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1 Original Article J Sasang Constitut Med 2017;29(2): 형상분류를이용한성인여성의체질별안면형태특징에관한연구 전수형ㆍ김종원 * 동의대학교한의과대학사상체질과 Abstract A Study on the Characteristics of Facial Shape in Adult Women by Sasang Constitution Using Hyungsang Classification Soo-Hyung Jeon ㆍ Jong-Won Kim * Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui Univ. Objectives This study was aimed to analyze characteristics of facial shapes in adult women by sasang constitution using hyungsang classification. Methods Using a digital camera, we took a picture of 1,011 women who participated in clinical study on menstrual pain and acquired their 3D facial images with a face-only scanner. They filled out SSCQ-P(sasang constitution questionnaire for patient) for the diagnosis of sasang constitution. Based on the above photographs and 3D images, one of the hyungsang medicine specialist diagnosed according to five diagnostic criteria. The sasang constitution was diagnosed by referring to questionnaires and photographs. Frequency analysis was performed using the statistical analysis system version 9.4 and test was performed for validity evaluation. Results In taeeumin, the wide face shape(n=261, 74.36%) was much more than the narrow shape(n=90, 25.64%) and the convex face profile(n=164, 85.86%) was much more than the concave profile(n=27, 14.14%). Regardless of sasang constitution, angular face shape(n=501, 50%) was the most, followed by oval shape(n=317, 31.64%). Subjects with big ears(n=291, 29.19%) were the most, while big eyes(n=104, 10.43%) were the least. Subjects with eyes and nose tip upward(n=615, 78.05%) were the most, while eyes and nose tip downward(n=22, 2.79%) were the least. Conclusions Most Korean adult women have angular face, such as square or diamond, with slanted eyes and upturned nose. Taeeumin women have wide facial shape and convex profile. Key Words : Constitution, Face, Classification Received March 17, 2017 Revised April 19, 2017 Accepted June 19, 2017 Corresponding author Jong-Won Kim, Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, Dong-eui University Korean Medical Hospital, 282, Jungang-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.. Tel: Fax: jwonkim@deu.ac.kr C The Society of Sasang Constitutional Medicine. All rights reserved. This is an open acess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons attribution Non-commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/)
2 96 A Study on the Characteristics of Facial Shape in Adult Women by Sasang Constitution Using Hyungsang Classification Ⅰ. 緖論 사상의학에서는체형기상 용모사기 성질재간 병증약리의네가지기준에따라체질을진단한다. 그중에서용모사기는얼굴의이미지나형태특징을보고체질을진단하는방법이다. 그동안얼굴형태를체질진단에활용하기위한임상연구는 2차원사진을이용한연구와 3차원형상에대한연구가있었고 2차원연구결과를토대로체질별표준얼굴이도출되었으며, 3차원연구는주로진단기기의정확도, 신뢰도를향상시키는방향으로이루어져왔다 1. 기존의얼굴형태에관한논문들은주로얼굴특정부위에점을찍고점간거리를측정하고통계적으로유의한차이가있는변수를찾아내어그의미를해석하고체질별얼굴형태특징을이해하고자하였다 2-6. 이경우분석대상의수가적으면비슷한연구사이에도결과가다양하게나타나신뢰도가떨어지고, 통계적으로유의미한변수라하더라도찾아낸모든변수를임상에활용할수있도록그의미를명확하게해석해내기는매우어렵다. 얼굴형태는의류, 미용분야에서도많은연구가있어왔다. 현재의국내미용업계와학계에서사용하는얼굴유형에는타원형, 원형, 역삼각형, 사각형, 긴형의 4 5 개로분류되는것이일반적이며, 서양의연구에서는타원형, 원형, 마름모형, 역삼각형, 사각형, 긴형, 삼각형의 7가지분류가일반적이다 7. 얼굴유형관련유사연구에서유형빈도순위가각각다르게나타나는데 7-9 이는데이터부족과지역적특징일수있다. 그리고영상계측프로그램을이용한얼굴유형분석연구 9 는본학회의선행연구와매우유사한데많은유의미한변수의통계결과해석이역시명확하지못하다. 이는미미한계측치차이를실감하기어렵기때문이다. 본연구는얼굴특정변수의계측과분석대신형상의학의안면유형을이용하여사상체질별로얼굴의전반적인형태특징을보다쉽게이해하고자하였다. 형상유형은앞서언급한미용분야의얼굴유형을포함하고있고이목구비의크기, 방향성및얼굴의돌출정도등다양한분류가이미정해져있어얼굴형태를파악하는 데좋은도구가될수있다. 본연구는월경통관련임상연구 10,11 에참여한성인여성 1,011 명을대상으로사상체질별형상유형분류에따른얼굴의전반적형태를분석하였고유의한결과를얻었기에이에보고하는바이다. Ⅱ. 對象및方法 1. 연구대상본연구는 OO대학교부속한방병원의임상시험심사위원회 (IRB) 의승인을받고 ( ) 임상시험연구정보서비스에등록 (No. KCT ) 하고 2014년 11 월부터 2016년 7월까지만18세이상의성인여성을대상으로진행된월경통임상시험에서수집된체질관련자료를분석하였다. 월경통은가임기여성의 50% 가경험하는흔한질환으로 12 피험자는월경통이있는 513명과월경통이없거나미미한 513명이었고스크리닝탈락 10명과중도탈락 5명을제외한 1011 명이임상시험을완료하였다. 2. 연구방법 1) 안면영상촬영 (1) 디지털카메라촬영피험자얼굴영상을획득하기위해디지털카메라 (Figure 1) 로얼굴전면과측면을촬영하고영상을획득하였다. Figure 1. Nikon D90, Japan
3 SH Jeon et al. 97 (2) 3차원형상진단기촬영피험자얼굴의 3차원입체영상을획득하기위해 ( 주 ) 모르페우스에서개발한 3차원형상진단기 (Figure 2) 를사용하여얼굴전면과좌우 45도측면을스캔하고세영상을취합하여하나의 3차원입체영상을획득하였다. (1) 넓은얼굴 ( 방광체 ), 좁은얼굴 ( 담체 ) 방광체는전면의면적 > 측면의면적이며, 담체는측면의면적 > 전면의면적에해당한다 16. 얼굴의상하좌우길이를비교하여얼굴이측면보다전면부가넓으면방광체이고전면보다측면이넓으면담체이다 11. 그리고이마발제정중점 (Figure 3. L1) 과아래턱정중점 (Figure 3. L3) 을잇는직선을얼굴길이로하고좌우귀앞점 (Figure 3. S3) 간거리를얼굴너비로하여길이와너비의비를고려하여형상전문가가넓은얼굴, 좁은얼굴로구분하였다. Figure 2. Morpheus 3D, Korea 2) 사상체질진단한국한의학연구원과사상체질의학회가공동개발한자기보고식설문지인환자용사상체질진단설문지 (Sasang Constitution Questionnaire for Patient, SSCQ-P) 를작성케하였고사상의학전문의가설문결과와위의디지털카메라사진과 3차원형상진단기입체영상을참고하여체질진단을하였다. 3) 형상유형분류대한형상의학회에소속된형상전문가에게디지털카메라사진과 3차원형상진단기입체영상을보내어얼굴형태를아래의 5가지방법으로분류하였다. (2) 둥근형 ( 정과 ), 역삼각형 ( 신과 ), 각진형 ( 기과 ), 타원형 ( 혈과 ) 정과는얼굴이동그랗고신과는역삼각형으로이마가발달하고턱이약하다. 기과는사각형또는마름모형으로각진형태이고혈과는계란형또는물방울형으로타원형태이다 16. (3) 돌출형 ( 양명형 ), 함요형 ( 궐음형 ) 양명형은얼굴이전방으로돌출한형태이고궐음형은얼굴이함몰한형태이다. (4) 코발달 ( 폐 ), 입발달 ( 비 ), 눈발달 ( 간 ), 귀발달 ( 신 ), 얼굴발달 ( 심 ) 눈코입귀크기를비교하여코가크면폐, 입이크면비, 눈이크면간, 귀가크면신, 얼굴비율이눈코입귀에비해크면심으로분류한다 16. Figure 3. Front and side face
4 98 A Study on the Characteristics of Facial Shape in Adult Women by Sasang Constitution Using Hyungsang Classification (5) 눈끝과코끝의올라가고내려간정도눈끝이올라가고코끝도올라가면태양형, 눈끝이내려가고코끝도내려가면태음형, 눈끝이내려가고코끝이올라가면소양형, 눈끝이올라가고코끝이내려가면소음형으로분류한다. 4) 통계분석통계처리는 Statistic Analysis System Version 9.4 프로그램을사용하여빈도분석 (Frequency Analysis) 을하였고유효성평가를위해카이제곱검정 ( test) 을하였다. 피험자중태양인의수가매우적어서이후실제통계분석은태양인을제외한나머지체질로진행하였다. Ⅲ. 結果 1. 피험자의일반특성및체질분포피험자는 19세에서 53세사이평균 세의여성이고신장, 체중, 체질량지수는 Table 1과같다. 체질분포는소음인 424명, 태음인 353명, 소양인 229명, 태양인 5명의순으로나타났다 (Table 2). 2. 사상체질별안면특징 1) 넓은얼굴, 좁은얼굴소양인은좁은얼굴 112명, 넓은얼굴 115명이고소음인은좁은얼굴 221 명, 넓은얼굴 203 명으로차이가비교적적은편인데비해, 태음인은좁은얼굴 90명, 넓은얼굴 261명으로넓은얼굴이많은것으로나타났다 (Table 3). Table 1. General Characteristics of Subjects (N=1011) Variable Mean Standard Deviation Minimum Value Maximum Value Age Height (cm) Weight (kg) BMI (kg/ m2 ) Table 2. Distribution of Sasang Constitution Taeyangin Frequency Ratio(%) Table 3. Narrow or Wide Face Shape by Sasang Constitution Narrow Face Wide Face 112 (49.34) 115 (50.66) 90 (25.64) 261 (74.36) 221 (52.12) 203 (47.88) 423 (42.22) 579 (57.78) Total missing value = p<.001
5 SH Jeon et al. 99 2) 둥근형, 역삼각형, 각진형, 타원형체질에관계없이각진형이가장많고다음은타원형의순이었다. 소양인은각진형이 60.35% 로가장많고둥근형이 5.73% 로가장적었다. 태음인은각진형이가장많고그다음은타원형, 둥근형이많고역삼각형은 1.99% 로가장적었다. 소음인은각진형이 50.71% 로반수가넘었고소양인과비슷한경향을보였다 (Table 4). 3) 돌출형, 함요형얼굴이전방으로볼록한돌출형은태음인, 소양인, 소음인의순이었다. 얼굴이오목한함요형은소음인, 소양인, 태음인순으로나타났다. 소양인과소음인은돌출형과함요형의차이가적은데비해태음인은돌출형이 85.86% 이고함요형이 14.14% 로차이가매우큰것으로나타났다 (Table 5). 4) 눈코입귀, 얼굴크기비교체질에관계없이귀가큰사람이가장많고눈이큰사람이가장적은것으로나타났다. 그리고태음인이소양인, 소음인에비해눈코입귀가얼굴에비해작은것으로나타났다 (Table 6). 5) 눈끝과코끝의올라가고내려간정도체질에관계없이눈끝과코끝이다올라간사람이 78.07% 로월등히많았고다음으로눈끝이올라가고코끝이내려간사람이 13.45%, 눈끝이내려가고코끝이올라간사람이 5.71%, 눈끝이내려가고코끝도내려간사람이 2.79% 의순으로나타났다. 특히소양인은눈끝이내려간사람이 2.06% 로태음인 12.17%, 소음인 9.64% 에매우적은것으로나타났다 (Table 7). Table 4. Face Shape by Sasang Constitution Round Inverted Triangle Square or Diamond Oval 13 (5.73) 16 (7.05) 137 (60.35) 61 (26.87) 72 (20.51) 7 (1.99) 149 (42.45) 123 (35.04) 42 (9.91) 34 (8.02) 215 (50.71) 133 (31.37) 127 (12.67) 57 (5.69) 501 (50.00) 317 (31.64) Total missing value = p<.001 Table 5. Convex or Concave Face Profile Convex Concave 28 (53.85) 24 (46.15) 164 (85.86) 27 (14.14) 35 (42.68) 47 (57.32) 227 (69.85) 98 (30.15) Total missing value = p<.001
6 100 A Study on the Characteristics of Facial Shape in Adult Women by Sasang Constitution Using Hyungsang Classification Table 6. Classification According to the Eyes, Nose, Mouth, and Face Size Big Eyes Small Eyes, Nose, Mouth & Ears Big Mouth Big Nose Big Ears 25 (11.06) 37 (16.37) 31 (19.72) 63 (27.88) 70 (30.97) 25 (7.14) 94 (26.86) 59 (16.86) 70 (20.00) 102 (29.14) 54 (12.83) 83 (19.71) 71 (16.86) 94 (22.33) 119 (28.27) 104 (10.43) 214 (21.46) 161 (16.15) 227 (22.77) 291 (29.19) Total missing value = p=.013 Table 7. Classification According to the Direction of Eyes & Nose Tip Eyes Tip Upward & Nose Tip Upward Eyes Tip downward & Nose Tip Upward Eyes Tip downward & Nose Tip downward Eyes Tip Upward & Nose Tip downward 156 (80.00) 2 (1.03) 2 (1.03) 35 (17.95) 176 (76.52) 17 (7.39) 11 (4.78) 26 (11.30) 283 (77.96) 26 (7.16) 9 (2.48) 45 (12.40) 615 (78.05) 45 (5.71) 22 (2.79) 106 (13.45) Total missing value = p=.003 Ⅳ. 考察 그동안체질별얼굴특징을파악하기위해얼굴사진촬영과계측이주로이루어졌다. 얼굴특정부위의점을선정하고점간거리를변수로하여통계적방법에의해체질간유의한차이가있는변수를찾고그의미를해석하였다. 고등 2 의연구가대표적이며이후성별, 연령별로대상을구분하여특징을파악하고자하였다 3-6. 이들연구는측정변수가 200개인데비해대상자수가 100여명으로적고성별, 체질별로구분하면각각수십명에불과해결과를일반화하는데무리가있다. 또한통계적으로유의한변수라하더 라도찾아낸모든변수를임상에활용할수있도록그의미를명확하게해석해내기는더욱어렵다. 이에본연구는기존의특정점사이의거리를분석하는방법대신에형상유형을사용하여사상체질별로얼굴의전반적인형태특징을보다쉽게이해하고자하였다. 대상자는월경통임상연구에참여한 19세에서 53세사이평균 세의여성 1,011명으로앞선어느연구보다도대상자수가많다. 참고로석등17의연구에서는 17세이상여성 622명이대상이었고장등 18 의연구에서는 10세이상여성 448명이었다. 형상유형분류는형상전문가가디지털카메라사진과 3차원스캐너로획득한 3차원입체영상을모두참
7 SH Jeon et al. 101 고하여얼굴형태를 5가지방법으로구분하는데뚜렷한특징이없는경우는분류하지않고결측값 (missing value) 으로처리했다. 이마발제정중점 (Figure 3. L1) 과아래턱정중점 (Figure 3. L3) 을잇는직선을얼굴길이로하고좌우귀앞점 (Figure 3. S3) 간거리를얼굴너비로하여길이와너비의비를고려하여형상전문가가넓은얼굴, 좁은얼굴로구분하였다. 소양인과소음인은좁은얼굴과넓은얼굴의빈도차이가없는데비해, 태음인은넓은얼굴이 74.36% 로월등히많은것으로나타나태음인은 얼굴이넓적하다 1 와일치하였다. 얼굴외곽의형태에있어체질에관계없이각진형 (50%) 이가장많았고다음은타원형 (31.64%) 의순이었다. 문 8 의연구에서사각형과마름모형을포함한각진형이 15.9%, 김등 8 은사각형이 23.5%, 양 7 은사각형과마름모형을포함한각진형이 8% 인것과비교하면본연구는각진형의비율이매우높은것으로나타났는데이는부산이라는지역적특징으로생각된다. 체질별로소양인은각진형이 60.35% 로가장많았고역삼각형은 7.05% 로매우적었다. 이등 1 의설문연구에서소양인은 하악이각져있다 와유사하였고 턱이좁고뾰족한역삼각형안면형태이다 와는거리가있었다. 장등 18 의계측연구에서소양인여성은 이마부위가발달하고턱부위가약한것 으로해석하였는데이는역삼각형에해당되며본연구결과와거리가있었다. 태음인은각진형이 42.45% 로가장많고그다음은타원형 (35.04%), 둥근형 (20.51%) 이었고역삼각형은 1.99% 로매우적었다. 이등 19 의설문연구에서태음인은 하악부위가중후하다, 얼굴이사각이다 와는유사하였고 얼굴이둥글다 아마가좌우로넓다 와는거리가있었다. 장등 18 의계측연구에서태음인여성은 하관이길고, 두터운것으로볼수있다, 태음인은남녀모두하관이넓다 와유사하였다. 따라서태음인여성은이마는넓지않고사각형얼굴이가장흔한얼굴형태라고생각된다. 소음인은각진형이 50.71% 로반수가넘었고타원형 이 31.37% 이고, 둥근형 (9.91%) 과역삼각형 (8.02%) 은적었다. 소음인은 얼굴이상하로길며갸름하다 1, 하관이좁고계란형으로얼굴의상하가길다 18, 얼굴이갸름하며곡선형 15 이라고하여대부분계란형이일반적이라고하였으나본연구에서는타원형이 1/3 정도로적게나타났고지역적특징이라고생각된다. 얼굴의돌출여부에서체질에관계없이돌출형 (69.85%) 이함요형 (30.15%) 에비해 2배이상많았다. 체질별로소양인과소음인은돌출형과함요형의차이가적은데비해태음인은돌출형이 85.86% 이고함요형이 14.14% 로차이가매우큰것으로나타났다. 태음인은 평면적이다 1 는것과달리전방으로돌출하여입체감이있는것으로나타났다. 소양인은 이마가돌출되었다, 중안부가돌출했다 18 고하였는데본연구결과로는이마부위한부위의돌출여부는알수없었다. 눈코입귀와얼굴의크기비교에서체질에관계없이귀가큰사람이가장많고눈이큰사람이가장적은것으로나타났다. 태음인은 이목구비가크다, 눈이크다, 코가크다 19 고하였고 코가크고코폭도넓다 1 고하였으나본연구결과태음인여성 350명중에서눈이큰사람은 7.14%, 코가큰사람은 20% 였고오히려눈코입귀가작고상대적으로얼굴이넓어보이는경우가 26.86% 로더많았다. 다른체질과비교해서얼굴에서코가가장커보이는 227 명중에서태음인 (n=70) 은소음인 (n=94) 보다수가적었다. 그리고얼굴에서눈이가장커보이는 104명중에서태음인 (n=25) 은소음인 (n=54) 보다수가적었다. 따라서태음인이다른체질에비해눈, 코크기의절대값이클수는있어도눈코입귀와얼굴크기의상대적비율에서눈과코가크다고말할수는없다. 눈끝과코끝의올라가고내려간정도에서체질에관계없이눈끝과코끝이다올라간사람이 78.07% 로월등히많았고눈끝이올라가고코끝이내려간사람이 13.45%, 눈끝이내려가고코끝이올라간사람이 5.71%, 눈끝과코끝이모두내려간사람이 2.79% 의순으로나타났다. 소양인중에서눈끝이올라간사람이 97.95% 이고내려간사람이 2.06% 로소양인은 눈
8 102 A Study on the Characteristics of Facial Shape in Adult Women by Sasang Constitution Using Hyungsang Classification 끝이올라갔다 19 와소양인은 눈끝이올라간경우가많다 1 와일치하였다. 그러나소음인중에서눈끝이내려간사람은 9.64% 이고올라간사람이 90.36% 로나타나소음인은 눈매가쳐져있다 19, 소음인은 눈꼬리가약간처진편 1 과는거리가멀었다. 이러한상이한결과는본연구의지역적한계일수있는데비교할만한한국인대표얼굴데이터를찾지못하였다. 국가기술표준원에서 1979년부터구축한한국인인체표준정보 DB 20 에머리와눈코입귀의길이와너비의평균값은있으나얼굴윤곽의형태나눈코입귀의크기비율이나각도그리고얼굴의돌출정도관련자료는없었다. 향후학회차원의꾸준한자료수집과빅데이터분석등의연구방법이필요할것으로생각된다. 또한본연구에서형상진단을전문가 1인이담당한것과형상진단기준으로정확한비율을제시하지못한것은재현성에문제가있을수있어향후연구에서는다수의전문가를참여시키거나구체적인진단기준을마련해야할것으로생각된다. Ⅴ. 結論 체질에관계없이각진얼굴이과반수이고다음은타원형이었다. 눈끝코끝이모두올라간사람이 78% 이상으로월등히많고모두내려간사람은 2.79% 로매우드물었다. 태음인은넓은얼굴에돌출형얼굴이많았다. 소양인은얼굴이각지고 (60.35%) 눈끝이올라간비율이 97.94% 로다른체질보다더많았다. 소음인은각진형이과반수가넘고 (50.71%) 눈끝이올라간비율이 90.36% 로소양인과비슷한경향으로나타나타원형에눈끝이내려간기존의소음인용모와는차이가있었다. Ⅵ. Acknowledgements 본연구는한국보건산업진흥원을통해보건복지부의 재정지원을받아수행된연구임 (HI14D1103) Ⅶ. References 1. Lee SY, Koh BH, Lee EJ, Lee JH, Hwang MW. Systematic Review on Researches of Sasang Constitution Diagnosis Using Facial Feature. J Sasang Constitut Med. 2012; 24(4):17-27.(Korean) 2. Koh BH, Song IB, Cho YJ, Choi CS, Kim JW, Hong SC et al. A Morphologic Study of head and face for Sasang Constitution. J Sasang Constitut Med. 1996; 8(1): (Korean) 3. Yun JH, Lim KS, Kim SB, Lee JH, Park GS, Lee SK et al. The Comparison Research of the Head and Face on the 30's, 40's, and the 50's, 60's in Korean Men according to Sasang Constitution. J Sasang Constitut Med. 2000;12(2): (Korean) 4. Yun JH, Lee SK, Lee EJ, Koh BH, Song IB. Morphological standardization research of head and face on the 50's and 60's in Korean according to Sasang Constitution. J Sasang Constitut Med. 2000;12(2): (Korean) 5. Jung KH, Koh BH, Song IB. A Morphologic Study of Head and Face of Man in the Age 30 to 40 according to Sasang Constitution. J Oriental Med. 2000;6(1): (Korean) 6. Hong SC. A Morphological Study of Ear, Eye, Nose and Moutf according to the Sasang Constitution. D. S. Dissertation, Kyung-Hee Univ., 1998(Korean) 7. Yang JS. A Study on Image Perception of Suitable Makeup Technique and Hair Style in Six Types Face. D. S. Dissertation, Wonkwang Univ., 2009(Korean) 8. Moon NW. The Effects of Face Types and A Detail of Clothes on Visual Evaluation: Focused on womens' necklines, D. S. Dissertation, Chonnam National Univ., 1997(Korean) 9. Kim JS, Lee KH. Photogrammetric Study on Facial
9 SH Jeon et al. 103 Shape Analysis of Female College Students J Korean Soc Cloth Text. 2004;28(11): (Korean) 10. Kang SH, Jeon SH, Lee IS, Kim KK, Na YJ, Kim JW. The Research of Corelation between Sasang Constitution and pattern Identification through Clinical Research of the Patients of Menstrual Pain. J Sasang Constitut Med. 2016;28(4): (Korean) 11. Na YJ, Kang SH, Kim JW, Jeon SH. A Study on the Response Differences to the Sasang Constitution Questionnaire by Sasang Constitutions in Adult Women with Menstrual Pain. J Sasang Constitut Med. 2016;28(4): (Korean) 12. Cho HS, Lee IS, Kim KK, Kim JW. The Research on the Characteristics of BMI and Sasang Constitutional on Dysmenorrhea Patients. J Korean Obstet Gynecol. 2016;29(1): (Korean) 13. Kim JW. The Study on Development of Questionnaires Program Ⅰ for the Diagnosis of Sasang Constitution. Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (Korean) 14. Lee SW, Joo JC, Lee SK, Lee HJ, Jang ES. A Study on the Response Differences to the Sasang Constitution Questionnaire by Sasang Constitutions. J Sasang Constitut Med. 2007;19(3):89-98.(Korean) 15. Jeong JH, Jeon SH, Na YJ, Kang SH, Dong SO, Lee SW et al. A Study about a Short-form of the Sasang Constitution Questionnaire for Patient (SSCQ-P). J Sasang Constitut Med. 2014;26(4): (Korean) 16. Kim GC, Lee JW, Kim H, Shin SS, Lee HW, Lee YT et al. Basic Study on the Image Instrument of the Facial-form by the 3D-facial Scanner. Korean J Oriental Physiology & Pathology. 2008;22(2): (Korean) 17. Seok JH, Yoo JH, Lee JH, Hwang MW, Cho YJ, Kho BH et al. The Upgrade of Sasangin Classification System by the Morphologic Study of Head and Face: Facial Differences on Sex and Age. J Sasang Constitut Med. 2007;19(3):30-50.(Korean) 18. Jang ES, Kim YJ, Kim SH, Joo JC. Characteristics of Distance, Angle and Ratio among the Face Point on Photo in Sasang Constitutional Medicine. J Sasang Constitut Med. 2010;22(2):37-47.(Korean) 19. Lee JH, Kim YH, Hwang MW, Kim JY, Lee EJ, Song IB et al. Survey Study about Sasangin s Characteristics of Face, Voice, Skin and Pulse Diagnosis. J Korean Oriental Med. 2007;19(3): (Korean) 20.
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