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1 J Korean Soc Phys Med, 2014; 9(4): Online ISSN: Print ISSN: X Research Article Open Access 경직성편마비아동의둔부테이핑적용이선자세에서자세및균형에미치는영향 서혜정 김중휘 1 손국경 2 전제규 2 대구가톨릭대학교대학원물리치료학과, 1 대구가톨릭대학교물리치료학과, 2 보바스어린이의원물리치료실 The Effect of Gluteal Taping on Posture and Balance During Standing in Children with Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy Hye-Jung Seo, PT, MPH, Joong-Hwi Kim, PT, PhD 1, Kuk-Kyung Son, PT 2, Je-Gyu Jeon, PT 2 Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Cathoric University of Daegu 1 Department of Physical Therapy, Cathoric University of Daegu 2 Department of Physical Therapy, Bobath Children s Hospital Received: August 18, 2014 / Revised: September 22, 2014 / Accepted: September 25, 2014 c 2014 J Korean Soc Phys Med Abstract 1) PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of gluteal taping on posture and balance during standing in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS: The subjects of this study were 13 children (six females, seven males; mean aged 8.5) with hemiplegic CP who were gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) level I. The change of posture and balance during standing before and after gluteal taping were measured using inclinometer, gross motor function measure, and functional reaching test. The collected data were analyzed using the paired t-test. RESULTS: The results of this study were as follows : 1) There were statistically significant decrease in the ant. tilt angle of pelvis after gluteal taping in children with hemiplegic CP (p<.05). 2) There were statistically significant increase in functional reaching test after gluteal taping (p<.05). 3) There was no statistically significant difference in gross motor function measure, but significant increase in one leg standing was observed (p<.05). CONCLUSION: As the above results, we suggest that gluteal taping could be effective on improving body alignment and dynamic balance ability during standing in children with hemiplegic CP. Further studies will be required for the short and long term effects of gluteal taping on improving postural symmetry and balance. Corresponding Author : ibobath@hanmail.net This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Key Words: Gluteal taping, Balance, Standing, Hemiplegic cerebral palsy
2 392 J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 9, No. 4 Ⅰ. 서론뇌성마비는 2세이하의어린시기에뇌가성숙해지는과정에서손상을통해운동능력의지속적인제한및불능을동반하는비진행성중추신경계질병이다 (Freeman, 2007). 손상부위에따라서아동은운동및감각장애, 언어장애, 정신지체, 정서장애등다양한신체적, 정신적장애등을발달에있어동반한다 (Umphred, 1995). 특히뇌손상으로인해유발된주요근육의비정상적인조절능력과자세의불안정으로인한움직임을보상하기위한상호작용의결과로신체의비정상적인자세및전형적인움직임패턴이나타나며, 이로인해정교한움직임을조절하고효율적인움직임전략을세우는데에영향을받게된다 (Assaiante 등, 2000). 뇌성마비는마비부위에따라사지마비, 삼지마비, 양하지마비, 편마비로분류된다. 이중편마비는정상분만아동에있어서가장흔한증상이며, 조산아동의경우에는양하지마비다음으로그빈도수가높게나타난다 (Kulak과 Sohaniec, 2004). 편마비아동은한쪽상지, 하지및체간의근육들에서근력약화와강직이나타나며, 증상의정도에따라서성장과정에서다양한감각정보의제한으로체간의비대칭과함께비정상적인움직임을갖게된다. 이로인해하지기능및보행패턴의조절에큰영향을미치게되며, 체중의 61-80% 가비마비측에부하되는모습이보인다 (Sackley과 Baguley, 1993). 이러한운동장애의문제, 즉비대칭적인자세, 비정상적인균형능력, 체중이동능력의결함및섬세한기능수행능력의제한을통해기립및보행, 일상생활을수행함에있어장애를동반하게된다 (Heyman 등, 2013). 최근뇌성마비아동의치료에있어기존의신경발달치료방법과더불어수중운동, 재활승마, 감각통합운동등다양한치료중재방법에대한관심이확대되고있는실정이다. 이중수중운동및재활승마운동은경직의감소를통해자세교정및유연성의증가뿐아니라소화기계통및심폐기능의증진에효과가있음이보고되고있고 (Freeman, 2007), 심리적안정과새로운 경험에대한흥미를유발시켜오랜시간운동에적극적인참여의유도를촉진한다 (Hutzler 등, 1998). 하지만이와같은치료는높은치료비용과접근성과같은치료환경의제약으로뇌성마비아동의참여에많은어려움이있다. 키네시오테이핑의적용은다양한관절의보호와수의적움직임을조절및개선하기위한고유수용성감각및감각 운동신경계의피부수용기에긍정적인영향을촉진시킴으로써다양한스포츠현장과수술환자의재활치료프로그램에있어새로운중재방법으로많이이용되고있다 (Costantino 등, 2012). 또한원심성자극을이용하는수동적인스트레칭은혈액과림프액순환을증진시켜약해진근육의운동기능강화및회복의촉진, 관절범위의확장및움직임의개선을통해궁극적으로환자의일상생활독립성을개선하는데그목적이있다. 그중에둔부테이핑은만성요통환자의고관절및골반의역학적인움직임의개선을통해, 고유수용성감각을증진하고효과적인근육길이를제공하여약해진근력을보조하여요통의감소및기립과보행의개선에도움을준다 (McConnell, 2002). 최근에는스포츠재활뿐아니라신경계재활에서도다양한부위에다양한목적으로테이핑이사용되기시작하였다 (Jaraczewska와 Long, 2006). 둔부테이핑을성인편마비환자에게적용한 Kilbreath 등 (2006) 의연구에서는보행시입각기에서고관절신전이증가되어환측의보행길이가증가되었다고보고하였다. 최근소아재활프로그램에서도약화된근육을강화시키고, 관절불안정성을조절하고, 자세적정렬을보조하며, 과사용된근육을이완시키기위한목적으로테이핑이사용되고있다 (Yasukawa 등, 2006). 이에본연구에서는둔부테이핑을경직성편마비아동에게적용하여선자세에서자세적정렬과대동작운동기능및동적균형에어떠한영향을미치는지알아보고자하였다.
3 경직성편마비아동의둔부테이핑적용이선자세에서자세및균형에미치는영향 393 Ⅱ. 연구방법 1. 연구대상본연구는 2014년 5월에서 6월까지경기도성남시에소재한보바스어린이병원에서외래를통한치료를하고있는아동중에본연구에자발적으로참여의사를밝힌아동에한해다음조건에만족하는 13명의아동을대상으로하였다. 이프위쪽끝부분에서시작하여대퇴결절까지붙였다 (Fig. 1). 1) 경직성편마비로진단받은아동 2) 보조장비없이독립보행가능한아동 (GMFCS level I) 3) 연구자의지시를따를수있는정도의인지능력을가진아동 4) 시각적장애및시야결손, 청각에이상이없는아동 5) 균형에영향을주는약물투입이나수술등을하지않고, 탈구와같은근골격계이상이없는아동 2. 실험방법 1) 실험절차본연구는선정기준에적합한대상아동의부모에게연구에대한설명을충분히한후자발적참여동의서를작성한후에시작되었다. 사전검사로 13명아동의신체적특성과자세를평가한뒤에선자세에서골반전방경사각과대동작운동기능및동적균형검사를실시하였다. 10분간의휴식뒤에둔부에테이핑을적용한후즉각적으로같은검사를시행하였다. 2) 둔부테이핑 (Gluteal Taping) 선행연구 (McConnell, 2002) 에서사용된방법을바탕으로선자세에서환측둔부에테이핑을적용하였으며, 총 3개의조각으로둔부를감싸듯이적용하였다. 첫번째로둔부주름의내측에서시작하여대퇴결절방향으로외측및상측으로당기면서하나를붙이고, 두번째로둔부주름의내측에서시작하여엉덩이위쪽방향으로대둔근위로붙이고, 마지막으로두번째테 Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of gluteal taping 2) 측정방법 (1) 골반전방경사각의측정선자세에서골반의전방경사정도를검사하기위하여 Dualer IQ inclinometer(jtech medical, USA) 를사용하여측정하였다. 대상자를어깨넓이로다리를벌려중립자세를취하고정면을바라보게한상태에서측정하였다. 첫번째센서를천골의중간지점에두어기준점이되도록하였으며, 두번째센서는 12번째흉골에두어골반의전방경사각을측정하였다. 3회반복측정하여평균값을사용하였다. (2) 대동작운동기능의측정대동작운동기능평가는눕기와뒤집기 (A), 앉기 (B), 네발기기와무릎서기 (C), 서기 (D), 걷기와달리기및도약 (E) 으로 5개영역으로나눠지며, 88개항목을포함하고있다. Nordmark 등 (1997) 은대동작운동기능평가에관한연구에서검사자간신뢰도는 0.77, 검사- 재검사간신뢰도는 0.88, 검사자내신뢰도는 0.68로보고하였다. 또한 Drouin 등 (1996) 은대동작운동기능평가항목중 D( 서기 ) 영역과 E( 걷기, 뛰기, 도약 ) 영역의평가결과를이동예측도로서사용할수있다고하였으며, Ko 등 (2010) 의연구에서도 D와 E영역의평가점수로
4 394 J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 9, No. 4 대동작운동기능평가와소아균형검사의상관성을알아본결과, 소아균형검사총점과서기항목사이의상관계수는 0.90을나타내어매우높은상관성을보였다. 이에본연구에서도이들 5개영역의평가항목중보행이가능한아동의선자세운동기능에직접적인영향을주는것으로알려진 D( 서기 ) 영역항목의총점을비교하였다. (3) 동적균형의측정선자세에서동적균형을평가하기위해안정성의한계를평가할수있는기능적손뻗기검사 (Functional reaching test, FRT) 를사용하여관찰하였다. Duncan 등 (1990) 의연구에서평가- 재평가신뢰도는 0.89, 측정자간신뢰도는 0.98로높은수준으로입증되었다. 대상자를벽옆에 10cm 떨어진위치에서서게한다음주먹을쥔상태로어깨를 90 굴곡시킨후팔을바닥에평행한방향으로최대한앞으로뻗게하여중수지관절끝의이동거리를측정하였다. 각 3회씩측정한값의평균을각측정값으로사용하였다. 3. 분석방법자료의분석은 SPSS for Windows(Ver. 19.0) 의통계프로그램을이용하였고, 통계학적유의수준 α는 0.05 로하였다. 연구대상자의연령, 체중, 신장에대한평균값과표준편차를구하였고, 둔부테이핑을적용하기전과후의골반전방경사각, 대동작운동기능능력, 동적균형의차이를비교하기위해짝비교 (paired t-test) 를하였다. Ⅲ. 연구결과 1. 연구대상자의일반적특성본연구에참여한경직성편마비아동의일반적특성을살펴보면, 남자가 7명, 여자가 6명, 손상부위는오른쪽편마비가 7명, 왼쪽편마비가 6명이었다. 연령은 6에서 11세아동이었으며, 이중 9세가 6명으로가장많았다. 신장은 103cm에서 141cm로분포되었으며, 몸무게는 15kg에서 43kg으로분포하였다 (Table 1). Table 1. General characteristics of subjects Variables Mean ± Standard deviation Gender (boys/girls) 7/6 Affected side (Rt./Lt.) 7/6 Ages (y) 8.54±1.56 Height (cm) ±11.16 Weight (kg) 24.69± 둔부테이핑적용전 후의골반경사각의변화골반전방경사각의평균값은둔부테이핑적용전의경우 에서적용후 로통계학적으로유의미하게감소를보였다 (p<0.05)(table 2). 3. 둔부테이핑적용전 후의대동작운동기능의변화대동작운동기능평가에서는둔부테이핑적용전의경우 16.77점에서 17.00점으로평균값은약간의증가가보이나통계학적인차이는없었다 (p>0.05)(table 2). 그러나대동작운동기능평가중특히둔부테이핑적용전 후차이가많이나타났던환측발로한발서기항목을따로점수가아닌최대유지한시간을변수로비교 Table 2. The comparison of mean changes for variables between before and after intervention Variables Before After t p Pelvic ant. Tilt ( ) 17.69± ± * GMFM (D) 16.77± ± One leg standing in affected side (sec) 4.92± ± * Functional reaching test (cm) 20.55± ± * * p<0.05
5 경직성편마비아동의둔부테이핑적용이선자세에서자세및균형에미치는영향 395 분석한결과에서는평균 4.92초에서 5.85초로통계학적으로유의한증가를보였다 (p<0.05)(table 2). 4. 둔부테이핑적용전 후의동적균형의변화기능적손뻗기검사에서는둔부테이핑적용전에 20.55cm에서적용후 24.58cm로통계학적인유의미한증가가보였다 (p<0.05)(table 2). Ⅳ. 고찰최근스포츠재활뿐아니라신경계재활, 특히소아재활프로그램에서도약화된근육을강화시키고, 관절불안정을조절하며, 자세적정렬을보조하고, 과사용된근육을이완시키기위한목적으로기능적테이핑이사용되고있다 (Yasukawa 등, 2006). 특히상지와하지의기능적사용을향상시키기위해체간과사지의정렬을개선시키고, 정상적인수의적움직임의경험을통한감각운동계에자극을주기위한목적으로테이핑이사용되고있다 (Jaraczewska와 Long, 2006). Asmaa 등 (2013) 연구에서는양하지마비아동의무릎관절정렬, 특히전반슬 (genu recurvatum) 을위해테이핑을적용했을때, 선자세와보행시이전보다향상되었다고보고하였으며, 상지의기능개선을위해상지에테이핑을적용한 Yasukawa 등 (2006) 의연구에서도테이핑이상지기능의개선에효과적이라고보고하였다. 이러한테이핑은피부자극을통해근육활성화를개선하거나피부에테이프의당김을통해고유감각을개선한다 (Kilbreath 등, 2006). 이것은근육섬유방향으로적용된테이핑에의한촉각입력으로중추신경계의흥분성이변화되어근력이강하게활성화되어운동조절능력을변경시킨다고하였다. 또한, Yoshida와 Kahanov (2007) 은테이핑을통한촉각입력은수직점프를위한강한근력을발생시킬만큼강하지않지만, 근육흥분성을향상시키기위하여피부의기계적수용기 (cutaneous mechanoreceptors) 를자극하기에충분하다고하였다. McConnell (2002) 은특정한테이핑기술이대둔근근육섬유방향을바꿀수있다고하였으며, 또한액틴과미오신필라멘트사이의결합을증가시켜잠재적인크로스브리지의상호작용을증가시킴으로인해 (Morrissey, 2000) 대둔근이더강력하게수축하도록하여, 둔부신전이증가된다고하였다. 이에본연구에서는경직성편마비아동의환측둔부에 McConnell (2002) 이사용한둔부테이핑을적용하여아동의선자세에서자세및균형에어떠한영향을미치는지알아보자하였다. 그결과, 선자세에서골반전방경사각의감소, 대동작운동기능및동적균형의향상이나타났다. 먼저, 골반전방경사각의평균값을비교한결과에서는둔부테이핑적용전의경우 에서적용후 로통계학적으로유의미하게감소를보였다. 이것은둔부테이핑이대둔근의수축을도와주어둔부신전이증가된다는이전의연구 (McConnell, 2002; Morrissey, 2000; Karien 등, 2012) 와같이본연구의결과에서도대둔군이신전근으로서더큰힘을생성하도록보조하여비교적중립위치에골반을유지하는데둔부테이핑이효과적임을알수있었다. 안정된자세는무게중심을체중지지면안에서유지하도록조절함으로서넘어짐 (fall) 을예방하고, 움직임을안전하게수행할수있게한다 (Horak, 1987). 일반적으로균형은서거나앉은상태에서정적인자세의안정성과손을뻗거나보행등과같은동적인움직임동안의안정성을모두포함한다. 이렇듯일상생활의수행과안정성에기여하는균형능력의평가는중추신경계손상으로인하여균형능력부족을보이는뇌성마비아동의변화를관찰하는데에도매우중요하다. 이에본연구에서도편마비아동의치료적테이핑의효과를대동작운동기능및균형능력의평가를통해알아보고자하였다. Marigold 등 (2004) 은편마비환자에게는균형감각소실및자세흔들림 (postural sway) 에문제를갖고있으며, 체간의안정성이균형감각을유지하는데중요한역할을한다고하였다. 또한체간의안정성증가하였을때동적균형감각이증가하였다고보고하였다. 반면, Kligyte 등 (2003) 의연구에서는편마비환자를대상으로하지근력과동적균형감각과의상관관계를본결과, 서로무관한것으로연구되었으나, Karatas 등 (2004)
6 396 J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 9, No. 4 의연구에서는체간의굴곡근과신전근을등척성 (isometric) 및등속성 (isokinetic) 운동으로근력강화훈련을시켜체간의근력과동적균형감각과의상관관계를알아본결과, 체간의근력증가가균형감각 (berg balance scale test) 척도에서더높게나왔음을증명하였다. 이전연구에서와같이본연구에서적용한둔부테이핑이둔부신전근의활동을증가시켜골반과체간의안정성을제공하여선자세에서의동적균형, 특히기능적손뻗기검사에서 20.55cm에서적용후 24.58cm 로통계학적인유의미한증가가나타났다고할수있다. 또한기능적손뻗기검사에미치는운동전략중체간을이용한고관절전략과체간이용을제한한스쿼트전략의비교에서체간의운동전략이기능적손뻗기검사값에영향을주는하나의변수로작용할수있다는이전의연구결과 (Park 등, 2000) 와같이본연구에서적용한둔부테이핑이기능적손뻗기검사시체간운동전략에영향을준것으로사료된다. 대동작운동기능평가에서는둔부테이핑적용전의경우 16.77점에서 17.00점으로평균값은약간의증가가보이나통계학적인차이는없었다. 그러나대동작운동기능평가중특히둔부테이핑적용전 후차이가많이나타났던환측발로한발서기항목을따로점수가아닌최대유지한시간을변수로비교분석한결과에서는평균 4.92초에서 5.85초로통계학적으로유의한증가를보였다. 이것은성인편마비환자의환측둔부에둔부테이핑을적용하여입각기 (stance phase) 에서보행패턴을비교분석한이전의연구 (McConnell, 2002) 에서적용전에비해체간을똑바로세울수있게되고, 골반을대퇴부위에서안정감있게되어내부적범위에서고관절신전근의활동을더잘사용할수있게되었다는주장과마찬가지로본연구에서도환측발로한발서기에서더신전된자세로대퇴부를움직여체간과골반의안정성을제공하게되어이러한결과가나타난것으로사료된다. 결론적으로선행연구들과본연구의결과를통해경직성편마비아동의선자세에서환측의근력약화, 특히둔부신전근의약화로인해발생되는골반의전방경사각의증가와선자세에서의대동작운동기능, 특히 한발서기및동적균형의개선을위해서는환측둔부에적용된둔부테이핑이둔부신전근을활성화시키는데에효과적임을알수있었다. 따라서편마비아동치료에서특히체간및골반의올바른정렬을통한선자세에서의자세뿐아니라기능개선을위한효과적인운동프로그램으로둔부테이핑을제안한다. 그러나본연구에서는뇌성마비편마비아동이손상부위와크기, 그리고손상원인에따라다양하게나타남에도불구하고구분하지않고연구하였으며, 13명의적은인원과특정연령대를연구대상으로하여일반화하기에는제한이있다. 또한선자세에서기능과균형에영향을주는다른요소인유연성및지구력, 족관절의가동범위등을고려하지않았으며, 즉각적인테이핑의적용효과만알아본것이또하나의본연구의제한점이다. 앞으로의연구에서는이러한다양한요소들을고려한연구뿐아니라지속적인둔부테이핑의효과에관한연구가진행되어야할것으로생각된다. Ⅴ. 결론본연구는뇌성마비아동중신체비대칭이주요문제가되는편마비아동 13명을대상으로대둔근테이핑을적용하여선자세에서자세적정렬에미치는영향과대동작운동기능및동적균형에어떠한영향을미칠것인지알아보았고다음과같은결과를얻었다. 골반전방경사각의평균값은둔부테이핑적용후에통계학적으로유의미하게감소를보였다 (p<0.05). 대동작운동기능평가에서는둔부테이핑적용후에평가점수평균값의증가가보였으나통계학적인차이는없었다 (p>0.05). 그러나대동작운동기능평가중환측발로한발서기항목의최대유지시간의평균값비교에서는통계학적으로유의한증가를보였다 (p<0.05). 기능적손뻗기에서는둔부테이핑후에통계학적인유의미한증가가보였다 (p<0.05). 이상의연구결과를통해편마비아동의환측둔부에적용한둔부테이핑이부족한둔부신전근에대한활동을증진시켜서선자세에서골반의안정성을제공하여
7 경직성편마비아동의둔부테이핑적용이선자세에서자세및균형에미치는영향 397 대동작운동기능뿐아니라동적균형능력향상에효과적임을알수있었다. References Asmaa MG, Shorouk AWEL-S, Manal SA-E. Efficacy of adhesive taping in controlling genu recurvatum in diplegic children: A pilot study. Egyptian J Med Human Genetics. 2013;14(2): Assaiante C, Woollacott M, Amblard B. Development of postural adjustment during gait initiation: Kinematic and EMG analysis. J Mot Behav. 2000;32(3): Costantino C, Licari O, Cranella F, et al. Neuromuscular taping in multiple sclerosis: A pilot study. Acta Biomedica. 2012;83(2): Drouin LM, Malouin F, Richards CL, et al. Correlation between the gross motor function measure scores and gait spatiotemporal measures in children with neurological impairments. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1996;38(11): Duncan PW, Weiner DK, Chandler J, et al. Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance. J Gerontol. 1990;45(6): Freeman M. Physical therapy of cerebral palsy, New York, Springer Science Business Media, Inc. 200 Heyman L, Desloovere K, Molenaers G, et al. Clinical characteristics of impaired trunk control in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil. 2013; 34(1): Horak FB. Clinical measurement of postural control in adults. Phys Ther. 1987;67(12): Hutzler Y, Chacham A, Bergman U, et al. Effects of a movement and swimming program on vital capacity and water orientation skills of children with cerebral palsy. Dev med Child Neurol. 1998;40(3): Jaraczewska E, Long C. Kinesio taping in stroke: improving functional use of the upper extremity in hemiplegia. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2006;13(3): Karatas M, Cetin N, Bayramoglu M, et al. Trunk muscle strength in relation to balance and functional disability in unihemispheric stroke patients. Am J physical Med Rehabil. 2004;83(2):81-7. Karien MW, Bafana HS, Johannes JS, et al. Effect of kinesio taping on explosive muscle power of gluteus maximus of male athletes. South African Journal of Sports Medicine. 2012;24(3): Kilbreath SL, Perkins S, Crosbie J, et al. Gluteal taping improves hip extension during stance phase of walking following stroke. Aust J Physiother. 2006;52(1):53-6. Kligyte I, Lundy-Ekman L, Medeiros JM. Relationship between lower extremity muscle strength and dynamic balance in people post-stroke. Medicine. 2003;39(2): Ko MS, Chung JH, Jeon HS. Correlation between pediatric balance scale and gross motor function measurement scores in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Korean society of physical therapy. 2010;5(2): Kulak W, Sohaniec W. Comparisons of right and left hemiparetic cerebral palsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2004;31(2): Marigold DS, Eng JJ, Tokuno CD, et al. Contribution of muscle strength and integration of afferent input to postural instability in persons with stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2004;18(4): McConnell J. Recalcitrant chronic low back and leg pain-a new theory and different approach to management. Man Ther. 2002;7(4): Morrissey D. Proprioceptive shoulder taping. J Bodywork Movement Ther. 2000;4(3): Nordmark E, Häagglund G, Jarnlo GB. Reliability of the gross motor function measure in cerebral palsy. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1997;29(1):25-8. Park JS, Kwon OY, Choi HS, et al. Effects of the movement strategies on functional forward reach in standing. Phys Ther Kor. 2000;7(1):1-9. Sackley CM, Baguley BI. Visual feedback after stroke with balance performance monitor. Two single case studies.
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