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3 241 DRAM DRAM DRAM 1) Vernon 2)

4 242 DRAM Kim and Lee 3) Large Diversified Firm Small Speicilized Firm DRAM DRAM DRAM Mathews 4) TFT-LCD DRAM DRAM Perez and Soete 5)

5 243 Lee Lim and Song TV 6) Kim and Lee 7) Kim and Lee Mathews DRAM Perez and Soete Kim and Lee Mathews DRAM DRAM Dosi 8) DRAM Technological Trajectory Dosi

6 244 Hummon and Doreian 9) Mina et al 10) Verspagen 11) Fontana et al 12) Verspagen Fontana et al. LAN DRAM DRAM DRAM uniform 13)

7 245 DRAM Lee and Yoon 14) Lee and Yoon Lee and Yoon Lee and Yoon DRAM IT OLED DRAM DRAM

8 246 vertice edge arc arc pattern 15)

9 247 citation network analysis force-based algorithm force-based algorithm force-based algorithm force-based algorithm electrically charged particle force-based algorithm Fruchterman and Rheingold Kamada and Kawai 16)

10 248 irreversible A B B A A B B A acyclic 17) A A loop citation weight main path Hummon and Doreian Hummon and Doreian

11 249 A B D D E F E F E F source sink arc source sink Pajek Pajek Pajek USPTO DRAM Lee and Yoon USPTO DRAM 18)

12 250 USPTO Hall and Jaffe NBER patent citation data USPTO NBER patent citation data DRAM DRAM ITRI DRAM ITRI 19)

13 251

14 252 20) DRAM

15 253 IBM IBM ITRI Industrial Technology Research Institute IBM

16 254 a b

17 255 DRAM TI Texas Instrument IBM Micron NEC DRAM

18 256 21) DRAM Micron Perez and Soete DRAM Kim and Lee Mathews Fontana et al LAN Verspagen DRAM LAN

19 257 22) Micron Mitsubishi Texas Instrument TI IBM SUN AMD VLSI APPLE ITRI UMC TSMC Vanguard

20 258 Lee and Yoon

21 259 Pajek 23) ITRI UMC Vanguard TSMC ITRI DRAM Lee and Yoon ITRI 24) ITRI 25) DRAM Fontana et al Verspagen LAN DRAM DRAM

22 260 DRAM DRAM DRAM

23 261

24 262 IBM TI Micron ITRI ITRI ITRI DRAM ITRI

25 263 26) DRAM Micron DRAM Perez and

26 264 Soete DRAM ITRI ITRI ITRI LAN DRAM 27) DRAM DRAM

27 265 DRAM TFT-LCD DRAM Pajek ITRI DRAM DRAM DRAM

28 266 DRAM 28) DRAM DRAM DRAM Mathews Pajek

29 267 Breschi, S., F. Malerba and L. Orsenigo, Technological Regimes and Schumpeterian Patterns of Innovation, The Economic Journal, Vol.110(2000), pp Dosi, G., Technological paradigms and technological trajectories: A suggested interpretation of the determinants and directions of technical change, Research Policy, Vol.22 No.2(1982), pp Fontana, R., A. Nuvolari and B. Verspagen, Mapping Technological Trajectories as Patent Citation Networks: An Application to Data Communication Standards, SPRU Electronic Working Paper Series, No.166(2008). Fruchterman, T. M. J., E. M. Reingold, Graph Drawing by Force-Directed Placement, Software-Practice and Experience, Vol.21 No.11(1991), pp Hall, B. H., A. B. Jaffe and M. Trajtenberg, The NBER Patent Citations Data File: Lessons, Insights and Methodological Tools, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, No.8498(2001). Hummon, N. P. and P. Doreain, Connectivity in a Citation Network: The Development of DNA Theory, Social Networks, Vol.11(1989), pp Jaffe, A. B., M. Trajtenberg and M. S. Forgaty, Knowledge Spillovers and Patent Citations: Evidence form a Survey of Inventors, American Economic Review, Papers on Proceedings(2000), pp Ki, J. and K. Lee, Toward a Theory of Catch-up Cycle and Industrial Leadership: Case of the World Steel Industry, presented at Asia- Pacific Economics Association Conference held in Pusan(2011). Kamada, T. and S. Kawai, An Algorithm for drawing general undirected graphs, Information Processing Letters, Vol.31(1989), pp.7-15.

30 268 Kim, C. W. and K. Lee, Innovation, Technological Regimes and Organizational Selection in Evolution of Industry: A History Friendly Model of the DRAM Industry, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol.12 No.5(2003), pp Lee, K. and M. Yoon, International, Intra-national, and Inter-firm Knowledge Diffusion and Technological Catch-up: The US, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan in the Memory Chip Industry, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Vol.22 No.5(2010), pp Lee, K, C. Lim and W. Song, Emerging Digital Technology as a Window of Opportunity and Technological Leapfrogging: Catch-up in Digital TV by Korean Firms, International Journal of Technology Management, vol.29 No.1-2(2005), pp Mathews, J. A., Strategy and the crystal cycle, California Management Review, Vol.47 No.2(2005), pp Mina, A., R. Ramlogan, G. Tampubolon and J.S. Metcalfe, Mapping Evolutionary Trajectories: Applications to the Growth and Transformation of Medical Knowledge, Research Policy, Vol.36, No.5(2007), pp Monteverde K., Technical Dialog as an Incentive for Vertical Integration in the Semiconductor Industry, Management Science, Vol.41 No.10(1995), pp Perez, C. and Soete, L., Catching up in technology: Entry barriers and windows of opportunity in G. Dosi et al. eds. Technical Change and Economic Theory, Pinter Publisher, London and New York, 1988, pp Vernon, R., International Investment and International Trade in the Product Life Cycle, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.80(1966), pp Verspagen, B., Mapping Technological Trajectories as Patent Citation Networks: A Study on the History of Fuel Cell Research, Advances in Complex Systems, Vol.10 No.1(2007), pp Yoon, M., A History-friendly Model on the Relationship between NISs and Performances in Frontier Industries of Korea and Taiwan, presented in CICALICS 2010 at Zeijian University, China.

31 The Journal of Intellectual Property Vol.6 No.3 September Technological Regime and the Shift of Industrial Leadership in the DRAM Industry: A Patent Citation Analyis Minho Yoon Abstract This paper analyzes the citation network of DRAM-related patents focusing on technological change and the shift of market dominance. As a whole, the results of the analysis is consistent with characteristics of the DRAM industry which founded by existing literatures. This founding indicates that a citation network analysis can be an effective in studying technological and industrial change. In addition, through a citation network analysis, we found some features of the DRAM industry that were not found by existing literatures. By visualization of the citation network, three clusters are observed in the citation networks. Cluster 1 formed first, and cluster 2 and 3 followed in order. Cluster 1 is characterized by product innovation, and dominated by American venture firms. Mixture of product and process innovation is characteristics of Cluster 2. Large American and Japanese firms lead formation of Cluster 2. Patents of Cluster 3 are mostly related with process innovation and granted by Micron, Korean large firms and Taiwanese firms. Clusterization means discontinuity of technological change, which can be the reason of the shift of market dominance. The result of main path analysis reveals that the main path of the network goes from Japanese and American firm to Taiwanese firms via ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute), Taiwanese government research unit, which is consistent with stylized facts found by existing literatures on the DRAM industry. However, the main path covers only

32 270 Korea Institute of Intellectual Property Korean Intellectual Society small area of the network. This also can be evidence of technological discontinuity. Keywords DRAM industry, Patent Citation Network, Network Analysis

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