SPICED TEAS), Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 21, no. 10, pp , [4] V. Barbaro, P. Bartolini, A. Donato, C. Militello, G. Altamura, F. Ammirati, and M. Santini, Do European GSM mobile cellular phones pose a potential risk to pacemaker patients?, Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 18, no. 6, pp , [5] G. Altamura, S. Toscano, G. Gentilucci, F. Ammirati, A. Castro, C. Pandozi, and M. Santini, Influence of digital and analogue cellular telephones on implanted pacemakers, Eur. Heart J., vol. 18, no. 10, pp , [6] M. Santomauro, L. Ottaviano, D. Da Prato, A. Borrelli, and M. Chiariello, New Advances in Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation, Springer Milan, pp , [7] Korea Communications Commission, Korea Communications Commission Annual Report 2013, [8] S.B. Choi, M.K. Kwon, J.W. Chung, J.S. Park, K. Chung, and D.W. Kim, Effects of short-term radiation emitted by WCDMA mobile phones on teenagers and adults, BMC Public Health, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 438, [9] International Commission in Non-Iorizing Radiation Protection, Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic fields (Up to 300 GHz), Health Physics, vol. 74, no. 4, pp , [10] E.H. Lucas, D. Johnson, and B.P. McElroy, The effects of electronic article surveillance systems on permanent cardiac pacemakers: an in vitro study, Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 17, no. 11, pp , [11] A.D. Bernstein, J.C. Daubert, R.D. Fletcher, D.L Hayes, B. Lüderitz, D.W. Reynolds, M.H. Schoenfeld, and R. Sutton, The revised NASPE/BPEG generic code for antibradycardia, adaptive-rate, and multisite pacing. North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology/British Pacing and Electrophysiology Group, Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 25, no. 2, pp , [12] W.J. Groh, S.A. Boschee, E.D. Engelstein, W.M. Miles, M.E. Burton, P.R. Foster, B.J. Crevey, and D.P. Zipes, Interactions between electronic article surveillance systems and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, Circulation, vol. 100, no. 4, pp , [13] M.M. Ismail, A. Badreldin, M. Heldwein, and K. Hekmat, Third Generation Mobile Phones (UMTS) Do Not Interfere with Permanent Implanted Pacemakers, Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 33, no. 7, pp , [14] K. Hekmat, B. Salemink, G. Lauterbach, R.H. Schwinger, M. Südkamp, H.J. Weber, U. Mehlhorn, Interference by cellular phones with permanent implanted pacemakers: an update, Europace, vol. 6, no. 4, pp , [15] Y.W. Shim, J.J. Kim, D.I. Yang, M.H. Lee, and D.W. Kim, "Effects of EAS Systems on Pacemakers and ICDs Malfunction," Journal of The Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers, vol. 46, no. 6, pp , [16] Korea Food and Drug Administration, Dear Healthcare Professional Letter, [17] Y. Tarusawa, T. Nojima, and T. Toyoshima, In-vitro experiments to estimate the impact of EMI from cellular phone and base-station antennas on implantable cardiac pacemakers, IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp , Minneapolis, Minnesota, (153)
7 154 WCDMA 휴대전화전자파가인공심장박동기및이식형제세동기에미치는영향정재원외 정재원 ( 학생회원 ) 2013 년연세대학교의용전자공학과학사졸업 2013 년 현재연세대학교대학원생체공학협동과정석사과정재학중 저자소개 최수범 ( 학생회원 ) 2008 년연세대학교의용전자공학과학사졸업 2013 년 현재연세대학교의과대학의과학과석사과정재학중 < 주관심분야 : 생체계측, 생체의료정보등 > 박지수 ( 학생회원 ) 2012 년한국과학기술원생명과학학사졸업 2012 년 현재연세대학교의과대학의학전문대학원석사과정재학중 < 주관심분야 : 생체의료정보, 부정맥등 > < 주관심분야 : 생체의료정보, 의료기기등 > 김덕원 ( 평생회원 )-교신저자 1976년서울대학교공과대학공학사졸업 1980년미국 Northwestern University 전자공학석사졸업 1986년미국 Univ. of Texas at Austin 의공학박사졸업 1999년 2005년연세의대의학공학교실주임교수 2008년대한전자공학회부회장및제어및시스템소사이어티회장 1987년 현재연세대학교의과대학의학공학교실조교수, 부교수, 교수 < 주관심분야 : 생체의료정보, 비관혈적생체계측, 전자파유해성등 > (154)
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