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1 한국정밀공학회지제 31 권 8 호 pp J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 31, No. 8, pp ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) August 2014 / 잉크젯프린팅을이용한 HepG2 세포담지콜라겐마이크로스피어제작 Fabrication of HepG2 Cell Laden Collagen Microspheres using Inkjet Printing 최진호 1, 김영호 2,3, 로익자코데콩브 4, 유르겐부르거 4, 김규만 1, Jin Ho Choi 1, Young Ho Kim 2,3, Loïc Jacot-Descombes 4, Jürgen Brugger 4, and Gyu Man Kim 1, 1 경북대학교기계공학부 (School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University) 2 대구경북첨단의료산업진흥재단첨단의료기기개발지원센터 (Medical Device Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation) 3 경북대학교차세대에너지기술연구소 (Research Institute of Advanced Energy Technology, Kyungpook National University) 4 École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) LMIS1 Corresponding author: gyuman.kim@knu.ac.kr, Tel: Manuscript received: / Revised: / Accepted: In this study, drop-on-demand system using piezo-elecrtric inkjet printers was employed for preparation of collagen microspheres, and its application was made to the HepG2 cell-laden microsphere preparation. The collagen microspheres were injected into beaker filled with mineral oil and incubated in a water bath at 37 for 45 minutes to induce gelation of the collagen microsphere. The size of collagen microsphere was 100µm in diameter and 80µm in height showing spherical shape. HepG2 cells were encapsulated in the collagen microsphere. The cellladen microspheres were inspected by the microscopic images. The encapsulation of cells may be beneficial for applications ranging from tissue engineering to cell-based diagnostic assays. Key Words: Microsphere ( 마이크로스피어 ), Inkjet Printing ( 잉크젯프린팅 ), Collagen Cell Laden ( 콜라겐셀레이든 ), HepG2 Cell ( 간암세포 ) 1. 서론 마이크로엔지니어링기술의하나인잉크젯프린팅 (inkjet printing) 기술은멤스 (MEMS) 기술의패터닝방법인포토리소그라피 (photolithography) 를이용한패터닝방식보다공정시간이빠르고간편하며, 비접촉드롭온디멘드 (drop-on-demand, DOD) 방식이기때문에기판의표면오염을최소화할수있는장점을가진다. 이러한잉크젯프린팅기술 은최근입는 (wearable) 컴퓨터, 유연 (flexible) 디스플레이, 일회용 (disposable) 전자소자등의전자산업분야와단백질, 세포및미생물을기판위에배열 (array) 하는방법을응용한바이오센서 (bio sensor), DNA 칩 (DNA chip), 단백질칩 (protein chip), 선별검사 (screening) 등의바이오응용분야에서많은연구가진행되고있다. 1-4 잉크젯프린팅기술은노즐의구동방식에따라크게액체분사를위해잉크가펌프에의해노즐까 Copyright C The Korean Society for Precision Engineering This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 한국정밀공학회지제 31 권 8 호 pp August 2014 / 744 지연속적으로이송되는연속 (continuous) 방식, 용기 (reservoir) 에있는유체가필요에따라모세관힘 (capillary force) 에의해노즐로이송되는 DOD(dropon-demand) 방식으로분류할수있다. DOD 방식은구동원리에따라열적 (thermal) 구동과피에조 (piezo elecrtric) 구동으로나눌수있다. 열적구동은노즐안에열을가하면기포가발생하여노즐밖으로액적을분사시키는방법이며, 피에조구동방식은압전소자에전기를가하여변환되는압력으로모세관의체적을변화시켜노즐밖으로액적을분사시키는방법이다. 5,6 본연구에서는비접촉식 DOD 방식의피에조구동형잉크젯노즐을이용하였다. 콜라겐은생체조직을구성하는단백질로생체적합성, 세포접착성, 증식성, 생분해성등우수한성질을가지는물질로바이오응용분야에서많이사용되고있다. 또한, 세포배양에서성장과증식성을향상시키는효과가있으며, 재생의료분야의지지체 (scaffold) 로주목받고있는기능성소재이다. 콜라겐마이크로스피어 (microsphere) 는기존의 2차원세포배양기술의한계를벗어나 3차원형상을가지는생체기관의구조를모사한세포배양방법으로실제생물체의반응을정확하게재현하기위한새로운형태의배양기술이다. 7,8 본연구에서는비접촉식 DOD 방식의피에조구동형잉크젯프린팅시스템을이용하여콜라겐을마이크로스피어형상으로제작하는기술을개발하였다. 또한, 이를이용하여 3차원세포배양기술인 HepG2 세포담지마이크로스피어 (cell-laden microsphere) 를만드는연구를수행하였다. 2. 실험준비 비접촉식 DOD 방식의피에조구동형잉크젯프린팅시스템을 Fig. 1 과같이구성하였다. 구성된잉크젯프린팅장치는 LabVIEW 기반의소프트웨어와잉크젯헤드컨트롤러 (inkjet head controller) 를통해자동으로액적의분사속도및크기를제어하도록설계되었다. 잉크젯프린팅장치의용기 (reservoir) 는수용액을보관하며잉크젯헤드 (inkjet head) 로수용액을전달한다. 실험에사용된잉크젯헤드의노즐 (MD-K ) 직경은 50µm 크기를가지며 30~40µm 직경의액적분사가가능하다. 피에조구동전압을잉크젯헤드컨트롤러를통하여 70~150V 범위로변화시 Fig. 1 Schematic image and actual image of inkjet printing setup 키면서형성된액적을관찰하였다. 3축스테이지는스테이지컨트롤러를통하여액적의위치제어에사용되었다. 그리고측면 (side view) CCD 카메라는액적형성관찰에사용하였으며, 윗면 (top view) CCD 카메라는액적의위치관찰에사용하였다. 마이크로스피어의제작에사용된콜라겐은파우더형태인콜라겐 (collagen type Ⅳ ; Sigma Aldrich) 과액상형태인콜라겐 (Bovine collagen type Ⅰ; BD bioscience) 을사용하였다. 파우더형태의콜라겐은다양한농도의콜라겐을만들기는쉬우나액상으로녹이기위한시간이걸린다. 또한잉크젯프린팅장치의노즐을쉽게막는현상이발생하였다. 이러한문제를해결하기위해농도 30% 를가지는액상형태인세포배양용콜라겐 typeⅠ을이용하여마이크로스피어및 HepG2 세포가담지된콜라겐마이크로스피어를제작하였다. HepG 2는사람의간조직세포로간질환연구, 약물표적연구및독성테스트를위한모델시스템으로많이사용되고있는세포이다. HepG 2 세포의크기는약 10~20µm 정도이다. HepG 2 세포배양액 (culture medium) 은 MEM(Eagle s Minimum

3 한국정밀공학회지제 31 권 8 호 pp August 2014 / 745 Essential Medium), 10% FBS(fetal bovine serum), 1% Non-Essential Amino Acids, 1% Sodium Pyruvate 를섞어서제작하였다. 3. 결과및고찰 3.1 콜라겐마이크로스피어잉크젯프린팅장치의용기에콜라겐수용액을채우고잉크젯헤드를통하여콜라겐을잉크젯프린팅하였다. 실험에사용된노즐은 50µm 크기를가지며, 콜라겐마이크로스피어의형성조건은피에조구동전압 T= 90V, 펄스폭 PL= 72µs, 구동주파수 F= 100Hz 이다. 콜라겐은수용액형태로잉크젯시스템에공급된다. 따라서, 액적을공기중에서실리콘웨이퍼등의기판위로분사하는경우액적의물이빠르게증발하는문제가발생한다 (Fig. 2(a)). 이러한수용액의증발문제를해결하기위하여액적을광유 (mineral oil) 속으로분사하여증발을최소화하였다. 광유를유리샬레에담은후에기판대신사용하였다. 또한, 광유속으로분사된콜라겐은표면장력효과로인하여액적의형상을유지할수있었다. 액적이광유안으로들어가기위해서는광유의표면장력을극복할수있는액적의운동에너지가필요하며, 또한광유안에들어간후에액적의깊이방향위치는광유의점성 (viscosity) 과액적의운동에너지에따라영향을받는다. 액적의운동에너지는피에조의구동전압으로조절할수있으며, 구동전압이작은경우 (T=70V) 액적이광유속으로들어가지못하고광유의표면에형성됨을확인하였다. 광유의점성이높으면액적이광유속으로들어가지못하고광유의표면에형성되기때문에광유의점성은낮을수록액적형성이유리하다. Fig. 2(b) 는잉크젯프린팅으로콜라겐마이크로스피어를제작하고이를겔화 (gelation) 하여광유를제거하는개략도를보여준다. Fig. 2(c) 는잉크젯프린팅을사용하여광유속에서형성된구형상의콜라겐액적의광학이미지이다. 잉크젯의구동주파수 (100Hz) 가높기때문에노즐에서분사된미세액적들은광유안에서병합 (merge) 되어액적을형성함에따라, 액적크기의분포가넓게나타났다. Fig. 2(d) 는광유속에서형성된콜라겐액적을 37 워터배스 (water bath) 에서 45분간겔화하여형성된콜라겐마이크로스피어의이미지이다. 본실험에 (a) (c) 서는가시화를위해콜라겐에염색염료 (Blue Dye) 를섞어사용하였다. 제작된콜라겐마이크로스피어의크기는다양한분포를보였다. 3.2 HepG2 세포가담지된콜라겐마이크로스피어 HepG2 세포가담지된콜라겐마이크로스피어의제작을위하여콜라겐과 HepG2 세포의혼합액을잉크젯프린팅하였다. 콜라겐수용액과 HepG2 세포가포함되어있는배양액을 1:1 (wt%) 의비율로혼합하여잉크젯프린팅용기 (reservoir) 에넣은후, 50µm 크기를가지는잉크젯프린팅장치의노즐을통하여광유속으로액적을분사하였다. Fig. 3 은잉크젯프린팅으로제작된콜라겐액적안에 HepG2 세포가담지된이미지이다. 콜라겐마이크로스피어는다양한크기로형성되었으며, 콜라겐액적안에담지된 HepG2 세포의수도다양하였다. Fig. 4 는세포가담지된콜라겐액적의형상을확인하기위해현미경을이용하여수직방향으로초점거리를변화시켜콜라겐액적의밑에서부터위까지관찰한이미지이다. 측정결과콜라겐마이크로스피어는직경 100µm, 높이 80µm 를가지는타원임을확인할수있었다. Fig. 5 는콜라겐을겔화시킨후제작된 HepG2 세포가담지된 (b) (d) Fig. 2 Optical images of inkjet printed collagen droplets. (a) collagen patterns printed on Si substrate in the air, (b) Schematics of collagen inkjetting into mineral oil and subsequent gelation, (c) Collagen droplets in mineral oil, (d) Collagen microspheres after gelation

4 한국정밀공학회지제 31 권 8 호 pp August 2014 / 746 Fig. 3 HepG2 cell laden microsphere inkjet printed into mineral oil Fig. 5 HepG2 cell laden microsphere after gelation of collagen 4. 결론 (a) (c) 콜라겐마이크로스피어의이미지이며, 콜라겐안에분포된 HepG2 세포수도다양하게들어가있음을확인할수있다. 잉크젯의주파수특성상노즐에서분사된액적이병합하여최종액적을형성하기때문에콜라겐액적의크기가넓은분포를나타내었고, 일정한수나단수의세포를액적안에넣는부분은추가연구가필요한것으로판단된다. (b) (d) Fig. 4 HepG2 cell laden microsphere dimensions were measured by changing the microscope focus distance. Cell laden microsphere diameter: 100µm, thickness: 80µm, (a) Schematics of cell laden microsphere into mineral oil, (b) at bottom of droplet, (c) at middle, (d) at top 본연구는비접촉식 DOD 방식의피에조구동형잉크젯프린팅을이용하여바이오물질인콜라겐마이크로스피어를제작하였다. 프린터해드를통하여콜라겐용액을광유가담겨있는유리샬레로분사하여마이크로액적을형성한후이를겔화함으로써다양한크기를가지는콜라겐마이크로스피어를제작할수있었다. 또한, 콜라겐에 HepG2 세포를분산시킨후에잉크젯팅을함으로써세포가담지된마이크로스피어를제작할수있었다. 세포가담지된마이크로스피어는세포전달체로적용될수있으며, 세포의 3 차원배양조건을제공함으로써보다정확한 in vitro 세포배양모델을수립할수있어추후다양한바이오연구에적용할수있을것으로예상된다. 후기 본연구는미래창조과학부의재원으로한국연구재단의지원 (No.2013R1A1A ) 을받아수행되었습니다. REFERENCES 1. Yoon, S. H., Lee, S. G., Cho, M. O., and Kim, J. K., Two-Dimensional Patterning of Bacteria by Inkjet

5 한국정밀공학회지제 31 권 8 호 pp August 2014 / 747 Printing, Transactions of The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers: B, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp , Roth, E. A., Xu, T., Das, M., Gregory, C., Hickman, J. J., et al., Inkjet Printing for High-Throughput Cell Patterning, Biomaterials, Vol. 25, No. 17, pp , Ilkhanizadeh, S., Teixeira, A. I., and Hermanson, O., Inkjet Printing of Macromolecules on Hydrogels to Steer Neural Stem Cell Differentiation, Biomaterials, Vol. 28, No. 27, pp , Liberski, A. R., Delaney Jr., J. T., and Schubert, U. S., One Cell-One Well : A New Approach to Inkjet Printing Single Cell Microarrays, ACS Combinatorial Science, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp , Kwon, K. S. and Myong, J. H., Experimental Study on the Relationship between Ink Droplet Volume and Inkjet Waveform, J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 26, No. 4, pp , Jacot-Descombes, L., Gullo, M., Cadarso, V., and Brugger, J., Fabrication of Epoxy Spherical Microstructures by Controlled Drop-on-Demand Inkjet Printing, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, Vol. 22, No. 7, Paper No , Morimoto, Y., Tsuda, Y., and Takeuchi, S., Reconstruction of 3D Hierarchic Micro-Tissues using Monodisperse Collagen Microbeads, Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, pp , Shin, Y. J., Han, S. W., Jeon, J. S., Yamamoto, K., Zervantonakis, I. K., et al., Microfluidic Assay for Simultaneous Culture of Multiple Cell Types on Surfaces or within Hydrogels, Nature Protocols, Vol. 7, No. 7, pp , 2012.

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THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)

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