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1 ISSN (Print) / ISSN (Online) The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 159~164, 광학적방법을이용한색정보검출 Detection of Color Information Using Optical Method 김지선 * 정구인 * 이태희 * 최주현 * 오한별 * 김아희 * 정현철 * 전재훈 (Ji-Sun Kim Gu-In Jung Tae-Hee Lee Ju-Hyeon Choi Han-Byeol Oh A-Hee Kim Hyon-Chel Jung Jae-Hoon Jun) Abstract - Color is distinguished due to the light in which natural light is reflected by object and made with combination of RGB(red, green, blue; three colors). This study proposes color analysis system with optical method to be used conveniently. Color information of sample is determined with the optical sensor. By using the CIE diagram in particular, it detects purity value and wavelength. The method to distinguish color is very economical, simple, and convenient. The result can be used to confirm accurate information of color for various applications. Key Words : Color Diagram, Color information, Wavelength, Purity 1. 서론현대사회의정보는 8 % 이상을시각을통하여얻으며시각인식단계에서색 (Color) 의여러가지정보는매우중요한요소로작용한다. 인간이눈을뜨고있는한색채를지각하며, 색은인간의의식과무의식에크게작용하여인간의심리나생리에다양한영향을미치고있다. 모든색은세가지색인 RGB(, Green, Blue) 의혼합으로만들어진다. 색은모든사람의눈, 즉색채를지각하는감각기관이다르기때문에같은색을보고판단하더라도개개인마다다르게색을느끼게된다 [1-4]. 그러나과거선행되었던논문에서는대부분추상적인개념에따른색정보만존재할뿐, 정확한색의수치적정보를제공하고있지못하다. 현재이러한색을기술하는언어는다양하나정확히색을표현할수있는방법이없다. 즉, 색을정량적이고객관적으로표현할수있는방법이필요하게되었다. 색을표현하고인지하는대에있어추상적인표현이아닌수치화된값으로표현을하게되면어떤색을나타내는지객관적으로알수가있게되므로색채를정량화하고정확히측색하는방법을갖추어야할필요성이있다. 정확한색을검출하기위한방법으로분광계 (Spectrometer) 부터광학필터에이르기까지그방법이다양하다. 대표적으로색을측정하는방법에는정성적분석 (Qualitative Analysis) 과객관적분석방법인정량적분석 (Quantitative Analysis) 이있다. 정성적분석의 Corresponding Author : Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, Korea jjun81@kku.ac.kr * Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, Korea Received : June 3, 214; Accepted : December 22, 214 경우에는색을분석하는방법이주관적이어색구별능력에개인차가있고주변빛의상태에따라색의인식의차이가있기때문에오차를초래할수있다. 이러한시각적오차가없이객관적으로비교분석하기위해기계로색을측정하는정량적분석방법을사용하고있다. 정량적분석방법의대표적인예로분광기 (Spectroscope) 를사용한방법이있다. 이는물질에서나온빛의스펙트럼으로부터물질에포함된원소를찾는방법이다. 이는기계적으로오차는적지만기계자체가크고고가이며전문가가필요하고물질에따라분해능이다르다는단점이있다 [5-12]. 현재대부분의색은, Green, Blue의값으로나타내고있다. 색은고유의파장을가지고있지만파장과순도로색을나타낸자료는거의존재하지않는실정이다. 따라서본논문에서는색을 CIE 색공간으로변환시킴으로서색을파장과순도값에따라색공간에나타내고그에따른색좌표값과파장과순도값을검출하는방법을연구하였다. 결과적으로색의추상적인정보라는한계를정량적으로극복함으로서, 다양한분야에서정확하고효율적으로색을적용할수있도록하고자하였다. 또한색의정보를정확히판단하는방법에있어본연구는경제성과간편성을위하여소형의 Color Sensor와 LED를이용하여설계하였다. 본연구의결과는색의미세한차이까지감지할수있어 ph의구별이나시료의색구별또는치아의착색정도를판단하는곳에사용할수있고, 시약이나색이변화하는화학시험지검사등에도사용될수있을것이다. 또한색의정보가변화하는어떠한물질에도적용할수있어기존분광계가갖는단점을극복할수있는장점이있다. 2. 본론 2.1 색정보측정시스템의구성요소연구에서는 RGB Filter를포함하고있는 Color Sensor를이용 Copyright c The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 159 This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( licenses/by-nc/3./)which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 전기학회논문지 64 권 1 호 215 년 1 월 하여실험을진행하고색에따른색좌표와파장, 순도값을검출해내어색의정보를알아내고자하였다. 특히 RGB 값을얻어색좌표로변환하고그에따른가시광선의파장값을검출하는것을연구하였다. 그림 1은가시광선의대표적파장값을보여주는그림이다. 본연구에서는가시광선의값을파장으로검출하였으며가시광선이란사람의눈으로인지할수있는파장의광선으로 38nm 8nm범위에있다. 대표적으로적색은 723nm 647nm, 주황색은 647nm 585nm, 황색은 585nm 575nm, 녹색은 575nm 492nm, 청색은 492nm 455nm, 남색은 455nm 424nm, 자색은 424nm 397nm의파장값을갖는다. 그림 3에서본실험에사용한센서는 TCS 3414(TAOS, USA) 로빛의신호를디지털신호로바꿔주는센서이다. 이센서는여러개의광다이오드가어레이타입으로배열되어져있고, 각각의색필터를거쳐입사된빛을조합하여디지털값으로출력한다. 센서내부에는, Green, Blue의광학필터가포함되어있으며광학필터를통과한빛은디지털신호로바뀌어진다. 광학필터의통과범위는각각 는 58 nm 68 nm, Green은 45 nm 61 nm, Blue는 38 nm 58 nm이다. 백색광 (White LED) 에서발생한빛이샘플에부딪혀반사하여광다이오드로입사되게되고이각각의신호를조합하여디지털값으로나타낸다. 이때센서에서출력되는디지털값은검정색에서흰색으로갈수록 ~ 255 사이값을나타내게된다. 출력된디지털값을이용하여 CIE 색공간에서색의정보를분석할수있게하였다. 실험은위에서설명한 I.R.I 샘플을이용하여진행하였다. 그림 1 가시광선의파장 Fig. 1 The wavelength of visible light 그림 2는실험에사용한색체계로 I.R.I(Image Research Institute) 색채연구소에서개발한색상 & 색조 12 색체계이다. 색샘플은먼셀의색체계를기초로하고있지만, 기존에색상, 명도, 채도 3 속성에의한색채표현을색상과색조로단순화시켰다는점에서차별성을두고있다. 이는세계적범용성을고려한색체계로, 1 가지의색상과 11 단계톤으로한 11 개의유채색과, 명도에따라 1 단계로나눈무채색을합해총 12 가지의색을제시하고있다. Hue Tone Vivid Strong Bright Pale Very Pale Light Grayish Light Grayish Dull Deep Dark Yellow Yellow Green Yellow Green Blue Green Blue Purple Blue Purple Purple 그림 2 실험에사용된물체의색상 Fig. 2 The Color of object used in this experiment 그림 3 실험에활용된컬러센서 Fig. 3 Color Sensor used in the experiment 그림 4는컬러센서를이용하여색정보를분석하기위한실험의개략도이다. 광다이오드어레이타입의센서를이용하여 11 가지종류의색이다른샘플로실험을진행하였다. 센서와샘플의간격은약 2 mm 로고정하였으며센서의 Calibration은 I.R.I 샘플의 111번샘플 ( 백색 ) 을이용하였다. 또한빛을이용하는센서의특성상외부의빛이차단될수있게디자인하였으며외부의빛은차단하여오차를줄였다. 그림 4 색변화에따른색정보실험장치 Fig. 4 Collection of light information by adjusting the color variation 16
3 Trans. KIEE. Vol. 64, No. 1, JAN, CIE 색공간및색정보추출방법그림 5는 CIE1931(Commission Internationale de l'eclairage) 색공간을나타내는그림이다. CIE 색공간은인체의색채인지에대한연구를바탕으로수학적으로정의된색공간이다. CIE 1931은 RGB를 XYZ 라는색공간으로바꾸어주며 Y 값은밝기또는조도의값이되도록설계가되어있다. 따라서어떤색의색도는 X, Y, Z로부터계산된값인두개의값 x, y로표현할수있다. CIE1931은색공간의외곽은단색광의파장이나노미터로표시되어있다. 바깥쪽의곡선경계선은스펙트럼위치라부르며, 단색광의색상 (Hue) 에해당한다. 아래쪽의직선경계선은보라색선 (Purple line) 이라명칭한다. 이선에해당하는색깔은경계의위치에있기는하지만단색광으로는표현할수없는한계가있다. 색공간에서채도가낮은색깔은가운데영역에존재하며, 한가운데에는백색점이있다. 본논문에서는 RGB 값을 CIE 색공간으로변환시키기위해 LabVIEW 프로그램을이용해 RGB 값을컬러센서로얻어수식에대입하여색공간상에서의색좌표값을얻었다. 그리고좌표값에서스펙트럼위치까지직선라인을연결하여이를통해최종적으로색의파장과순도값을검출하고수치적으로나타내었다. 색공간에서스펙트럼위치에있는좌표는순도 (Purity) 가 1% 이며안쪽인백색광 (White light) 쪽으로가까워질수록순도의값은낮아진다. 그림 5 CIE 색공간 Fig. 5 CIE Diagram 본연구에서컬러센서를이용하여 RGB 값을얻고식 (1) 을 이용하여 X, Y, Z 값으로변환한후이를토대로식 (2) 를이용하여 x, y로변환하였다. 식에서 x, y는색공간상에서의좌표축을의미한다. 센서를통하여얻은 RGB값은 HSV, Lab, CIE 등여러색공간으로의변화가가능하다. 연구에서는여러가지색공간중파장의정보를얻을수있는 CIE 색공간을선택하여색좌표변환을통해파장값과순도값을얻어내었다. 3. 실험결과및고찰 표 1에서각색상에따른좌표값을색공간에표시하였고, 센서에서얻은 RGB 결과와그에따른파장값과순도값을결과로나타내었다. 컬러센서로얻어진데이터를이용하여파장과순도를해당하는색공간에서찾고대표적값의좌표를그림에나타내었다. 11 가지색상에대해실험을수행하였으나대부분의데이터의경향이유사하고데이터의수가많아논문에는대표적인데이터만첨부하였다. 붉은색은 6 nm, 초록색은 5 nm, 푸른색은 4 nm 대의파장이검출되는것을확인할수있다. 또한백색의점을중심으로중심에서멀어지면순도값이증가하고중심에가까워질수록순도값이감소하는경향을관찰할수있었다. 그림 6에서는센서에서측정된 RGB 값과샘플의영상 (Color Picker Program) 을통해얻은 RGB 값을이용해 R, G, B 각각을그래프로도시화하였다. I.R.I에서제공한샘플의영상값과컬러센서로측정한샘플의값의패턴이거의유사한경향을보이는것을확인할수있다. 그러나 Tone이 Light에서 Dark로갈수록센서의민감도차이에의하여오차가더크게발생한다. 상대적으로빛의강도가적게입사되는 Dark Tone의경우대부분의물질이빛을흡수하여, 물질에서반사되는빛의양이 Light Tone의색상에비해더적을수밖에없다. 즉, 센서에입사되는빛이양이많지않아, 센서의민감도가떨어질수있다고판단된다. 실험의결과는 CMOS, CCD와같은이미지센서를사용하지않고간단한광학센서를이용하여색의정보를비교적정확히검출할수있음을나타낸다. 영상값과컬러센서에서얻어진실험값이정확하게같지않은대표적인이유로영상값은픽셀의색정보를기준으로 RGB 값을얻는다. 이때대상물의면적비율을사전에알고있는경우가거의없으므로정확한색정보검출이힘들다는단점이있다. 또한영상값은많은어플리케이션에적용하기가힘들다는단점이있고데이터의양을가지고있어저장공간이많이필요하며속도가다소느린단점이있다. 컬러센서를이용하는경우어레이형식의광다이오드배열로센서가구성되어져있어데이터의평균값을이용함으로이러한단점을보안하여많은어플리케이션에적용이가능하며색정보를비교적정확하게얻을수있는장점이있다. (1) (2) 광학적방법을이용한색정보검출 161
4 전기학회논문지 64 권 1 호 215 년 1 월 표 1 RGB 변화에따른파장및순도 Table 1 The wavelength and purity changes by RGB values y.6.5 CIE Diagram Hue Tone Green Blue Wavelength Purity (sample) (sample) Value Value Value (nm) (%) CIE diagram Vivid Strong Bright Yellow Vivid Yellow Yellow Yellow Strong Yellow Bright Yellow Vivid Yellow Strong y.6.5 x CIE diagram Green Yellow Green.4.3 Blue Green x CIE diagram Yellow Bright Green Yellow Vivid Green Yellow Strong Green Yellow Bright Green Vivid Green Strong Green Bright Blue Green Vivid Blue Green Strong Blue Green Bright Blue Vivid Blue Strong Blue Bright y Blue.3 Purple.2 Purple Blue x Purple Blue Vivid Purple Blue Strong Purple Blue Bright Purple Vivid Purple Strong Purple Bright 결론본연구에서는색에대한정보를객관적수치로제공함으로서다양한분야에서색을활용할수있도록하였다. 특히컬러센서를이용하여지정한색샘플에서의 RGB 값을얻고이를이용하여 CIE 색공간에서의색좌표를검출한후파장과순도를찾아 내어색의정보를정량화하는대에목적이있다. 이연구는기존의연구들과몇가지차별성을두고있다. 첫째, 기존의연구에서는색의영상이미지나웹칼라코드를이용하여색이지닌효과를제시하였다. 하지만 RGB 값과웹칼라코드는표현이복잡하여일반사람들에게쉽게다가오지않을뿐더러, 이러한색정보와색의영상이미지를가지고실생활에적용하는대에는어려움이있다. 둘째, 현재까지진행된연구들은먼셀이나 NCS 등 162
5 Trans. KIEE. Vol. 64, No. 1, JAN, 215 Value Value Value Detected Value Sample Number (a) Detected Green Value TCS 3414 Color Picker Sample Number (b) Detected Blue Value TCS 3414 Color Picker Sample Number (c) TCS 3414 Color Picker 그림 6 RGB 값의비교 ; (a) 신호 (b) Green신호 (c) Blue 신호 Fig. 6 RGB theory, comparison of experimental data; (a) Signal (b) Green Signal (c) Blue Signal 비색법을이용하여색을단순비교하고판단하였다. 본논문에서는앞선연구들과다르게 CIE diagram 상에색을표시했고, 파장과순도값으로색의정보를나타내었다. 보라색계열의파장값은 CIE1931에서정의되지않은한계가존재하여파장값을완벽히도출해낼수는없었다. 그러나연구의결과로색정보를정량적으로나타내었기때문에, 색을더욱효율적으로활용할수있다는점이기존의주관적인색의표현과는차별화된다. 이실험의결과는간단한 ph의측정이나용해정도판단등에적용하여데이터를얻어색상을분석할수있고염료의착색정도를보 다객관적으로판단할수있으며실시간으로 RGB 비율을확인할수있는장점이있다. 또한일반연구소뿐만아닌피부의색소침착도, 치아의착색정도등의료분야에서도간편하게사용될수있을것이라고판단된다. 감사의글 This research was supported by Basic science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, science and Technology (No ) and the Pioneer Research Center Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of science, ICT & Future planning (No ). References [1] Rosenthal, Norman E., et al., "Seasonal affective disorder: a description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy," Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 72-8, [2] Terman, Michael, et al., "Light therapy for seasonal affective disorder," Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-22, [3] Terman, Michael, and Jiuan Su Terman, "Light therapy for seasonal and nonseasonal depression: efficacy, protocol, safety and side effects," CNS spectrums, vol. 1, no. 8, pp , 25. [4] Glickman, Gena, et al., "Light therapy for seasonal affective disorder with blue narrow-band light-emitting diodes (LEDs)," Biological psychiatry, vol. 59, no. 6, pp , 26. [5] Terman, Michael, and Jiuan Su Terman, "Bright light therapy: side effects and benefits across the symptom spectrum," Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 6, no. 11, pp , [6] Leibenluft, Ellen, et al., "Light therapy in patients with rapid cycling bipolar disorder: preliminary results," Psychopharmacology bulletin, vol. 31, no. 4, pp , [7] Trelles, Mario A., and Inés Allones, " light-emitting diode (LED) therapy accelerates wound healing post-blepharoplasty and periocular laser ablative resurfacing," Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, vol. 8, no. 1, pp , 26. [8] Russell, B. A., N. Kellett, and L. R. Reilly, "A study to determine the efficacy of combination LED light 광학적방법을이용한색정보검출 163
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