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1 이동로봇의수직운동감지를위한초소형 MEMS Z 축가속도계 249 이동로봇의수직운동감지를위한초소형 MEMS Z 축가속도계 A MEMS Z-axis Microaccelerometer for Vertical Motion Sensing of Mobile Robot 이상민 1 조동일 2 Sangmin ee 1 Dong-Il Dan Cho 2 Abstract 본논문에서는웨이퍼레벨밀봉실장된수직운동가속도신호를감지할수있는초소형 Z 축가속도센싱엘리먼트를제작하였다. 초소형 Z 축가속도센싱엘리먼트는수직방향의정전용량변화를필요로하기때문에단일기판상에수직단차의형성을가능케하는확장된희생몸체미세가공기술 (Extended Sacrificial Bulk Micromachining, ESBM) 을이용하여제작되었다. 확장된희생몸체미세가공기술을이용하면정렬오차가없이상하부양쪽에수직단차를갖는실리콘구조물의제작이가능하다. 또한, MEMS 센싱엘리먼트의부유된실리콘구조물을보호하기위하여웨이퍼레벨밀봉실장기술이적용하여고신뢰성, 고수율, 고성능의 Z 축가속도센서를제작하였다. 신호처리회로와가속도센서를결합하여 Z 축가속도센싱시스템을제작하였고운동가속도범위 10 g 이상, 정지드리프트 17. mg 그리고대역폭 60 Hz 이상의성능을나타내었다. Keywords : Z-axis microaccelerometer, Vertical motion sensing, Extended Sacrificial Bulk Micromachining, Wafer-level Hermetic Packaging 1. 서론 이동로봇의자기위치인식은로봇의가장기초적인기능을위해필수적이다. 로봇의자기위치인식기술은초음파센서, 액티브비컨및시각센서그리고이들센서의융합으로구현이가능하나이는외부환경을통해로봇의위치를인식하는것으로로봇의이동에의한위치정보는인식할수없으며, 이를위해서는관성측정시스템 (Inertial Measurement Unit, IMU) 이필요하다. 이동로봇의정밀한위치를추정하기위해서는 6 자유도의관성측정시스템 (Inertial Measurement Unit, IMU) 의개발이중요하며최근미세전기기계시스템 본연구는정보통신부및정보통신연구진흥원의 IT 신성장동력핵심기술개발사업의일환으로수행하였음 [2005-S , 지능형로봇센서 ]. 1 서울대학교전기컴퓨터공학부 2 Corresponding author ( dicho@snu.ac.kr) (Microelectromechanical System, MEMS) 기술을이용하여제작된저가의고수율, 고성능관성센서들의개발이활발하게진행되고있다. 시스템의경량화와소형화를위해서는단일평면상에센싱엘리먼트를집적화하는기술이필요하며단일평면상에수직방향의운동을감지하는센서는이에필수적이다. 기존의수직운동을감지하는가속도센서는상부혹은하부단차한부분만을사용하여제작되었다. [1] 하지만차동구동방식 (differential actuation) 을위해서는상하부단차를확보해야한다. 또한, CMOS 공정을이용한방법이나여러번의사진묘화공정 (photolithography) 을이용한방법으로상하부단차를확보하는방법 [2-4] 들이제시되었으나이는공정이복잡하고정렬오차에의해크게성능이좌우되는어려움이존재한다. 본논문에서는 2번의사진묘화공정을이용하여단일평면상에정렬오차없이상하부의단차를갖는고성능, 고수율의 Z축가속도센싱엘리먼트를제작하였다.

2 250 로봇공학회논문지제 2 권제 호 (2007.9) 2. 초소형 Z 축가속도센싱엘리먼트설계 2.1 센싱엘리먼트설계그림 1은제작한 Z축가속도센싱엘리먼트의개략도이다. MEMS 센싱엘리먼트는고정된정적질량체와부유된동적질량체로구성되어있으며외부에서인가된가속도신호는동적질량체에변화를주게되고이는정적질량체와동적질량체사이에정전용량의변화를주게된다. 비틀림 (torsion) 스프링과비대칭질량체를사용하기때문에수직으로가속도가인기되면동적질량체는수직으로회전을하게되며, 상부와하부콤 (comb) 양쪽에단차가존재하기때문에가속도의방향성감지는물론높은성능을가질수있도록설계되었다. [5] 본논문의 Z축가속도센싱엘리먼트는비틀림스프링을이용하기때문에스프링의비틀림회전이 X, Y, Z축의방향에대해평행한움직임보다주도적으로나타나야한다. 그림 2는 Z축가속도계에사용된비틀림스프링 (torsion spring) 의모식도이다. 표 1은비틀림스프링의주요설계치를대입하여계산한비틀림스프링상수와 X, Y, Z축 Y Torsion spring 비대칭 Proof Mass Self test comb 표 1. Torsion Spring Design Analysis Young s modulus Pa Shear modulus Pa Spring length () m Spring width (w) m Spring thickness (t) m Torsional stiffness (K torsional ) kg m 2 /s 2 X-axis stiffness (K x ) 55.6 N/m Y-axis stiffness (K y ) N/m Z-axis stiffness (K z ) N/m 방향에평행한스프링상수를나타내었다., w, t, G, E는각각비틀링스프링의길이, 너비, 두께, 전단탄성률 (Shear modulus), 영률 (Young s modulus) 를나타내며계산식은아래와같다. [6] 비틀림스프링상수와관성모멘트 (moment of inertia) 를통해 Z축가속도센싱엘리먼트의 1차공진주파수를구해보면 48 Hz임을알수있다. 4 Gtw 16 w w Kt = = kg m / s 8l t 12t I = kg m Kt f = 48Hz 2π I K : torsional stiffness t I : moment of inertia f : natural frequency Z t w X 하부 stationary mass Anchor Upper Movable Mass ower Stationary Mass 그림 1. Schematic diagram of the z-axis microaccelerometer Et w 상부 moving mass z y x Guided-end beam (torsion spring) Anchor 4 Gtw 16 w w Ktorsional = = l t 12t kg m / s Etw Kx = = 55.6 N / m Etw 5 Ky = = N / m K z = = / N m 그림 2. Schematic diagram of the torsion spring. 2.2 ANSYS 설계시뮬레이션그림 은설계한 Z축가속도센싱엘리먼트의구조해석을위해 ANSYS 시뮬레이션을공진주파수에대하여수행한결과이다. 1차공진주파수는가장주도적인 mode를나타내며해석결과와시뮬레이션결과를비교함으로써설계의타당성을검토할수있다. 또한, 1차공진주파수와 2차, 차공진주파수를비교함으로써설계된가속도센싱엘리먼트가얼마나구조적으로안정되었는지를검증할수있다. 그림 의결과를보면 1차공진주파수는 496 Hz 로설계를통해제시된 48 Hz 와비슷함을알수있으며동작또한, 원하는구동방향임을알수있다. 시뮬레이션을통해 2차공진주파수는 1차공진주파수에비하여약 8배높은 81 Hz 로나타났고 차공진주파수는약 10배높은 5014 Hz 로나타났다. 특히, 차공진주파수 mode 에서 X축방향의구동이나타남을알수있으며, 위의표 1에서해석한바와같이 Y, Z축의방향은더큰스프링상수를갖기때문에 차이상의 mode에서그구동방향이나타남을

3 이동로봇의수직운동감지를위한초소형 MEMS Z 축가속도계 251 (a) 1 st mode natural frequency: 496 Hz 안정성과신뢰성을확보할수있다. 또한, 구조물과기판사이의간격이크게할수있어충격에강인한소자의제작이가능하며기생정전용량을최소화할수있여고성능, 고수율의소자를얻을수있다. [8-9] ESBM 공정에서는두번의사진묘화공정을통해정렬오차없는상하부단차가존재하는구조물을제작할수있다. 두번째사진묘화공정후첫번째실리콘식각과정에서하부의단차가결정되며마지막실리콘식각과정에서상부단차가결정되게된다. 그림 5는완성된 Z축가속도계의실리콘구조물이며최종적으로 12 μm의단차를갖도록공정하였다. (b) 2 nd mode natural frequency: 91 Hz.2 웨이퍼레벨밀봉실장공정실리콘웨이퍼상에제작된 MEMS 센싱엘리먼트를보호하기위하여실리콘-글래스양극접합기술을이용하였다. [10] MEMS 구조물을온도변화, 먼지및습기와같은환경적인영향으로부터보호하기위한글래스웨이퍼는파이렉스 7740을이용하여제작되었다. 글래스에구조물크기의공간과소자의전극을메탈로연결할수있는홀을습식식각을이용하여형성하였으며실리콘- (c) rd mode natural frequency: 501 Hz 그림. Modal analysis result of 1st, 2nd and rd mode natural frequency. 알수있다. 그러므로 1차 mode 에 2차이상 mode의영향이거의없어구조적으로안정됨을알수있으며뛰어난타축감도 (cross-axis sensitivity) 를갖는센싱엘리먼트의제작이가능함을알수있다.. 초소형 Z 축가속도센싱엘리먼트제작공정.1 ESBM 공정그림 4는초소형 Z축가속도센싱엘리먼트의실리콘공정흐름도이다. 개발된초소형 Z축가속도센싱엘리먼트는단결정실리콘웨이퍼상에 ESBM (Extended Sacrificial Bulk Micromachining) 공정 [7] 을이용하여제작되었다. 기존의고종횡비구조물을만들기위한 SOI (Silicon on Insulator), SOG (Silicon on Glass) 공정기술은울퉁불퉁한바닥면및노칭 (notching) 을형성하게된다. ESBM공정은희생층식각을통해구조물의바닥면을평탄화할수있어질량체와스프링의비대칭성을최소화할수있으며노칭현상으로인한미세한틈을없애기계적 그림 4. Silicon fabrication process flow of the z-axis

4 252 로봇공학회논문지제 2 권제 호 (2007.9) 글래스양극접합을이용한웨이퍼레벨밀봉실장기술을적용하였다. 접합후글래스표면에메탈을증착한후전극부분은사진묘화공정을통하여전극패턴을형성하였다. 그림 6는글래스공정의공정흐름도와웨이퍼레벨밀봉실장공정의공정흐름도이며, 그림 7은웨이퍼레벨밀봉실장후웨이퍼의사진이다. 4. 신호처리회로제작및성능측정결과 그림 5. Fabricated silicon structure of the z-axis 그림 8과그림 9는각각제작된초소형 Z축가속도센싱시스템회로부의블록도와 PCB 회로이다. 외부의수직운동방향의가속도신호가인가되면질량체가비틀리며 MEMS 소자에정전용량의변화가생기게되고이는전하증폭기를통하여아날로그전압신호로변환된다. 변조되어전달된전압신호는복조된뒤출력신호로나타나게된다. 본논문에제시된 Z축가속도센싱엘리먼트는차동구동방식 (differential actuation) 을채택하여공통모드잡음 (common-mode noise) 을제거할수있어노이즈에강하고높은바이어스안정도를확보할수있다. 또한, ESBM 공정을통해상하부의단차를갖는구조물의제작이가능하여비틀림각도가작은경우높은선형형을갖는센싱엘리먼트의제작이가능하다. 가속도센싱엘리먼트는아래와같은 2차전달함수 (2 nd order transfer function) 으로모델링이가능하다. 이론적으로대역폭은공진주파수 그림 6. Glass fabrication process flow & wafer-level hermetic packaging process flow of the z-axis 그림 8. Block diagram of signal processing circuitry. 그림 7. The wafer-level hermetic packaged z-axis MCU Z 축가속도센싱엘리먼트 그림 9. Implemented signal processing read-out circuit of the z-axis

5 이동로봇의수직운동감지를위한초소형 MEMS Z 축가속도계 25 표 2. MEMS Z-axis Microaccelerometer Design Specifications Center of mass (m) kg Spring stiffness (k) kg m 2 /s 2 Torsion 1g (θ) 0.04 deg Nominal capacitance (C nominal ) F Capacitance 1g (ΔC/g) F Die size 2.72 mm 2.42 mm Output (mv) (a) Dynamic range of the z-axis microacceleromter Input acceleration (g) ω o 까지를의미하여본가속도계는설계상약 400 Hz 이상의대역폭을확보할수있다. 하지만시스템의응용분야를고려하여측정은 60 Hz 까지진행하였다. X() s 1 = = 2 As () ms + bs+ k s X (): s displacement A(): s input acceleration ω : natural frequency o ωo ω + s+ ω Q 2 o 2 o k : stiffness m: mass Q : quality factor 본논문의 Z축가속도센싱엘리먼트는가속도 1 g (9.8 m/s 2 ) 가가해질경우회전축을기준으로약 0.04 deg 의작은회전변위를갖고, 그에따른정전용량변화 Δ C는약 F 으로제작되었으며표 2에정리하였다. 제작된초소형 Z축가속도센싱시스템은운동가속도범위 (dynamic range) 10 g 이상, 정지드리프트 (bias drift) 17. mg 그리고대역폭 (bandwidth) 60 Hz 이상을갖는다. 그림 10(a), 10(b), 10(c) 는각각 Z축가속도센싱엘리먼트의운동가속도범위, 정지드리프트및대역폭의그래프이다. Output (V) Time (s) Output (db) (b) Bias drift of the z-axis microacceleromter Frequency (Hz) 60 Hz 5. 결론본논문에서는초소형 Z축가속도센싱시스템을개발하였다. 기존의 X축가속도센싱엘리먼트를수직정렬하여구현하였던것과달리단일실리콘기판상에정렬오차가없고수직단차를갖는구조물을제작하였다. 구조물보호를위하여실리콘- 글래스양극접합기술을이용한웨이퍼레벨밀봉실장기술이적용하여고신뢰성, 고수율의소자를제작하였다. 제작된초소형 Z축가속도센싱시스템은운동가속도범위 10 g 이상, 정지드리프트 17. mg 그리고대역폭 60 Hz 이상을갖는다. 본논문에서개발된초소형 Z축가속도센싱엘리먼트와 X/Y축가속도센싱엘리먼트를융합하게되면단일평면상에소형화, 경량화된 축가속도센싱시스템의제작이가능하며이를이동로봇의 차원적인움직임및위치추정에적용할경우안정되고높은신뢰성의동작을기대할수있다. (c) Bandwidth of the z-axis microacceleromter. 그림 10. Performance characteristics of z-axis [1] Y. Matsumoto, et al., A capacitive accelerometer using SDB-SOI structure, Sens. Actuators A5,

6 254 로봇공학회논문지제 2 권제 호 (2007.9) pp , [2] H. Xie, et al., A CMOS z-axis capacitive accelerometer with comb-finger sensing, Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, MEMS The Thirteenth Annual International Conference on, vol., no., pp , 2-27 Jan [] V. Milanovic, et al., Torsinal micromirrors with lateral actuators, The 11th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, vol., no., pp , Jun [4] T. Tsuchiya, et al., A z-axis differential capacitive SOI accelerometer with vertical comb electrodes, Sens. Actuators A116, pp.78-8, [5] 곽동훈외, 단일실리콘기판상에제작된새로운 Z축가속도계, 제 5회한국 MEMS 학술대회, vol.1, pp , May 200. [6] G. Fedder, Simulation of Microelectromechanical Systems, Ph.D thesis, p.77, [7] J, Kim et al., X-axis Single-crystalline Silicon Microgyroscope Fabricated by the Extended SBM Process, IEEE/ASME Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, vol.14, pp , [8] S, ee et al., Surface/Bulk Micromachined Singlecrystalline Silicon Micro-gyroscope, IEEE/ASME Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, vol.9, no.4, pp , Dec [9] J, Kim et al., Robust SOI Process without Footing and Its Application to Ultra High-Performance Microgyroscopes, Sensors and Actuators A, vol.114, pp.26-24, Sep [10] H, Ko et al., Wafer-level Hermetic Packaged, Twochip Microaccelerometer Suitable for Tactical and Inertial Applications, The 1th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, vol.1, pp , 5-9 Jun 관심분야 : MEMS 관성센서 이상민 2005 서울대학교전기 컴퓨터공학부학사 2005~ 현재서울대학교전기 컴퓨터공학부박사과정 조동일 1980 미국 Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 기계공학학사 1984 미국 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 기계공학석사 1987 미국 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 기계공학박사 199~ 현재서울대학교전기 컴퓨터공학부교수관심분야 : MEMS 관성센서

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