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5 1 ICT. ICT. ICT ICT ICT. ICT, ,... ICT
6
7 ICT 17 1 ICT ICT : (the Ecosystem Layer Model, ELM) ICT ELM ELM (The four-layer ELM model) 30 2 (Schumpeterian evolutionary economics) 31 3, (Stochastic Frontier Analysis) 37 2 (Data Envelopment Analysis)
8 4 2. (efficiency) CCR BCC 48 3 (Meta-Frontier Analysis) (TE, TE*, TGR) (TE, TE*, TGR) (TE) *(TE*) (TGR)
9 TE TE* TGR 61
10 ,,, SFA CCR CCR BCC TE, TE*, TGR TE, TE*, TGR TE, TE*, TGR TE, TE*, TGR TE, TE*, TGR TE, TE*, TGR TE* TGR 69
11 7 1.. SFA(Stochastic Frontier Analysis), DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis)., (Production Function).. (Meta-Fontier Analysis) TGR (Technology Gap Ratio),. DEA..
12 8 2..,... (Frontier).,..., TGR. TGR.,...
13 9.,,. TGR TGR,.,.,. ICT. 3. NICE KIS-VALUE 1. KSIC-9. 1,. 1,181,,,,, 6. KIS-VALUE,,,, DEA
14 10 TGR. 6 TE, TE*, TGR. TE, TE*, TGR
15 11 TE(Technical Efficiency) TGR., TE TGR,. TGR.,,. TE, TE TGR TGR., TE,.,. TE TGR. TE TGR...,
16 12., ICT ICT.
17 (input) (output).,. (efficiency), (absolute efficiency) (relative efficiency).. Koopman(1951), Debreu(1951), Farrell(1957) ICT Giokas & Pentzaropoulos(2008), Thompson & Garbacz(2007), Tsai et al.(2006).,..,..
18 14.. Lee & Hwang(2011) Online Music Streaming. Lee & Hwang(2011) Online Music Streaming.,.,,. (Meta-Frontier Technology) 1) Battesse, Rao & O Donnell(2004),, Lee & Hwang(2011), Hong, Lee & Hwang(2011), Yang, Lee, Hwang & Shin(2013) ICT(Information and Communication Technology).,. TGR(Technology Gap Ratio). 1), TGR, DEA 4.
19 ICT ICT,. ICT. ICT ICT.,. ICT. ICT. ICT. ICT. TGR,., ICT,.
20 16, ICT. DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis). DEA ICT. DEA,,,.
21 2 ICT 17 2 ICT 1 ICT ICT. PC(Personal Computer) (Smartphone), PC(Tablet PC) (Smart Devices), TV, PC (Content) (Platform) (Network) (Device) (Fransman, 2007; Iansiti & Levien, 2004; Tiwana, Konsynski, & Bush, 2010). ICT (Network Provider) (Platform Provider) (Cusumano, 2010), C-N-P-D(Content-Network-Platform- Device) (Contents Provider) (two-sided market) (Cusumano, 2010; Cusumano & Gawer, 2002; Eisenmann, Parker, & Van Alstyne, 2008; Hilkert, Benlian, & Hess, 2011; Iansiti & Levien, 2004; West & Mace, 2010; Xu, Venkatesh, Tam, & Hong, 2010).., (Katz & Shapiro, 1994)., (Positive feedback) (Arthur, 1989; Katz & Shapiro, 1994)., PP(Platform Provider) CP(Content Provider),
22 18 CP PP.,,., (Gawer & Cusumano, 2012). C-P-N-D ICT.,,, (Abadie, Maghiros, & Pascu, 2008). IT,.,. (Nelson & Winter, 1982; Teece, Pisano, & Shuen, 1997),, (needs).,,. (i-phone). ICT, (Google) (Android) OS.,,.,.
23 2 ICT 19 2.,... (Frontier).,..., TGR. TGR.,...
24 (a) (b).,,.
25 2 ICT 21 TGR TGR,. 2 2 (a) (b)
26 22,,,. ICT. 2 3,,, (Stochastic Frontier Analysis, SFA). ICT,,.,.
27 2 ICT ,,, SFA, missing value.,.
28 24 3 ASP(Application Service Provider) (innovation) ISP(Internet Service Provider) (spillover). YouTube YouTube UCC ISP. ISP (bandwidth) QoS(Quality of Service). ISP ASP. ISP QoS, Voice over Internet Protocol(VoIP). 2 5 ASP ISP. 2 5, ASP ISP 100% ISP ASP 100%,
29 2 ICT 25. ASP, ISP. 100%, (bandwidth-usage) (latency-sensitivity). Wu(2004),, ISP. http VoIP. 2 6 ISP ASP. 2 6 (Joseph Schumpeter). Schumpeter Mark I
30 26 Schumpeter(1934), (creative destruction) (entrepreneur-spirit ). Schumpeter Mark Schumpeter(1942) R&D. creative accumulation. Malerba and Orsenigo(1996), 1 2 widening( ) deepening (, Malerba and Orsenigo, 1995). Wu(2004) (Schumpeter Mark ), (later Schumpeter). Schumpeter Mark, Schumpeter Mark ISP ASP. Wu and Yoo(2007) Wu. Christopher. Christopher Schumpeter Mark, AT&T (incumbent)., (business model).., ASP
31 2 ICT 27 ISP, ISP ASP,.
32 ICT ICT. ICT,,. 1 ICT : (the Ecosystem Layer Model, ELM) ELM ICT,. ICT,,,,,,,,,,. ELM, ICT (functionalities). ELM ICT,,.. ELM? ELM, ICT.,,.,.,
33 3 29. ( ),., ICT.,.,. 1. ICT ELM networked elements ICT, (networked).,,,. network operating. Layer 1 Layer 2, (network operators), (telecom operators)(fixed and mobile), TV (cable TV operators), (satellite operators and broadcasting operators)., 1990., DSL FTTP connections, (coaxial cables),. connectivity. TCP/IP Layer 3 (Internet connectivity). Layer 2 Layer 3, Layer 3., Layer 3. Layer 3
34 30,.., ELM (Middleware). (search)... Layer 3 4 Layer 5. content, applications and services. (Connectivity) (Internet access)(in Layer 3),, (in Layer 4),. Layer 5 (services)., services for intermediate consumers/users. final consumption. ELM Layer 6.. Layers 1-5 Layer 6 (products and services) ELM (The four-layer ELM model) layer ELM layer,. Layer 2 3 Layer 2.. Layer 4 5
35 3 31 Layer 3. (navigation) Layer 4 Layer 5,. 2 (Schumpeterian evolutionary economics) (Schumpeter) (economic development),. (economic world), (neoclassical economics)., (endogenously generated development). (the carrying out of new combinations).,,. (Entrepreneurs),., (creative destruction),.,,,., (Capitalism), (Socialism), (Democracy), (evolutionary process).
36 32,.. (Darwin). (determining processes).,. (Richard Nelson) (Sidney Winter) (Schumpeterian and Darwinian thinking) (modern economics).,..,.. (selection process),,.,. /, /, /,,.?,..,..,.
37 3 33 / R&D.. (intellectual property regimes), (financing mechanisms),,. (rules of the game). (national innovation systems, NIS) 1980 (Schumpeterian evolutionary economics).,.,. NIS, (sectoral systems of innovation). (industrial & institutional organisations). 3,,,.,.,, (Kimberly and Evanisko, 1981; Damanpour, 1987; 1988).,..
38 34 Ettlie(1983),. Dewar and Dutton(1986)., (the distribution of knowledge),. (the attitudes of the organization s management) (organizational structure),.,.,,. Damanpour(1988)..,.,., (initial stage) (implementation stage).,., Daft(1978) (dual-core) Duncan(1976) (ambidextrous).,,, (organic).
39 3 35,, (machanistic).,., Duncan(1976) Hage(1980).,.,,.,.,.. Schulman (1969)., Henderson & Clark(1990) (component)... (architectural innovation) (modular innovation).
40 36, ( ) ( ).,.., (photolithographic alignment).,.
41 (Stochastic Frontier Analysis) Aigner, Lovell, & Schmidt(1977) Meeusen & van den Broeck(1977) SFA. (4.1), Y i i, x i i, f,, v i u i (random error), u i i (non-negative). v i, u i. u i. (TE: Technical Efficiency). exp exp exp (4.2) exp TE 0 1, TE 1 u i, 0. DEA SFA. SFA. SFA (technical inefficiency), (allocative inefficiency),
42 38 (Schmidt & Lovell, 1979). SFA DEA (deterministic),,. DEA SFA. Cullinane et al.(2002) SFA DEA. (unbalanced) SFA. SFA. Battesse & Coelli(1992).. (4.3) exp (4.4),. SFA (translog) (Cobb- Douglas).,. (u i ) (half-normal distribution) (exponential distribution). Jorgensen, Pedersen, and Volden(1997)
43 4 39. (truncated normal distribution). 0,, 0,.. 2 (Data Envelopment Analysis) 1. (DMUs: Decision Making Units) ( ) DEA Data Envelopment Analysis, ), ( ). DEA.,.,. 2) Charnes et al.(1978) DEA.
44 40 2. (efficiency),.,. (absolute efficiency) (relative efficiency),.,.,., (productivity), DEA. 3.,. DMU DMU.. DEA
45 4 41, DEA. (regression), (residuals). DEA, (data). DEA. (parameter). DEA,. DEA. DEA,. DEA. (LP: linear programming) DEA CCR 3), BCC 4) DEA. 3) Charnes et al.(1978) Charnes, Cooper, Rhodes. 4) Banker et al.(1984) Banker, Charnes, Cooper.
46 42 4. DEA..., (PPS: production possibility set). Shephard(1970) (axiom), Färe(1988) Färe et al.(1994).,.,, ,., ( ) ( ), (free disposability). -, (convexity).
47 , (CRS: Constant Returns to Scale) (VRS: Variable Returns to Scale).,. 0. ( ) ( ),. (IRS: Increasing Returns to Scale) (Decreasing Returns to Scale; DRS),. (production frontier)., (strongly efficient) (weakly
48 44 efficient). (Pareto efficient),..,., (DMU)., DEA,,. 5. CCR CCR DEA, DEA. DEA, (CRS) CCR, (VRS) BCC., CCR.
49 4 45 CCR. (primal model), (virtual price) (dual model). CCR DEA.,., j ( 4.5). min (4.5) (4.5), , ,. (unit invariance) DEA
50 46. CCR,..,. CCR (CRS), (4.6). max (4.6) CCR,
51 , (slack) 5) (projected point) 6) , CCR 5) 1,,. (slack), DEA. 6),.
52 J CCR. CCR J. 0 1, W J. W J W J, J J. J, 1. J W J W J, J J.,. 6. BCC (CRS) (VRS), DEA BCC.,. CCR (scale inefficiency), CCR. BCC, CCR ( 4 1),
53 4 49. BCC. min (4.7) 1 1 CCR BCC 4 3. O A, C, A, B C B. J J, J. ( ) W J W J (CRS CCR ) W J W J (VRS BCC )...
54 CCR BCC BCC,. max (4.8) BCC CCR. CCR, BCC
55 CCR,..,.. 3 (Meta-Frontier Analysis),. (Stochastic frontier),.,,., (,, ). j,. SFA. (Battese & Rao, 2002).
56 52 agriculture industry. Battesse, Rao & O Donnell(2004) SFA garment. O Donnell, Rao, and Battesse (2008) 97 SFA DEA. Chen & Song(2008) SFA, Moreira and Bravo-Ureta(2010) SFA (Latin America) (dairy farm). (Chiu, Lee, Lu, Shyu, & Luo, 2012; Zhang, Zhou, & Choi, 2013), (civil engineering)(fallah-fini, Triantis, de la Garza, & Seaver, 2012), (pharmaceutical industry)(mazumdar & Rajeev, 2009), (banking industry)(bos & Schmiedel, 2007). ICT. Lee and Hwang (2011) (ISP) (ASP) ASP UCC,,,., Hong, Lee, & Hwang (2011) TV. DEA SFA TV. Hsiao, Chern, and Yu(2012) (Integrated Circuit design firm),. Liao and Lien(2012) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC) (penetration rate) DEA.. R, j.
57 4 53 j, j i t. j i t (input vector), j x (stochastic frontier). j,, 0. j. (4.9) Battese, Rao, & O Donnell(2004). (4.10). for (4.11) (4.10) (4.11),.,.. (4.12)
58 54 (4.12) j (TE: Technical Efficiency)., (4.13), j Technical Gap Ratio( MTR). (4.14) TE* TE TGR,. (4.15) (parameter) 2. Linear Programming(LP), Quadratic Programming(QP). Battese, Rao, & O Donnell(2004) LP QP. min min, (4.16), (4.17) LP QP, LP QP.
59 NICE KIS-VALUE 1. KSIC-9, 4 1 1,416.,. 1,., ICT,. 1, G46453, 38 G G
60 56 G J J J J J J J J J59130, 22 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J M M ,416
61 J telecommunication J telecommunication J telecommunication J telecommunication J telecommunication J software J software G J J J IT operation J IT operation J J G etc J etc J J broadcast J broadcast J broadcast J broadcast M advertisement M advertisement 1,181 1,181 ( (e-book), (e-learning), (platform), (music), (game), (video)). 4 3.
62 random effects time-varying,. ln ln ln ln m t i m. Y ti t i. x 1 (K), x 2 (M), x 3 (L). K Total asset, M CAPEX, L. y.
63 5 59 5,,,,, DEA ( TE) *( TE*) ( TGR). (TE). (TE*). (TGR) ( ) ( ),. TGR TE*., (TE, TE*, TGR) DEA 6 TE ,
64 60 TE*, 4.15 TGR. TE, TE*, TGR 5 1, 5 2, TE TE*
65 TGR (TE, TE*, TGR) 1. TE 0.98
66 (TE*) TGR TE. TE.. TE TGR. 5 1 TE, TE*, TGR 2. TE, ,
67 5 63 7). TE TE* TGR TE, TE*, TGR 3.. (13 ),. TE 7) (2014).
68 64, 2003, 2007, TGR 2003, 2007, TE*,,.,. 5 3 TE, TE*, TGR 4. TE,, e-leaning , P2P MR(Monthly Rental) 2004, 2012, TE. TGR 2007
69 5 65, TGR. 5 4 TE, TE*, TGR TE, TE*, TGR
70 TE TGR, , 2008, 2009, TGR. 5 6 TE, TE*, TGR 3 (TE, TE*, TGR) 1. (TE) (TE)
71 5 67.,. TE,,,.,,,,., TE *(TE*) (TE*) -
72 TE* 3. (TGR) (TGR) ( ) ( ),. TGR TE* ,
73 TGR
74 70 6. KSIC-9,,,,,,. KIS-VALUE,,,, DEA TGR. TE TGR., TE TGR, 2 2. TGR.,,,. TE, TE TGR TGR.,
75 6 71 TE,.,. TE TGR. TE TGR...., KIS-VALUE. ICT., ICT,,,. ICT (,, )..,,,. ICT
76 72., DEA, ICT.
77 73 Abadie, F., Maghiros, I., & Pascu, C. (2008). The Future Evolution of the Creative Content Industries. Joint Research Center of EU. Aigner, D., Lovell, C. A. K., Schmidt, P., (1977). Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models. Journal of Econometrics 6(1), Arthur, W. B. (1989). Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by historical events. The economic journal, 99(394), Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., and Cooper, W. W. (1984). Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 30(9): Battesse, G. E., & Coelli, T. J. (1992). Frontier production functions, technical efficiency and panel data: With application to paddy farmers in India. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 3(1-2), Battesse, G. E., Rao, D. S. P., and O'Donnell, C. J. (2004). A metafrontier production function for estimation of technical efficiencies and technology gaps for firms operating under different technologies. Journal of Productivitiy Analysis, 21(1): Bos, J. W. B., & Schmiedel, H. (2007). Is there a single frontier in a single European banking market? Journal of Banking & Finance, 31(7), Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., and Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6): Chen, Z., & Song, S. (2008). Efficiency and technology gap in China s agriculture: A regional meta-frontier analysis. China Economic Review, 19(2),
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