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1 w» wz 14«4y(2012) (ISSN ) Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Vol 14 No 4 (2012) pp 222~228 DOI: /KJAFM Author(s) 2012 CC Attribution 30 License š vw ù e ql z*á½ yá w m ( ; ; ) Natural Regeneration Patten of Pine Seedlings on the Burned Forest Site in Gosung Korea Joo-Hoon Lim* Jeong-Hwan Kim and Sang-Won Bae Division of Forest Soil and Water Conservation Korea Forest Research Institute (Received October ; Revised November ; Accepted November ) ABSTARCT This study was conducted to determine the natural succession process after forest fire by comparing height relative growth rates in height (RGH) and tree density of pine seedlings with different fire severity In the area damaged by surface fire tree density was highest during the first 5 years after fire However in the area damaged by crown fire tree density rapidly increased during first 5 years after fire Pine seedlings were found only on the place with ridges barren soil and the aspect of north Annual height growth of pine seedlings was decreased with time in all study sites The empty space in pine stands gradually decreased by the invasion of Quercus species The forest fire altered the pine forest into oak forest rapidly In contrast pine seedlings invaded steadily on the oak forest in the rocky area or the area with ridges Key words: Pine seedling Post-fire Pine regeneration Relative growth rates I š y 1996 w x d ù ƒ w w d ù ùkù x ù ù w eš 1996 š š y t w w w y 3762ha gš 2000 š m w 1 w w 268m/s w t kš y 852ha g w 1996 w 3~4 ù e š ù ƒ w w x 70ha ³ ty vw vw œ ƒ w 2000 w»» œ vw p w w œ mw ƒ w k w w» * Corresponding Author : Joo-Hoon Lim (forefire@koreakr)
2 Joo-Hoon Lim et al: Natural Regeneration Patten of Pine Seedlings on the Burned Forest Site in Gosung Korea 223 w v w ysy w m ù m j ù ƒ w œ k w w (Korea Forest Research Institute 2006) vw y y g k w e w j w wù z s x xk» s vw (Zak and Denton 1998; Korea Forest Research Institute 1996) ù ty w É v w ù y w w û š w ƒ (Agee 1998; Fernandes et al 2008; Rodrigo et al 2007) ù ƒ ƒ š w wš ù z ù (Retana et al 2002; Rodrigo et al 2004; Gara et al 1985) vw ù ˆ mw z w w ù s mw w t k e eù ƒ» (Korea Forest Research Institute 1996) ù m w ù ƒ» w (Raftoyannis and Spanos 2005) š»z w w ù w» m w ù swš w w z ù» ww y ƒ š ù x Ÿ m ù w ù ƒ w š vw ü ù p w y wš ù e ql w š ww II š w l 4km ƒ y s³ w š 90m ùkû k ew w» p t w w ù» ƒ tw û t t t w û t t w ùkû 5 w š z vw s 20m ¼ 50m j» w ty w vw Fig 1 The geographic location of the study site
3 224 Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Vol 14 No 4 Table 1 Monthly solar-radiation of study site Mean Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec South facing North facing RGH(relative growth rates in height)= (ln H 1 ln H 0 ) / (T 1 T 0 ) (1) III š Fig 2 The meteorological data of study site s 20m ¼ 40m j» w s³ û 1432W/m W/m 2 ùkû (Table 1) s³» 111 o C û 117 C o ùkûš m 128 o C û 108 C o ùkû m w û 277% 103% ùkù û ùkû w û 620% 663% ùkù ùk û (Fig 2) ü ù e š š w z 15 ù š š ƒ w š 1 w w » ƒ /ha 2 70 /ha /ha /ha š /ha ùkù ù e ƒ w» wù x w w (Fig 2) 5ƒ š 4 w ùkû ƒ ù w (Anderson et al 1987; Bergeron et al 1998) w ty vw 5 1 w ty z» ù w ƒ ƒw ƒ 10 w z l ƒ w w š 1 4 y z 8 w ƒ j ùkù w 2 3 k w û ùkü ù ù Rodrigo et al(2004) s ƒ ù w e y ƒ ty É v w ù k ù y t ƒ w š š w ty vw z û ƒ y w» z» ƒ ƒw l» 5
4 Joo-Hoon Lim et al: Natural Regeneration Patten of Pine Seedlings on the Burned Forest Site in Gosung Korea 225 w z ƒw q w z ù ù É v ƒ š š (Retana et al 2002; Zak and Denton 1998) w ù mw w ƒ w w Ÿ m w t w Ÿ e w w w 2 3 l ù ù ˆ w ù ƒ w ù ƒ w û 32 ù š ƒ z š Fig 3 ùkü š 1z ty 5 ƒ 1629cm ƒ ùkû š 4 ƒ ƒƒ 1141cm 779cm 822cm 870cm ùkû ù š 4 m ƒ ùkù (p=05) š 5 k w (p=00003) š š 5 ƒƒ ùkù w ƒ ùkù (p=074) š 5 ƒƒ ùkù ƒ w ƒ ùkù (p=006) š w w w Cheong et al(1997) s 6 ù š 06 š šw š Retana et al(2002) ³ z xk ù e ù ƒ ù e w ù e ƒ w w š šw Rodrigo et al(2004) w ù kù z s ƒ ù v w w w š šw Stott and Loehle(1998) z d w œ w š k ù wd š w Fig 3 The variations in stem density on post-fire years Fig 4 Visualization of height growth and relative growth rate Graph(a) a-axis are years ( ) and graph(b) x-axis are years after post-fire Error bar is standard error
5 226 Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Vol 14 No 4 한편 산불피해지에서 수종의 구성은 산불 피해 이 전의 환경 조건을 비롯하여 산불의 발생 형태와 밀접 한 관계를 가진다 즉 사면 방 향에 따라 우점하는 수종이 달라지며 강우량이 낮은 경우 관목의 형태로 우점하게 되며 지표 유출이 일어 나는 경우 초본류보다는 선구수종 위주의 목본류가 우 점하게 된다 이러한 점을 감안해 볼 때 본 연구에서 나타난 상대 수고 생장율 의 급격한 감소는 척박한 토양환경과 능선부 아래쪽에 서 맹아 갱신한 참나무류에 의한 비음량이 증가하였기 때문에 점차 생장이 둔화되었을 것으로 사료된다 (Hanes and Jones 1967; Keeley and Keeley 1981; Keeley and Zedler 1978) (Keeley and Keeley 1981) Fig 5 Added seedling numbers of Pinus densiflora 조사지내 소나무 치수의 증가 년부터 년까지 개소의 조사구에서 능선부 를 중심으로 남사면과 북사면에 발생한 소나무 치수의 개체 수를 에 나타내었다 능선부를 중심으로 남사면과 북사면으로 나누어 비교하면 년 기준 조사구 그리고 의 경우 능선부 북사면 각각 개체 남사면에서 각각 개체가 발 생하여 북사면에서 더 많이 발생하였다 그리고 조사 구 와 의 경우는 능선부 북사면에서 각각 개체 남사면에서 각각 개체가 발생하여 남사면에서 더 많은 치수가 발생하였다 따라서 산불발생 빈도와 산 불피해 형태에 따른 경향은 나타나지 않으며 전체적 Fig on study site by time passed
6 Joo-Hoon Lim et al: Natural Regeneration Patten of Pine Seedlings on the Burned Forest Site in Gosung Korea 227 e ƒ w Raftoyannis and Spanos(2005) z ù ƒ w š w Eshel et al(2000) z» Pinus halepensis e t ù ƒ û w w š w ù» Ÿ ù(daniel et al 1979) ùkù Ÿ ƒ j w öe q wr ù ƒ»» w w t y t k ew w ew» p t w w ùkù tw û t t t w û t t w ùkù (Korea Meterological Adminstration 2009) ù» 9 ù» w t ks»» w w û y û t ù k ew w l ƒà» wt t tw w 5 w ù xw p w w e w» w ƒ ƒ v w q x w š ƒ m ƒ ƒ w m ù e w ùkù (Hanes 1971) 2 ƒ 35» w ù ƒ w û ù ƒ w q ù ù š y š ƒ 3 w ù ƒ wš ù ù œ ewš ù v š û š» w ùkû 1z ty 5 x ó ƒ ƒw w ew ù ƒ s y w ù š ƒ ù w vw š w ù m w ù x š š (Korea Forest Research Institute 1996) ù x w w m w w ù ƒ ù» q z ù ù ˆ ql ù ù w œ ù ƒ w x w» w vw ù w vw ù ˆ w» œwš w vw ù y 1z t y vw 5 z» 5 ƒw ql ty w wd š ty vw l w l ƒ» q 2z y vw š 4 5 z l ù e ƒw ql ù w ù ù w m y š w ƒ ù e ƒw ù š w w
7 228 Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Vol 14 No 4 œm ùkù vw ù š ù xk w q wz š w öe m š ù w ƒ ƒ w wr w ù w mw ù e w ƒ w q REFERENCES Agee J K 1998: The Landscape Ecology of Western Forest Fire Regimes Northwest Science Anderson L C E Carlson and R H Wakimoto 1987: Forest Fire Frequency and Western Spruce Budworm Outbreaks in Western Motana Forest Ecology and Management Bergeron Y P J H Richard C Carcaillet S Gauthier M Flannigan and Y T Prairie 1998: Variability in Fire Frequency and Forest Composition in Canada's Southeastern Boreal Forest: a Challenge for Sustainable Forest Management Conservation Ecology 2 consecolorg/vol2/iss2/art6/ Accessed 13 July 2012 Cheong Y M S Y Woo and P G Kim 1997: Effect of Acid Rain Treatment on Height Growth of Several Landscape Tree Species ph value and Al 3+ Concentration in Soil : Comparison after 5 years[i] Journal of Korea Air Pollution Research Association 13(4) (in Korean with English abstract) Daniel T W J A Helms F S Baker 1979: Principles of Silviculture : 2 nd edition McGraw-Hill in Forest Resources 500pp Eshel A N Henig-Sever and G Ne eman 2000: Spatial variation of seedling distribution in an east Mediterranean pine woodland at the beginning of post-fire succession Plant Ecology Fernandes P M J A Vega E Jimenez and E Rigolot 2008: Fire resistance of European pines Forest Ecology and Management 256(3) Gara R I W R Littke J K Agee D R Geiszler and J D Stuart 1985: Influence of Fires Fungi and Mountain Pine Beetles on Development of a Lodgepole Pine Forest in Sout-Central Oregon USU The Bark Beetles Fuels and Fire Bibliography Hanes T L 1971: Succession after Fire in the Chaparral of Southern California Ecological Monographs Hanes T L and H Jones 1967: Post-fire Chaparral Succession in Southern California Ecology Keeley J E and S C Keeley 1981: Post-Fire Regeneration of Southern California Chaparral American Journal of Botany 68(4) Keeley J E and P H Zedler 1978: Reproduction of Chaparral Shrubs after Fire : a comparison of sprouting and seeding strategies The American Midland Naturalist Journal Korea Forest Research Institute 1996: Report on the research the ecological environment at Forest fire area in Gosung Korea Forest Service 169 pp (in Korean) Korea Forest Research Institute 2006: Post-Fire Restoration To Establish a Healthy and Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Korea Forest Service 60 pp Korea Meterological Administration 2009: Weather Resource Database monthlyjsp Accessed 29 August 2012 (in Korean) Raftoyannis Y and I Spanos 2005: Evaluation of Log and Branch Barriers as Post-fire Rehabilitation Treatments in a Mediterranean Pine Forest in Greece International Journal of Wildland Fire 14(2) Retana J J M Espelta A Habrouk J L Ordóñez and F Solà-Morales 2002: Regeneration patterns of three Mediterranean Pines and Forest Changes after a large Wildfire in North-eastern Spain Ecoscience Rodrigo A V Quintana and J Retana 2007: Fire Reduce Pinus pinea Distribution in the Northeastern Iberian Peninsula Ecoscience 14(1) Rodrigo A J Retana and X Picó 2004: Direct Regeneration is not the only Response of Mediterranean Forests to Large Fires Ecology 85(3) Stott P and C Loehl 1998: Height Growth Rate Tradeoffs Determine Northern and Southern Rang Limits for tree Journal of Biogeography 25(4) Zak D R and D K Denton 1998: Forest Ecology John Wiley & Sons 792 pp
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