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1 Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 이종길 * A Study on Analysis of Target Characteristics Using Electromagnetic Waves Jonggil Lee * Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 46-77, Korea 요약안테나에서송출된전자파신호는목표물로부터반사되어져수신된다. 이러한반사신호는유전율차이등목표물들의물질종류에따라서로다른특징들을나타내게된다. 따라서이러한반사신호들의특징들을잘활용하면목표물들의특성을파악할수있다. 즉위험물질들의분류및검사를위하여이러한방법을적용할수있다. 따라서본논문에서는실험을통하여획득한이러한반사파신호들의특징을활용하여상관성 (correlation) 을도출함으로서그특성, 즉위험물질들을판단할수있는방법을고찰하고자한다. 이러한상관성에의한판단방법은특정목표물에대한기준신호의저장을필요로하지만비교적신뢰할수있는결과들을보여준다. 그러므로이러한수신신호들의상관성을이용한방법을적용한다면위험물질들의구별및분류등에폭넓게활용할수있을것이다. ABSTRACT Electromagnetic wave signals radiated from an antenna are reflected by targets and received through the same antenna. These received signals show different characteristics according to various target materials having different dielectric constants. Therefore, target characteristics can be recognized if we can utilize these return signals efficiently. this method can be applied for discrimination and classification of hazardous materials. In this paper, utilizing these experimentally obtained signals, correlation characteristics are obtained and analyzed for classification and discrimination purposes. Although the correlation method requires the storage of reference signals, it shows very promising results. this correlation method can be applied for classification and discrimination of hazardous materials. 키워드 : 반사신호, 상관성, 전자파전파, 물질분류 Key word : Return signal, Correlation, Propagation of electromagnetic waves, Material classification Received March 5, Revised April 5, Accepted 5 April 5 * Corresponding Author Jonggil Lee( jnglee@incheon.ac.kr, Tel: ) Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 46-77, Korea Open Access print ISSN: online ISSN: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License( by-nc/3./) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright C The Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering.

2 Ⅰ. 서론전자파를이용한무선시스템은최근에와서보안및산업용센서로서의활용성이커지고있으며이외에도다양한응용분야에서의연구가진행되고있다 [,]. 특히비교적간단하게송신파형을구현할수있으며저전력, 초광대역특성을갖는 UWB (Ultra Wide Band) 시스템의활용이활발히모색되고있다 [3,4]. 본논문에서는이러한초광대역송신전자파의목표물에서의반사파를활용한물질의특성확인및분류를위한방법들을고찰하고자한다. 우선이러한물질들로부터반사되는전자파신호들을획득하기위해서는먼저일반적으로자주사용되고있는송신파형에대하여고려하여보아야한다. UWB 안테나입력신호로가장널리이용되어지고있는것은 Rayleigh 펄스신호이다 [5]. 이러한펄스신호의지속시간은응용목적에따라다소달라질수있으나허용되는주파수대역을고려하여발생시키게된다. 이렇게안테나에입력된송신신호로부터실제로신호가안테나로부터방사되어신호가도달하는수신안테나에서의신호출력이어떻게나타나는지를살펴보려면송수신안테나의특성, 즉전달함수를알아야만한다. 이러한전달함수는제작된송수신용안테나의실제특성에따라각각달라진다. 따라서본논문에서는물질의특성분류를위한수신신호분석을목적으로하고있으므로비교적지향성이높은혼안테나를사용하고신호구간이약 3 ps 정도지속되는 Rayleigh 펄스를사용하였다. 이러한 UWB 신호는안테나로부터방사되어져일정한거리만큼떨어져있는목표물, 즉유리용기에들어있는액체시료로부터반사되는반사파신호들을얻을수있다. 이러한반사파신호들은액체의시료종류및특성에따라서서른다른특징을보일것으로예상된다. 즉이러한임펄스형태의전자파신호가진행하면서반사되는과정에서액체의유전율등의특성에따라각각반사되는신호들의특징이달라질수있다. 여기서는액체물질들을대상으로하여이러한반사파신호들이어떤차이점들을보이는지분석하고물질들을판별할수있는방법들을고찰하여보았다. Ⅱ. 송수신부구성 혼안테나로입력되는입력송신파형은다음과같이표시되는전형적인일차 Rayleigh 펄스신호를사용하였다. ( t ) ( t ) st () = exp A A () 식 () 에서 A는펄스파라메터로 UWB 대역폭규정에따른펄스신호의지속시간을결정할수있는파라메터이다. 본실험에서는펄스의지속시간이약 3 ps 정도가되도록 A 값을조정하였다. 송신부를구동하기위한이러한펄스신호와실제로안테나로부터방사되어수신되어지는신호는다소달라진다. 이러한과정은송수신안테나의전달특성즉안테나의주파수대역이나이득및방사특성등에따라수신신호의파형이다르게나타나게된다. 이는안테나의주파수영역전달함수특성이나시간영역에서의임펄스응답특성을알거나또는측정가능하다면수신신호의파형특성을파악할수있다. 그러나본논문에서는동일한송수신부및안테나를사용하여액체물질을구별하는것을목적으로함으로추가적인전달함수의정보를얻기보다는액체의시료종류에따른수신신호의특징들을구별하는것에주안점을두었다. 따라서송신및수신용혼안테나를일정한거리만큼이격시켜설치한후물체로부터반사되는수신신호를획득하였다. 그림 에구조를간략하게나타내었다. 그림. 혼안테나를이용한송수신단블록도 Fig. The transceiver block diagram with a horn antenna 9

3 Ⅲ. 반사신호의특성앞장에서설명한바와같이액체시료로부터반사되는전자파신호의크기를획득하기위해서수신단의샘플링주파수는 36 GHz 로설정하였다. 지연시간 t, 즉거리에따른샘플링이매우높게이루어지고있어서 c 를전자파의전파속도라고한다면거리해상도는 ct/ 로표시된다. 그러나식 () 에서나타낸바와같이송신파형의지속시간은약 3 ps 정도가된다. 따라서거리해상도는약 4.5 cm정도이다. 송신파형의지속시간이매우짧으면거리해상도를높일수있으나구현하기가어려울뿐만아니라이러한파형은매우넓은대역을점유하기때문에안테나의대역폭이나허용방사대역폭등에관한사항도고려되어야하기때문에실제적으로매우짧은지속시간을갖는파형의선택은매우제한적이다. 또한 UWB 펄스송신에는별도의캐리어신호를사용하지않는다. 따라서안테나의대역폭, 즉전달특성에따라저주파영역의신호가안테나에서제대로방사되지않을수있다는점을염두에두어야한다. 본연구에서는 GHz~8 GHz 정도의주파수대역을가지는 개의혼안테나를각각송신및수신안테나를일정한거리만큼이격시켜설치한후신호를획득하였다. 이러한시스템은송신단의누설전력이수신단으로가지않는다는장점이있으나송신안테나의간섭전력이수신되는것을완전히억제할수없을뿐만아니라주변환경에의한반사파가존재하기때문에수신단에어느정도의간섭전력이수신된다고보아야할것이다. 따라서신호획득시이러한점들을감안하여사전에송신전력또는주변환경에의한간섭신호전력을파악하는것이필요할것이다. 즉저장된거리영역에서의간섭신호전력을차감함으로서신호의특성을더정확하게파악할수있을것이다. 이제전자파가용기에담겨있는액체시료로부터반사되는상황을그림 에나타내었다. 그림 에서 R, R 는각경계면에서의반사계수를나타내며 t b 는용기의두께를 t s 는액체용기의내부폭을각각표시한다. 유전율이달라지는 4개의경계면에서반사가일어나게되는데자성물질이아니라면반사계수는다음과같이표현된다 [6]. ε ε ε ε R =, R = b s b εb + ε εs + εb () 식 () 에서 ε, ε b, ε s 는공기의유전율및유리병의유전율, 액체샘플의복소유전율을각각표시한다. 그러므로이러한유전율의차이에의하여경계면에서반사되는정도, 즉반사계수가다르게나타난다. 그런데그림 에서보는것처럼실제로유리병에든액체의특성을파악하고자하는경우유리병의두께나액체시료가담긴정도, 즉유리용기의크기에따라다를수는있으나일반적으로물리적인크기가많이크지않다고가정하면반사신호획득시거리해상도에따른신호의간섭또는중첩현상이발생할수있다. 또한액체시료에따라서전자파가급격히감쇄하여경계면에서의반사신호가매우작아질수도있으며경우에따라서는내부에서의다중반사현상도일어날수있다. 그림. 유리병에든액체시료 Fig. A liquid sample in a glass bottle Ⅳ. 신호획득및분석 앞장에서언급한바와같이반사신호의획득을위하여 36 GHz 의높은샘플링주파수를사용하여거리별신호를얻고있지만이에대응하는 4. mm 정도의거리해상도를가진다고볼수는없다. 즉송신파형의신호지속시간이약 3 ps 정도로실제로얻을수있는해 9

4 상도는 4.5 cm 정도로나타난다. 그러므로샘플링에의하여얻어지는거리별반사신호는펄스지속시간으로인하여중첩되어져나타나게된다. 따라서전자파의진행에따라나타나는첫번째경계면과두번째경계면, 즉공기와유리용기, 유리용기와액체시료사이의경계에서발생하는두가지반사신호들은분리되기어려우며중첩되어져나타날것이다. 따라서유리용기의내부폭이 4.5 cm 이하인경우신호의분리및분석이매우어려울수있다. 유리용기에따라종류가다양하기때문에용기의폭도크게달라질수있다. 여기서는가장많이사용되는일반음료수용기를사용하였다. 용량이 8 ml 정도되는폭 5 cm 의유리용기에액체를넣어서안테나로부터약 58 cm 떨어진곳에두고시험결과를획득하였다. 이러한시험결과를분석하기위하여 56 개의거리별샘플링된데이터를수집하였다. 이러한영역은액체시료에의한반사파또는클러터, 간섭등에의한수신전력이의미있게나타나고있는거리영역을말하며그외의거리영역은제외하였다. 이러한수신신호들은측정시다소의변동성이존재할수있기때문에 번측정한후그평균값을거리영역에따른반사수신신호의크기를나타내는값으로결정하였다. 그림 3은물과가솔린이담긴액체시료의반사신호차이를나타낸다. 앞쪽부분은대부분배경또는간섭에의한반사신호의크기로거의동일하게나타난다는것을알수있다. 그림 3에서볼수있는것처럼배경및간섭에의한반사신호가원래의액체시료에의한반사신호를왜곡또는오염시킬수있으므로저장된이러한신호들의크기를각거리별로차감함으로서얻은물과가솔린액체시료에대한반사신호크기의변화를그림 4에나타내었다. 그림 4의경우는상대적인크기를보여주고있으며그림 3보다는액체시료에따른반사신호의특징들을더잘나타내어준다. 같은방법으로아세톤, 톨루엔, 토마토주스용액이담긴액체시료에의하여수신된반사신호도획득하였다. 그림 4에서볼수있는것처럼액체시료의종류에따라수신되어지는반사신호의크기가시간영역상에서다르게나타나고있음을확인할수있다. 이와같은현상의주요한원인은그림 에서나타낸바와같이액체시료의유전율에따라서첫번째, 두번째경계면에서의전자파반사정도가달라지기때문이다. 이러한현상은액체시료내에서의전자파감쇄정도에따라다중반사현상이생길수도있으며급격한감쇄가일어난다면수신되는반사신호는짧은시간영역에서만의미있는크기를보일것이다. 가솔린과톨루엔의경우나물과토마토주스의경우처럼유전율이비슷할경우신호의특징이매우유사하게나타난다. 그러므로이러한반사신호의크기분석만으로정확하게액체의종류를파악하기는매우어려울수있다. water gasoline Amplitude water gasoline Relative Amplitude Time Index 그림 3. 물과가솔린액체시료에의한반사신호크기변화 Fig. 3 Variation in reflected signal amplitudes for water and gasoline liquid samples Time Index 그림 4. 배경및간섭차감후물과가솔린액체시료에의한반사신호크기변화 Fig. 4 Variation in reflected signal amplitudes for water and gasoline liquid samples after removal of background and interference 9

5 그러나액체의그룹을분류하여위험또는비위험물질로구별하는것은이와같은간단한방법만으로도충분히가능하리라예상된다. 그림 5에앞에서설명한데이터획득및신호처리과정을블록도로간단히나타내었다 그림 5. 신호처리블록도 Fig. 5 Block diagram of signal processing 그림 5에표시한상관성계산은다음과같은방법을사용하였다 [7]. Rˆ ( m) xy N m * xn+ myn m = N m n= * Ryx m m< ˆ ( ) (3) 식 (4) 에보는바와같이여기서는편향되지않은 (unbiased) 자기상관성 (autocorrelation) 및교차상관성 (cross-correlation) 함수들을추정하여그특징들을살펴보았다. 상관성은시간지연인덱스 (time lag index), m 에대하여다음과같이나타내었다. Cm ( ) = R ( m N), m=, K,N (4) xy 이제액체시료가물인경우의저장된기준신호를이용하여다른액체시료들및물과의교차상관성및자기상관성을구하여그림 6에서그림 9까지나타내었다. 그림 6에서의상관성그래프를보면그값의최대크기가상대적으로작고유사한여러개의피크가나타나고있음을확인할수있다. 반면그림 7의경우에서는최대피크점이한곳에서나타나고다른유사한피크점이나타나지않는다는것을확인할수있다. 따라서그림들에서보는것처럼물에대한기준신호를이용하여상관성을계산함으로서가솔린과물이담긴액체시료를분별하는것이가능할것이다 그림 6. 기준신호인물과가솔린액체시료반사에의한수신신호와의상관성 Fig. 6 Correlation between the water reference signal and the return signal of a gasoline sample 이제톨루엔및아세톤에대한상관성정도를나타낸그림 8과그림 9 에대한특징을고찰하였다. 그림 8과그림 9에서의상관성정도를나타낸그래프를살펴보면톨루엔은가솔린과아세톤은물과각각다소유사한상관성을보이고있음을확인할수있다. 그러나그림 8에서보는것처럼상관성피크값들이그림 6에비하여다소낮게나타나는점들이있다는것을알수있다. 또한그림 9는그림 7과유사한형태이나최대피크치의주변피크값들이다소높게형성되는특징을보이고있으므로물이든액체시료는구별이가능하다 그림 7. 기준신호인물과물이담긴액체시료반사에의한수신신호와의상관성 Fig. 7 Correlation between the water reference signal and the return signal of a water sample 93

6 그림 8. 기준신호인물과톨루엔액체시료반사에의한수신신호와의상관성 Fig. 8 Correlation between the water reference signal and the return signal of a toluene sample 그림 9. 기준신호인물과아세톤액체시료반사에의한수신신호와의상관성 Fig. 9 Correlation between the water reference signal and the return signal of an acetone sample 따라서이와같이물질들중위험성있는액체로분류되는톨루엔, 가솔린, 아세톤등의구별이명확하게이루어지는것이바람직하나물을기준신호로하였을때간섭, 잡음등수신신호의왜곡가능성때문에구별이어려울경우도발생할수있을것이다. 이러한상황을고려한다면다른액체시료의반사파들도기준신호로저장하여활용한다면특정액체시료들을명확히구별하기가더욱용이하리라판단된다. 즉가솔린, 아세톤, 톨루엔액체시료의기준신호에대한자기상관함수 는다른상관성그래프와는다르게피크점들의특징을뚜렷하게구별할수있기때문이다. 그러므로앞의결과그림들에서설명한바와같이물을기준신호로하여액체시료들의특성을분류하는것이어느정도가능하다. 전자파신호의반사및전파특성이액체의유전율에직접적인상관성을보이기때문에유전율이상당한차이를보이는액체시료들간에는비교적구분이용이하다고할수있다. 더명확한구분을위해서는하나의기준신호만사용하지말고액체시료로부터얻을수있는여러개의기준신호들을이용하여상관성그래프들의특성을분석하는것이필요할수있다. 그러나토마토주스같은액체시료의경우물과거의동일한반사신호특성을보이기때문에액체시료의투과신호등다른추가적인정보의획득없이는두물질을구별하는것은매우어렵다. 하지만폭발성이있는위험액체물질들을구별하고분류하는등의목적으로제안된방법을사용한다면전자파의반사수신신호획득만으로도충분히가능할것으로판단된다. Ⅴ. 결론본논문에서는폭발성이있는위험액체물질들을구별하기위하여비교적간단히구성할수있는초광대역레이다센서를활용하여액체의종류에따른전자파반사신호들의특성을분석하였다. 결과그림들에서확인할수있는것처럼각액체물질들의기준신호들을저장한뒤이러한신호들을활용하여각액체시료들로부터반사되는수신신호와의상관성정도를구하여그특성을파악함으로서위험액체물질의분류가가능하다는것을알수있다. 그러므로본논문에서제안한방법을활용한다면액체물질들의위험성정도등을분류하기위한목적으로효과적으로활용될수있을것이다. 그러나앞장에서언급한바와같이유전율이유사한경우, 즉물과토마토주스등의경우에는비위험물질들로크게분류하는것은가능하나구체적인액체물질의판별은매우어렵다. 따라서이러한경우에는액체시료를투과한전자파신호의특성을추가적으로획득하여분석하는것이필요할것으로생각된다. 94

7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the Incheon National University Research Grant in 4 REFERENCES [] K. Pourvoyeur et al., Ramp sequence analysis to resolve multi target scenarios for a 77-GHz FMCW radar sensor, Proceedings of th International Conference on Information Fusion, page -7, June 8. [] G. L. Charvat and L. C. Kempel, Synthetic aperture radar imaging using a unique approach to frequency- modulated continuous-wave radar design, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 48, no., pp. 7-77, 6. [3] R. M. Narayanan et al., Radar penetration imaging using ultra-wideband random noise waveforms, IEE Proc.-Radar, Sonar, Navigation, vol. 5, no. 3, pp , 4. [4] I. Immoreev and T-H. Tao, UWB radar for patient monitoring, IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, vol. 3, no., pp. -8, 8. [5] B. Allen et al., Ultra-wideband antennas and propagation for communications, radar and imaging, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., England, 7. [6] U. C. Hasar, A fast and accurate amplitude-only transmission-reflection method for complex permittivity determination of lossy materials, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 9-35, 8. [7] S. J. Orfanidis, Optimum signal processing, An introduction, nd Edition, Prentice-Hall, NJ, 996. 이종길 (Jonggil Lee) 99 년 5 월미국 Clemson University, Electrical Eng. (Ph.D.) 99 년 월 ~ 993 년 월삼성전자특수연구소 993 년 3 월 ~ 현재인천대학교정보통신공학과교수 관심분야 : 무선통신, 레이다신호처리, 레이다시스템 95

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