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1 Journal of The Korean Society of Physical Medicine, 2013; 8(4): Online ISSN: Print ISSN: X Research Article Open Access 경직성양하지마비아의 5 가지치료적운동시핵심안정성과관련된근활동비교분석 서혜정 김중휘 1 신현희 2 유성환 2 대구가톨릭대학교대학원물리치료학과, 1 대구가톨릭대학교물리치료학과, 2 보바스어린이병원물리치료실 Comparative Analysis of Muscles Activation relate to Core Stability during 5 Therapeutic Exercise in Children with Spastic Diplegia Hye-Jung Seo, PT, MPH, Joong-Hwi Kim, PT, PhD 1, Hyun-Hee Shin, PT 2, Sung-Hwan Yoo, PT 2 Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Catholic University of Daegu 1 Department of Physical Therapy, Catholic University of Daegu 2 Department of Physical Therapy, Bobath Children s Hospital Received: September 3, 2013 / Revised: October 9, 2013 / Accepted: October 13, 2013 c 2013 Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine Abstract PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate muscles activation relate to core stability during 5 therapeutic exercise in children with spastic diplegia. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 8 children with typical development and 12 children with spastic diplegia who have been treated in Bobath children s hospital, all of whom agreed to participate in the study. All subjects were measured to see their muscles activation of rectus abdominalis, external oblique abdominalis, elector spinae, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, and semitendinosus with surface EMG. RESULTS: The results of this study were as follows : 1) There were statistically significant difference in the root mean square(rms) of all muscles according to 5 therapeutic exercise in children with spastic diplegia. 2) There were statistically significant difference in the RMS of all muscles Corresponding Author : ibobath@hanmail.net according to 5 therapeutic exercise in children with typical development. 3) Significant differences of the RMS between diplegic children and normal children were found in elector spinae and rectus femoris only curl-up exercise. CONCLUSION: As the above results, we suggest that 5 therapeutic exercises could be used for a core stability or core strengthening program. Depending on the individual needs of children with cerebral palsy, some of exercises may be more beneficial than others for achieving strength. Key Words: Spastic diplegia, Core stability, Therapeutic exercise, Muscles activation Ⅰ. 서론뇌성마비는여러가지원인에의하여발생하는미성숙뇌의비진행성병변또는결손에의한뇌기능의장애로다양한임상증상이나타나는임상증후군이다
2 584 대한물리의학회지제 8 권제 4 호 (Ingram, 1984). 국소적인중추신경의손상은발달과성장과정을통해결국근육, 뼈, 관절등의말초부위의손상을야기한다 (Gage, 1991). 이로인한근약화혹은근력의부족은뇌성마비아동에있어주요한장애이다 (Damiano 등, 1995). 경직성뇌성마비아동중에기능이좋은경우에도정상아동과비교시하지의근력약화가나타난다고하였으며 (Damiano 등, 1995; Wiley와 Damiano, 1998), 이러한뇌성마비아동의근력약화는주로원위부에서보였으며, 고관절굴곡근과족관절저측굴곡근은길항근에비하여근력이강화되어져있다보고하였다 (Brown 등, 1991). 이는뇌성마비아동의하지근육의불균형발달을보여주는증거가된다. 또한뇌성마비아동의경우팔다리근육의약화뿐아니라체간근육의약화도나타난다 (Burtner 등, 1998). 이러한체간근육의약화로인해균형있는앉기의어려움이나타나며, 균형유지를어렵게하여보행이나몸을바로세운자세에서의동작에문제를야기한다 (Lee와 Kim, 2011). 이처럼일상생활중에서다양한자세를유지하기위하여체간근의적절한근력과지구력의유지는매우중요하며, 복근과체간근은핵심안정성 (core stability) 과관계가있으며, 이러한핵심안정성은체간안정성을강화시키고, 자세조절을증진시키는데효과가있다 (Kim 등, 2009). 핵심안정성은능동적인안정성인근육의동시수축으로성취되며, 앞쪽에복근, 뒤쪽에는부척추근과둔근, 위쪽에는횡격막, 아래쪽에는골반저근육 (pelvic floor muscle) 과하지대 (hip girdle) 근육으로이루어진상자형태의근육들의조화에달려있다 (Kim 과 Cho, 2013). 핵심안정성을위한운동으로는골반경사운동, 네발기기운동, 복부당기기 (abdominal hollwing), 교각운동등이일반적으로제시되고있으며 (Hubley-Kozey와 Vezina, 2002), 성인과소아치료에서도많이사용되어지고있다. 특히소아에서는소단위및대단위운동조절에도움을주기위해응용되어사용되어지며, 보행, 균형및자세조절을향상시킬뿐아니라자세긴장도감소에도영향을준다 (Dodd 등, 2002). 최근뇌성마비아동의대단위운동능력과가동성을증진시키기위한임상적연구로근력강화에대해활발하게이루어지고있는실정이다 (Lee와 Kim, 2011). 과 거에는근력강화운동이비정상적근육의긴장도를생성하는것에대한두려움이있었으나 (Semans, 1967), 최근연구에서는이러한현상은발견되지않았으며, 근력강화훈련이근육의힘생성을증가시키며, 뇌성마비아동의기능을증진시킴을뒷받침해주고있다 (Damiano와 Abel, 1998; Dodd 등, 2003; Macphail과 Kramer, 1995). 이러한근력강화를위한재활프로그램은특정근골격계필요에맞는특정자세적응이제공되어야한다는원칙에기초를두고있다 (Ekstrom 등, 2007). 약화된근육의근력과지구력향상을위해고안된특정운동은개인의참여도가중요한영향을주게되며, 임상가들은개인에맞는최적의운동프로그램을제공하려고노력하고있다 (Ekstrom 등, 2007). 이와같이뇌성마비아동의개인특성에맞는근력강화를위한운동들이제공되어져야할것이다. 이에본연구에서는뇌성마비아동치료에서주로사용하는근력강화운동중, 핵심안정성과관련된치료운동 5가지를선택하여핵심안정성에관련된근육인체간및하지근육의근활성정도를근전도기기를사용하여비교함으로써각운동에서의근활성도를규명하고, 또한정상아동과의근활성도차이를비교함으로써아동의필요에맞는보다효율적인운동프로그램을제공하는데기초자료로서의근거를마련하고자한다. Ⅱ. 연구방법 1. 연구대상본연구는 2013년 5월부터 2013년 6월까지경기도성남시에소재한보바스어린이병원에서외래를통한치료를하고있는경직성양하지마비아동 12명과정상아동 8명, 총 20명의아동을대상으로하였다. 연구참가자전원의보호자로부터동의서를받고실시하였다. 구체적인연구대상자의선정조건은다음과같다. 보조장비없이독립보행가능한아동 (GMFCS 1 level), 연구자의지시를따를수있는정도의인지능력을가진아동, 탈구와같은근골격계이상이없고최근
3 경직성양하지마비아의 5 가지치료적운동시핵심안정성과관련된근활동비교분석 585 몇개월외과적수술및약물투입등을하지않은아동으로하였다. 2. 실험방법및절차 1) 표면근전도 (surface electromyogram) 수집과기본신호처리근육의근전도신호를측정하기위해신경과근섬유에서나오는복합활동전위를기록하는표면근전도계를사용하였다. 사용한표면근전도계는 WEMG-8(LXM5308, LAXTHA, Korea) 로 input impedance가 Ω, CMRR (common mode rejection ratio) 을 110dB로설정하여근전도신호를수집하였다. 측정된표면근전도신호 (sample rate=1,024hz) 는 TeleScan(ver 2.0) 프로그램을이용하여표면근전도신호원자료를산출하였고, IIR bandpass digital filter(band-width=50-300hz) 로걸러준다음, 분석에필요한 6개근육에대한피험자별평균 RMS(root mean squre) 값을산출하였다. 2) 전극부착부위핵심안정성과관련된체간및하지근육의근활동을알아보기위해우세측복직근 ( 전상장골극높이, 배꼽외측 1-2cm), 외복사근 ( 늑골하부각바로아래부위사선방향 ). 척추기립근 ( 요추 1번극돌기외측으로 1-2개손가락너비 ), 대둔근 ( 천추와대전자사이중간부위 ), 대퇴직근 ( 전상장골극과슬개골사이중간부위 ), 반건양근 ( 좌골조면과내측경골상과사이중간부위 ) 에표면전극을대고근육활동을측정하였다. 각각의근육부착지점은 Prosser 등 (2010) 의연구를참고하여선택하였으며, 전극과피부사이의임계저항을줄이기위해피부를부드러운사포로문질러각질을제거해준후알코올로닦아낸다음전극을부착하였다. 한쌍의전극은전극의중심과중심사이가 20mm 거리로근육섬유의주행방향에평행하게부착하였고기준전극은측정근육이주행하지않는근처뼈부위에부착하였다. 모든표면근전도측정은각각 10초간유지 3회씩반복측정하였으며측정후앞, 뒤를제외한중간 3초값의평균을얻었다. 3) 검사자세및절차본연구에들어가기에앞서운동동작의이해를돕기위해연구참가자에게 5가지운동에대한설명을한후검사를실시하였다. 각운동들을 10초동안유지하도록하였으며, 각운동이끝날때마다 1분씩쉬게하였다. 또한 5가지운동의순서를다르게하여학습에의한효과를상쇄시켰다. 각운동자세의구체적인방법은다음과같다. (1) 윗몸일으키기운동 (Curl-up exercise) Fig 1. Curl-up exercise 1 아동을바로누운자세를취하게한다. 이때고개와몸을가운데유지하도록정렬을맞춘다. 2 치료사는아동의무릎을구부려서발바닥이바닥에닿도록유지시킨다. 이때뒷꿈치가지면에닿은상태로유지하게하며, 골반은후방경사로유지하게한다. 3 시선을아래쪽으로향하게하여목굴곡과동시에머리를들어올려 10초유지하게한다. 이때상지의보상작용이일어나지않도록아동에게주의시킨다. 2) 교각운동 (Bridge exercise) Fig 2. Bridge exercise
4 586 대한물리의학회지제 8 권제 4 호 1 아동을바로누운자세를취하게한다. 이때고개와몸을가운데유지하도록정렬을맞춘다. 2 치료사는아동의무릎을구부려서발바닥이바닥에닿도록유지시킨다. 이때뒷꿈치가지면에닿은상태로유지하게한다. 3 허리와엉덩이를들어올려일직선이된상태에서 10초간유지하게한다. 엎드려누운자세를취하게한다. 2 양발은골반넓이만큼벌리고 90도배측굴곡상태로받침점에닿도록한다. 체간안정성의부족을보완하기위해골반및가슴에수건을받쳐안정성을제공한다. 3 골반과무릎을신전시켜머리, 척추, 골반의높이가일직선이되도록하고 10초간유지하게한다. 3) 응용된편측교각운동 (Modified unilateral bridge exercise) 5) 응용된네발기기에서한쪽다리들기운동 (Modified quadruped position with lower extremity lift) Fig 3. Unilateral bridge exercise Fig 5. Modified quadruped position with lower extremity lift 1 아동을바로누운자세를취하게한다. 이때고개와몸을가운데유지하도록정렬을맞춘다. 2 치료사는아동의한쪽다리는지면에신전한상태로두고, 반대쪽다리는무릎을구부려서뒷꿈치와발바닥이바닥에닿도록유지시킨다. 3 한쪽허리와엉덩이를들어올려일직선이된상태에서 10초간유지하게한다. 4) 응용된엎드린교각운동 (Modified prone bridge exercise) Fig 4. Modified prone bridge exercise 1 아동을어깨넓이정도를전완을지지한상태로 1 불완전한원위부의지지와체간안정성의부족을보완하기위해체간과상지를지지하여응용된네발기기자세를취한다. 2 한쪽다리를체간과골반, 다리가일직선이되도록든후 10초간유지하게한다. 3. 분석방법자료의분석은 SPSS for Windows(Ver. 19.0) 의통계프로그램을이용하였고, 통계학적유의수준은.05로하였다. 경직성양하지마비아동군과정상아동군의연령, 체중, 신장에대한평균값과표준편차를구하였으며, 각군의 5가지운동에따른각근육들의근육활성정도를비교하기위해서일원배치분석 (One-way ANOVA) 을사용하였으며본페로니수정법 (Bonferroni s correction) 을이용하여사후각변인의변화를비교하였다. 두군의 5가지운동시 RMS값에대한측정값의차이를비교하기위해서독립 t 검정 (independent t-test) 을사용하였다.
5 경직성양하지마비아의 5 가지치료적운동시핵심안정성과관련된근활동비교분석 587 Ⅲ. 연구결과 1. 연구대상자의일반적특성본연구에참여한경직성양하지마비아동군의일반적특성을살펴보면, 평균연령은 8.17세, 신장은 cm, 몸무게는 21.42kg이었으며, 남자가 7명, 여자가 5명이었다. 정상아동군에서는평균연령은 7.25세, 신장은 cm, 몸무게는 22kg이었으며, 남자가 3명, 여자가 5명이었다. 두집단간의연령, 키, 몸무게는통계학적으로유의한차이가없었다 (p>.05)(table 1). Table 1. General characteristics of subjects Variable Diplegic children Normal children (n=12) (n=8) t p Age(years) 8.17± ± Hight(cm) ± ± Weight(kg) 21.42±4.1 22± Gender(male/female) 7/5 3/5 2. 경직성양하지마비아동군의 5가지운동에따른각근육들의근활성도비교경직성양하지마비아동군의 5가지운동에따른핵심안정성에관련된근육들의근활성도비교하기위해 RMS 측정값을살펴본결과, 운동에따라기립근, 대둔근, 복직근, 복사근, 반건양근, 대퇴직근의근활성도모두에서유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05)(table 2). 기립근의경우교각운동과응용된네발기기에서한쪽다리들기운동에서근활성도가높았으며 (p<.05), 대둔근은응용된네발기기에서한쪽다리들기운동에서가장활성도가높았다 (p<.05). 복직근은윗몸일으키기운 동에서가장활성도가높았으며 (p<.05), 복사근의경우응용된네발기기에서한쪽다리들기운동과윗몸일으키기운동에서근활성도가높았다 (p<.05). 반건양근은응용된네발기기에서한쪽다리들기운동에서가장높았으며, 교각운동에서도높은활성도를보였다 (p<.05). 대퇴직근의경우응용된엎드린교각운동와응용된네발기기에서한쪽다리들기운동에서높은활성도를보였다 (p<.05). 5가지운동에서의각근육의근활성도의세부적인비교를위해사후검정한결과는 Fig 6에나타내었다. Table 2. The mean difference of RMS of core muscles during 5 exercise in children with spastic diplegia Curl-up Bridge Modified unilateral bridge Modified prone bridge Modified quadruped position F p ES 6.24± ± ± ± ± * GM 4.90± ± ± ± ± * RA 66.29± ± ± ± ± * EO 18.39± ± ± ± ± * ST 4.47± ± ± ± ± * RF 8.62± ± ± ± ± * Mean±SD. * p<.05 ES: extensor spinea, GM: gluteus maximus, RA: rectus abdominalis, EO: external oblique, ST: semitendinosus, RF: rectus femoris
6 588 대한물리의학회지제 8 권제 4 호 Fig 6. The comparison of difference values in core muscles during 5 exercise in children with spastic diplegia 3. 정상아동군의 5가지운동에따른각근육들의근활성도비교정상아동군의 5가지운동에따른핵심안정성에관련된근육들의근활성도비교하기위해 RMS 측정값 을살펴본결과, 운동에따라기립근, 대둔근, 복직근, 복사근, 반건양근, 대퇴직근의근활성도모두에서유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05)(table 3). 기립근의경우교각운동과응용된네발기기에서한쪽다리들기운동에서근활성도가높았으며 (p<.05), 대둔근은응용된네발기기에서한쪽다리들기운동에서가장활성도가높았다 (p<.05). 복직근은윗몸일으키기운동에서가장활성도가높았으며 (p<.05), 복사근의경우응용된네발기기에서한쪽다리들기운동에서근활성도가높았다 (p<.05). 반건양근은응용된네발기기에서한쪽다리들기운동에서가장높았으며 (p<.05), 대퇴직근의경우응용된엎드린교각운동에서높은활성도를보였다 (p<.05). 5가지운동에서의각근육의근활성도의세부적인비교를위해사후검정한결과는 Fig 7에나타내었다. Table 3. The mean difference of RMS of core muscles during 5 exercise in normal children Curl-up Bridge Modified unilateral bridge Modified prone bridge Modified quadruped position F p ES 12.28± ± ± ± ± * GM 3.90± ± ± ± ± * RA 82.55± ± ± ± ± * EO 33.83± ± ± ± ± * ST 8.11± ± ± ± ± * RF 4.56± ± ± ± ± * Mean±SD. * p<.05 Fig 7. The comparison of difference values in core muscles during 5 exercise in normal children 4. 경직성양하지마비아동군과정상아동군의 5가지운동시근활성도측정값의차이비교경직성양하지마비아동군과정상아동군과의 5가지운동시근활성도측정값의차이비교는 Table 4와같다. 윗몸일으키기운동에서기립근과대퇴직근에서유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05). 기립근의경우정상아동군에서경직성양하지마비아동군에비해평균값이더높았으며, 대퇴직근은경직성양하지마비아동군에서더높게나타났다.
7 경직성양하지마비아의 5 가지치료적운동시핵심안정성과관련된근활동비교분석 589 Table 4. The mean difference of RMS of core muscles during 5 exercise between spastic diplegia and normal children Curl-up Bridge Modified unilateral bridge Modified prone bridge Modified quadruped position t p t p t p t p t p ES * GM RA EO ST RF * Mean±SD. * p<.05 Ⅳ. 고찰자세와움직임조절에대한많은연구들이이루어지고있으며, 특히핵심안정성 (core-stability) 에관련된다양한연구들이많은관심을받고있다 (Akuthota와 Nalder, 2004; Page, 2006). 외부저항에대한체간의회전에대항하여척추의중립자세를유지하려는복근의운동이복직근의수축을최소화시키면서복횡근과복사근의동시수축을유발시켜체간안정화운동으로적합하며, 복근의활성화는고관절근육들이당기는힘에대항하여골반을안정화시키는데있어필수적인요소로작용을하며, 골반이안정된상태에서체간에미치는힘들은고관절과하지로효율적으로전달된다 (Lee, 2012). 이러한이론을바탕으로교각운동이체간의안정성에미치는영향에대한연구 (Arokoski 등, 2004) 와같이여러논문에서움직임의안정성에관련된체간과하지의근육들이미치는영향에대해연구하였다. 고관절의내, 외전수축을동반하여교각운동시중둔근과대내전근의수축이복부근육과하지근육에미치는영향에대해연구되었고 (Lee, 2012), 여러가지자세에서골반운동을실시하고편마비환자의족저압을측정하여여러가지자세에서의골반운동이발접촉양상에미치는영향을연구하였으며 (Jang 등, 2010), 슬관절의다양한굴곡각도에따른교각운동시체간근육의활성도와대근육과국소근육간의활성화비율을알아보았다 (Kim 등, 2010). 그러나이러한연구들은성인에국한된연구가대부분이여서소아에적용하기가어려운실정이다. 이에본연구에서는소아를대상으로 5가지치료적운동을분석하고, 각운동이핵심안정성과관련된근육활성에어떠한영향을미치는지알아보고자하였으며, 경직성양하지마비아동과정상아동을비교하여어떠한근육에서다르게활성화되는지를비교분석하였다. 그결과경직성양하지마비아동의윗몸일으키기운동에서는복직근에서다른운동과의비교에서통계학적으로유의한차이가있었으며 (Table 2, Fig 6), 정상아동의경우복직근과복사근에서차이가있었다 (Table 3. Fig 7). 이것은건강한성인의윗몸일으키기가복직근활성도와매우높은연관성이있음을보고한 Kavcic 등 (2004) 의선행연구결과와일치한다. 또한윗몸일으키키운동은운동역학에서체간굴곡단계와고관절굴곡단계로나뉘며, 체간굴곡단계는일차적으로복근, 특히복직근의수축에의해서유발되고, 고관절굴곡근의근활성도는고관절과슬관절의위치에관계없이비교적낮게나타났다고하였다 (Kavcic 등, 2004). 이와같이본연구에서의윗몸일으키기운동이체간굴곡단계로만제한하였기때문에복직근의근활성도가가장높게나타난것으로사료된다. 그러나경직성양하지마비아동과정상아동과의비교에서정상아동은기립근에서, 경직성양하지마비아동은대퇴직근에서는근활성도가높게나타났는데, 이는복근이중등도로약화된경우윗몸일으키기를시작하는시기
8 590 대한물리의학회지제 8 권제 4 호 에는고관절굴곡근의활동이우세하게나타난다고보고한 Neumann(2010) 의연구와같이부족한복근의활동을보상하기위해경직성양하지마비아동은대퇴직근을, 정상아동은복사근과기립근을동시활성화 (co-activation) 한것이라사료된다. 교각운동에서는경직성양하지마비아동군과정상아동군모두에서다른운동과의비교에서기립근에서통계학적으로유의한차이가있었으며, 대둔근과반건양근의근활성도비율이비교적높았다 (Table 2와 3, Fig 6과 7). 성인을대상으로한 Ekstrom 등 (2007) 연구에서도기립근이가장높게, 중둔근, 대둔근, 슬괵근순으로근활성도가높게나타나본연구와유사한결과를보였으나, 기립근의활성도가다른근육에비해 2배정도차이가난선행연구의결과와는달리본연구에서는 3-4배정도의과활동이나타났다. 이는교각운동시심부근육의동시수축이먼저수행되지않으면과도한대상작용으로인한요부전만이증가한다고한연구 (Richardson과 Jull, 1995) 에서와같이본연구에서교각운동시골반의안정화가되지못하여기립근의과도한대상작용이나타난것으로사료된다. 이는뇌성마비아동의교각운동시골반의위치를잘고려해야함을보여주고있다. 일반적인편측교각운동은교각운동자세에서한쪽다리를들고유지하는운동으로교각운동보다다리를펴고유지하기위해중둔근, 대둔근, 슬괵근, 내측광근에서높은근활성도가나타난다 (Ekstrom 등, 2007). 본연구에서는뇌성마비아동에맞추어응용된편측교각운동을고안하여근활성도를본결과, 대체적으로근활성도의비율이고루분포되었으며그중에서기립근, 반건양근, 대둔근의근활성도가높았다. 또한교각운동과비교하여척추기립근의근활성도가적은반면대둔근과복사근의근활성도가높은것으로나타나응용된편측교각운동이과도한척추기립근의활성을제한하면서하지와체간운동강화에적절하게사용할수있음을보여주고있다. Ekstrom 등 (2007) 의연구에서엎드린교각운동이복직근과복사근의활성비율이높았으며이근육의지구력을높이는운동으로적당하다고보고하였다. 본 연구에서는뇌성마비아동이 GMFCS 1단계에해당하는아동이었으나대부분이발목긴장도와불안정혹은변형으로인해원위부안정성이부족하였으며, 뇌성마비아동의체간근약화와운동시체간근의동시활성의부족으로성인에서실시한엎드린교각운동을유지할수없었다. 이를보완하기위하여본연구에서는응용된엎드린교각운동을고안하여근활성도를본결과, 대퇴직근과대둔근의근활성도가높았다. 이는아동이슬관절을신전하기위하여대퇴직근과대둔근을이용하였기때문으로생각되며, 복직근과복사근다음으로내측광근과슬괵근의비율이높게나타났던선행연구와도유사한결과이다. 네발기기자세에서실시하는안정화운동은팔과다리를상호적으로뻗어서체간근을강화시키고, 특별한체간근육의동원패턴을훈련할수있으므로임상에서널리사용되고있다 (Lee, 2010). 이런이점때문에본연구에서도이운동을선택하였으나, 건강한성인과는다르게체간근약화로인하여그자세를취할수없거나상지에서과도한보상패턴이나타나는뇌성마비아동에게맞추어응용된네발기기자세에서한쪽다리들기운동을고안하여근활성도를비교하였다. 성인을대상으로한선행연구에서는대둔근, 척추기립근, 슬괵근, 외복사근의순서로근활성도가높았으나 (Ekstrom 등, 2007), 본연구에서는반건양근의근활성도가가장높았으며척추기립근, 대둔근, 대퇴직근의순서로근활성도가높았다. 이는뇌성마비아동이일반적으로구부러지고내회전된보행 (crouched, internally rotated gait) 을하며이것은내측슬괵근과내전근의과활동에의한것이라고주장한 Chong 등 (1978) 의연구와같이이운동을수행할때에도쉽게과활동되는반건양근을사용하여하지를들고슬관절의신전을유지하였기때문으로사료된다. 그러나다른운동에비해대둔근, 슬괵근및대퇴직근의근활성도가높은것으로보아하지근력강화를위해서는응용된네발기기자세에서한쪽다리들기운동이도움이될것으로생각된다. 마지막으로경직성양하지마비아동과정상아동과의비교에서는윗몸일으키기운동에서의기립근과대퇴직근을제외한모든운동에서약간의평균값의차이
9 경직성양하지마비아의 5 가지치료적운동시핵심안정성과관련된근활동비교분석 591 는있었지만통계학적으로유의한차이가없었다 (Table 7). 이는본연구에참가한경직성양하지마비아동모두가독립보행및계단오르내리기도자유롭게가능한 GMFCS 1단계에해당하는아동이여서정상아동과기능수준으로큰차이가없어서이러한결과가나타난것으로사료된다. 본연구는경기도분당보바스어린이병원에있는아동으로한정되어있으며, 경직성양하지마비아 12명, 정상아동 8명의적은인원과특정연령대를연구대상으로하였기때문에연구결과를일반화하기에는제한이있다. 앞으로의연구에서는경직성아동뿐아니라무정위형이나실조형등다양한형태의뇌성마비아동에서연구를확대할필요가있으며, 나이가들면서아동은신체가성장하므로연령에따른근활성도변화에관한연구가필요할것이다. 셋째, 경직성양하지마비아동군과정상아동군의비교에서는윗몸일으키기운동에서만기립근과대퇴직근에서유의한차이가있었으며, 나머지운동에서는통계학적으로유의한차이가없었다. 이러한결과를바탕으로뇌성마비아동의핵심안정성강화를위한 5가지치료적운동시각운동에따른특징적근육의근활성도를알수있었으며, 정상아동과비슷한패턴으로근활성도가나타나, 본연구에서연구된 5가지치료적운동은핵심안정성강화를위한운동프로그램으로서임상에서아동의필요에맞는활용에대한기초적근거자료로제공될수있을것이다. References Ⅴ. 결론본연구는소아치료에서사용하는핵심안정성강화를위한운동중 5가지운동을선택하여핵심안정성과관련된근육의근활성도를경직성양하지마비아동군과정상아동군에서측정하여비교분석하였다. 첫째, 경직성양하지마비아동군에서운동에따른기립근, 대둔근, 복직근, 복사근, 반건양근, 대퇴직근의근활성도모두에서유의한차이가있었다. 각운동에서의특징적근활성도를살펴보면, 윗몸일으키기에서는복직근의근활성도가높았으며, 교각운동에서는기립근의근활성도가가장높았으며, 대둔근과반건양근의근활성도도높게나타났다. 응용된편측교각운동에서는기립근, 반건양근, 대둔근, 복사근의근활성도가높았으며, 응용된엎드린교각운동에서는대퇴직근과대둔근의근활성도가높았다. 응용된네발기기에서한쪽다리들기운동은반건양근의근활성도가가장높았으며척추기립근, 대둔근, 대퇴직근의순서로근활성도가높았다. 둘째, 정상아동군에서운동에따른기립근, 대둔근, 복직근, 복사근, 반건양근, 대퇴직근의근활성도모두에서유의한차이가있었다. Akuthota V, Nadler SF. Core strengthening. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(3): Arokoski JP, Valta T, Kankaanpȁȁ M, et al. Activation of lumbar paraspinal and abdominal muscles during therapeutic exercises in chronic low back pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(5): Brown JK, Rodda J, Walsh EG, et al. Neurophysiology of lower limb function in hemiplegic children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991;33: Burtner PA, Qualls C, Woollacott MH. Muscle activation characteristics of stance balance control in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Gait Posture. 1998;8(3): Chong KC, Vojnic CD, Quanbury AO, et al. The assessment of the internal rotation gait in cerebral palsy: an electromyograpic gait analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;132: Damiano DL, Vaughan CL, Abel MF. Muscle response to heavy resistance exercise in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1995;37(8): Damiano DL, Abel MF. Functional outcomes ofstrength training in spastic cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
10 592 대한물리의학회지제 8 권제 4 호 1998;79(2): Dodd K, Taylor N, Damiano DL. Systemic review of strengthening for individuals with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83: Dodd KJ, Taylor NF, Graham HK. A randomized clinical trial of strength training in young people with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003;45(10): Ekstrom RA, Donatelli RA, Carp KC. Electromyographic analysis of core trunk, hip, and thigh muscles during 9 rehabilitation exercises. Journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2007;37(12): Gage JR. Gait Analysis in Cerebral Palsy, Mac Keith Press, NY Hubley-Kozey CL, Vezina MJ. Muscle activation during exercises to improve trunk stability in men with low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(8): Ingram TTS. A Historical Review of the Definition of Cerebral Palsy. The Epidemiology of the Cerebral Palsies(ed. by F.A.E. Stanley). Lippincott Co, Philadelphis, PA. 1984;1-11. Jang SH, Park SJ, Kim MH, et al. The Effect of Pelvic Tilt Exercise with Changing the Body Position on Foot Contact Pattern in Hemiplegic Patients. J Korea Phys Med. 2010;5(3); Kavcic N, Grenier S, McGill SM. Quantifying tissue loads and spine stability while performing commonly prescribed low back stabilization exercises. Spine. 2004;29(20): Kim CY, Cho SH. Review on the role of core stability and core exercise program in postural control. J Kor Soc Heal Sci. 2013:10(1): Kim EJ, Hwang BY, Kim JH. The Effect of Core Strength Exercises on Balance and Walking in Patients with Stroke. J Korean Phys Ther. 2009;21(4): Kim KH, Park RJ, Jang JH, et al. The effect of trunk muscle activity on bridging exercise according to the knee joint angle. J Korea Phys Med. 2010;5(3); Lee EJ, Kim JS. The Changes of Gross Motor Function and Balance Ability in Children with Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy by Trunk Muscle Strengthening Exercise : Single Group Repeated Measure Study. J Korea Phys Med. 2011;6(2): Lee HO. Activation of trunk muscles during stabilization exercises in four-.point kneeling. J Korea Phys Ther. 2010;22(5):33-8. Lee SY. The Correlation of Hip Abductor, Adductor and Abdominis, Low Limb Muscle Activation during Bridging Exercise with Hip Abductor and Adductor Contraction. J Korea Phys Med. 2012;7(2); MacPhail HEA, Kramer JF. Effect of isokinetic strength training on functional ability and walking efficiency in adolescents with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1995;37(9): Neumann DA. Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for physical rehabilitation 2nd ed. Singapore. Mosby Elsecier Page P. Sensorimotor training: A global approach for balance training. J Body Mov Ther. 2006;10(1): Prosser LA, Lee SCK, VanSant AF, et al. Trunk and hip muscle activation patterns are different during walking in young children with and without cerebral palsy. Phys Ther. 2010;90(7): Richardson CA, Jull GA. Muscle control-pain: What exercise would you prescribe? Man Ther. 1995;1(1):2-10. Semans S. The Bobath concept in treatment of neurological disorders; a neuro-developmental treatment. Am J Phys Med. 1967;46(1): Wiley ME, Damiano DL. Lower-extremity strength profiles in spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40(2):100-7.
80%, O'Sullivan (2003), (reposition sense)..(, 2001) Arokoski (2001) 1937 williams,,,,,,. (bridging exercise).,.(stevens, 2007). (lumbar stabilization
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