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1 한국산업보건학회지, 제27권제4호 (2017) ISSN X(Print) ISSN (Online) Original Article 시멘트제조ㆍ취급사업장에서발생하는공기중분진의노출평가 배혜정 1 ㆍ성은창ㆍ피영규 2* 1 대구한의대학교산업보건연구소, 2 대구한의대학교보건학부 Exposure Assessment of Airborne Dusts in the Cement Manufacturing and Handling Industries Hye Jeong Bae 1 ㆍEun Chang SungㆍYoung Gyu Phee 2* 1 Institute for Industrial Health, Daegu Haany University 2 Faculty of Health Science, Daegu Haany University ABSTRACT Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate concentrations in airborne total and respirable dusts in the cement manufacturing and handling industries. Methods: Fifty-three total dust and 42 respirable dustsamples were collected from 24 work places. Total dust samples were collected using a three-stage cassette. Respirable dust samples were collected using a cyclone equipped with a 37 mm, 5 μm pore size PVC filter. Results: The geometric means of the dust concentrations were 0.10 mg / m3 and 0.08 mg / m3 in total dust and respirable dust, respectively. The Korean Occupational Exposure Limit(10 mg / m3 ) was not exceeded, but the rate of exceeding the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist(ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value(1mg / m3 ) was 16.7%. Conclusion: When measuring the level of dust at cement manufacturers, the airborne concentration of respirable dust should be evaluated. In order to protect the health of workers exposed to cement dust, it is necessary to actively consider strengthening the Korean Occupational Exposure Limit. Key words: cement, respirable dust, total dust I. 서론시멘트는직경이 0.05에서 5 μm에이르는회색의미세한분말로, 산화칼슘 (CaO) 과규산 (SiO 2 ) 이주성분이며그외삼산화알루미늄 (Al 2 O 3 ), 삼산화철 (Fe 2 O 3 ) 및산화마그네슘 (MgO) 등으로구성되어있다 (ILO, 1972). 미세한입자크기의시멘트분진에노출될경우호흡기질환을유발할수있는중요한원인으로, 그구성성분에따라자극, 감작, 진폐유발 (pneumoconiotic) 특성에기인하는것으로알려져있다 (Meo, 2004). 시멘트분진노출근로자들은만성비염, 후두염, 가래등의상기도증상을나타내며 (Maciejewska & Bielichowska-Cybula, 1991), 특히가장문제가되는진폐증은전세계적으로 1950년대부터시작하여 (Tarnopol skaia et al., 1951; Doerr 1952; Farini & Canitano, 1958), 최근까지시멘트분진으로인한사례가보고되어있다 (Meo, 2003). 진폐증뿐만아니라흉막비후, 간질성폐질환, 만성기관지염도유발되며, 이탈리아의시멘트공장근로자들에서 25% 의흉막비후유병률이보고되었으며 (Scanesetti et al., 1975), 사우디아라비아에서도 12% 의간질성폐질환유병률과 2% 의흉막비후유병률을보고된바있다 (Meo, 2003). *Corresponding author: Young Gyu Phee, Tel: , Fax: , yphee@dhu.ac.kr Faculty of Health Science, Daegu Haany University. 1 Hannydae-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk Received: December 3, 2017, Revised: December 20, 2017, Accepted: December 23, 2017 This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 390
2 시멘트제조ㆍ취급사업장에서발생하는공기중분진의노출평가 391 우리나라는 2015년발생된직업병자중약 57.5% 정도가진폐증으로보고되었으며, 2015년직업병으로인한사망자현황중전체의약 83% 정도가진폐증으로인하여사망한것으로알려져있다 (MoEL, 2016). 시멘트분진과관련한비직업적진폐증사례는시멘트공장과밀접해있던지역의직업적노출이전혀없었던지역주민들에게서 2010년 3건이발병된사례가있었다 (Leem et al., 2010). 이에따라현재우리나라는화학물질및물리적인자의노출기준에포틀랜드시멘트를총분진 10 mg / m3으로관리하고있다 (MoEL, 2016). 외국의경우미국산업위생전문가협의회 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist, ACGIH) 에서는결정형유리규산함유량이 1% 이하의석면이함유되지않은포틀랜드시멘트에대하여노출기준 (Threshold Limit Values) 을호흡성분진 1 mg / m3으로제시하고있으며 (ACGIH, 2015), 일본은일본산업보건학회 (Japan Society of Occupational Health, JSOH) 의직업적권고노출기준 (Recommendation Occupational Exposure Limits, ROEL) 에서총분진 4 mg / m3, 호흡성분진 1 mg / m3 (JSOH, 2016) 으로권고하고있다. 외국의경우시멘트분진에관한건강유해성 (Meo, 2004), 시멘트공장주변지역영향평가 (Yang et al., 2003; Sabah, 2006), 시멘트로인한건강장해 (Zeleke et al., 2010; Zeleke et al., 2011) 등다양한연구가수행되어왔다. 그러나국내의경우시멘트분진에대한노출수준에대한연구는주로지역주민영향평가 (Yoo, 2009; Leem et al., 2010; Cha, 2010) 중심으로진행되어져왔으며, 시멘트분진에직접적으로노출되는근로자를대상으로수행된연구는상당히드문실정이다. 따라서본연구는시멘트를제조및취급하는사업장에서발생하는총분진, 호흡성분진에대한공기중노출수준을확인하고, 채취한물질시료내화학구조등을평가하여향후동종업종근로자의건강보호와적절한관리방안을마련하기위한기초자료를제공하고자하였다. Ⅱ. 연구대상및방법 1. 연구대상본연구는 2014년 4월부터 2015년 6월까지시멘트 제조사업장 3개소및취급사업장 24개소를대상으로공기중총분진, 호흡성분진농도와물질시료내원소성분및결정형구조등을파악하였다. 공정은투입 채취, 혼합 조쇄 선별, 성형 가공, 운반 출하 완료로크게 4가지로분류하였으며, 측정지점에따라옥내 옥외로구분하였다. 또한시료채취일을기준으로계절별로구분하여계절에따른농도특성도파악하였다. 사업장규모는 20인미만사업장이 15 개소, 20인이상 100 미만사업장 6개소, 100인이상사업장은 3개소이며, 원재료및시멘트월취급사용량은 500톤미만이 7개소, 500톤이상 5000톤미만이 10개소, 5000톤이상 7개소로나타났다. 2. 연구방법 1) 공기중총분진의채취총분진은미국국립직업안전보건연구원 (National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health, NIOSH) 의 0500 공정시험법을활용하여공극 5 μm을가지는 37 mm PVC 여과지 (Poly Vinyl Chloride, SKC, USA) 를 37 mm 3단카세트및여과지패드에장착하여사용하였다. 여과지가장착된카세트를개인시료채취용고유량펌프 (GilAir- 3RC, Gilian, USA) 에연결하여작업공정에서근로자의작업위치로부터최대한가까운지점을선정한후 1 2 l/min 의유량으로측정하였다. 측정전 후에는건식유량보정계 (Defender 510, BIOS, USA) 로유량을확인하여평균값을활용하였다 (NIOSH, 1994). 2) 공기중호흡성분진의채취호흡성분진은 NIOSH 0600 공정시험법에따라진행하였으며, nylon cyclone과 aluminium cyclone을이용하여, 2 piece cassette에칭량한 PVC 여과지 ( 직경 37 mm, 공극 5 μm ) 를장착하였다. 고유량펌프 (GilAir- 3RC, Gilian, USA) 에사이클론을연결한후작업공정에서근로자의작업위치로부터최대한가까운지점을선정하여 nylon cyclone은 1.7 l/min, aluminium cyclone 2.5 l/min의유량으로측정하였다. 측정전 후에는건식유량보정계 (Defender 510, BIOS, USA) 로유량을확인하였다 (NIOSH, 1998). 3) 시료의분석 (1) 분진의중량분석총분진및호흡성분진이채취된여과지의중량은시
3 392 배혜정ㆍ성은창ㆍ피영규 료채취전 후 dry keeper(oh-3s, AS ONE, Japan) 에서 24시간이상항습시킨후정확도 0.01 mg의전자저울 (CPA225D, Sartorius, Germany) 을이용하여 3회칭량한후평균값을사용하였다. (2) 물질시료의분석 1 원소성분별함유량물질시료 (bulk sample) 분말표면의미세구조와원소성분을파악하기위하여초고분해능전계방출형주사현미경 (Ultra High Resolution Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, UHR-FE-SEM, Model S-4800, Hitach, Japan) 을사용하였으며, 시료로부터발생한 2차전자및 X-ray를검출하여정성 정량분석하였다. 2 화학적구성성분물질시료분말에대한화학적구성성분을파악하기위하여 X-선형광분광기 (Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer, WD-XRF, Model PW2400, Philips, Netherland) 를이용하였다. 균질화를위해시료와 di-lithium tetraborate(li 2 B 4 O 7 ) 를 1:5 의비율로혼합하여백금 (Pt 2 O 2 ) 이 5% 함유된도가니에넣은후 1,100 에 6분간녹인후유리편 (Glass bead) 을제작하여분석하였다. 분석시측정강도를얻기위한 X-선발생기의전압과전류는각각 4 kw, 60 kv, 170mA이었고, 분석범위는 4Be 92U로설정하였다. 4) 자료의분석조사된자료들은 MS Excel에입력하였고, 통계분석은 SPSS(Version 23.0K, USA) 프로그램을사용하였다. 공기중총분진및호흡성분진농도는 Sapiro-Wilk 의정규성검정결과대수정규분포를보여기하평균과기하표준편차로제시하였고결과의이해를위하여산술평균과표준편차도결과에수록하였다. 업종형태및측정위치에따른분진의농도비교는 Mann Whitney U-test를사용하였고, 공정및계절에따른분진의농도는 Kruskal-Wallis test를이용하였다. Ⅲ. 연구결과 1. 물질시료의성분분석 1) 원소성분및함유량시멘트 콘크리트물질시료의미세구조와원소성분을파악하기위하여 UHR-FE-SEM으로분석한결과시멘트물질시료는입자의대부분이 5 μm이하로불규칙한형태가관찰되었으며 (Figure 1a), 콘크리트물질시료는평균입경 60 μm수준으로불규칙하고각이많은형태를보이고있었다 (Figure 1b). 시멘트물질시료의원소비율은산소 (O) 가 60.8% 로가장높았고, 칼슘 (Ca, 19.9%), 탄소 (C, 6.4%), 규소 (Si, 4.5%), 마그네슘 (Mg, 3.9%), 철 (Fe, 1.9%), 알루미늄 (Al, 1.8%), 황 (S, 0.5%), 칼륨 (K, 0.4%) 순으로나타났다 (Table 1). (a) Cement bulk Figure 1. Shape of bulk sample analyzed by UHR-FE-SEM (b) Concrete bulk Table 1. Atomic percents of element in cement bulk sample analyzed by UHR-FE-SEM Element O Ca C Si Mg Fe Al S K Component Rate (%)
4 시멘트제조ㆍ취급사업장에서발생하는공기중분진의노출평가 393 Table 2. Atomic percents of element in concrete bulk sample analyzed by UHR-FE-SEM Element O Si C Al Na K Ca Component Rate (%) Table 3. Chemical compositions of cement bulk sample analyzed by XRF Element CaO SiO 2 Fe 2O 3 Al 2O 3 SO 3 MgO K 2O TiO 2 P 2O 5 MnO Component Rate (%) Table 4. Chemical compositions of concrete bulk sample analyzed by XRF Element SiO 2 Al 2O 3 CaO Fe 2O 3 K 2O Na 2O MgO TiO 2 SO 3 P 2O 5 Component Rate (%) 콘크리트물질시료의원소비율은산소 (O) 가 63.8% 로가장높게나타났으며, 규소 (Si, 14.3%), 탄소 (C, 11.5%), 알루미늄 (Al, 5.1%), 나트륨 (Na, 3.8%), 칼륨 (K, 1.3%), 칼슘 (Ca, 0.2%) 순이었다 (Table 2). 이었으며, 시멘트취급사업장의기하평균농도는 mg / m3로시멘트제조사업장의총분진농도가시멘트취급사업장에비해높았으나그차이가통계적으로유의하지않았다 (Table 5). 2) 화학적구성성분시멘트물질시료의화학적구성성분을 XRF로분석한결과 CaO이약 65.7% 정도를차지하고있었고, SiO 2, Fe 2 O 3 순등으로검출되었다 (Table 3). 콘크리트물질시료는 SiO 2 가약 61.2% 로가장높았고, Al 2 O 3, CaO, Fe 2 O 3 순등으로검출되었다 (Table 4). 2. 시멘트제조및취급사업장의공기중분진농도 1) 시멘트제조및취급사업장의총분진의농도시멘트제조사업장의기하평균농도는 mg / m3 2) 시멘트제조및취급사업장의호흡성분진의농도시멘트제조및취급사업장에서채취한호흡성분진시료수는총 42개로제조사업장의호흡성분진기하평균농도는 mg / m3, 시멘트취급사업장의기하평균농도는 mg / m3로시멘트제조사업장의농도가취급사업장에비해통계적으로유의하게높은수준으로나타났다 (p<0.05). ACGIH의 TLV(1 mg / m3 ) 초과율은평균 16.67% 이었고, 업종별로는시멘트제조사업장에서 33.33%, 시멘트취급사업장이 12.12% 로나타났다 (Table 6). Table 5. Total dust concentrations by industrial classification (Unit : mg / m3 ) Industrial classification N * GM ** (GSD ) Mean±SD Min Max p-value Cement production (7.042) 0.646± Cement handling (3.765) 0.268± Total (4.698) 0.368± * N : Number of samples ** GM : Geometric Mean GSD : Geometric Standard Deviation Mean±S.D. : Arithmetic mean±standard Deviation Table 6. Respirable dust concentrations by industrial classification (Unit : mg / m3 ) Industrial classification N GM(GSD) Mean±SD Min Max ER * p-value Cement production (7.166) 0.908± Cement handling (4.650) 0.264± Total (6.015) 0.402± * Exceed Rate(%) : (Number of samples over ACGIH TLV / Number of samples) 100
5 394 배혜정ㆍ성은창ㆍ피영규 Table 7. Total dust and Respirable dust concentrations by sampling location (Unit : mg / m3 ) Location Total dust Respirable dust N GM(GSD) Mean±S.D. Min Max N GM(GSD) Mean±S.D. Min Max Indoor (5.214) 0.401± (7.070) 0.514± Outdoor (3.806) 0.303± (4.401) 0.220± ) 시멘트제조및취급사업장의측정위치별분진의농도시멘트제조및취급사업장의옥내에서발생한총분진의기하평균농도는 mg / m3 ( 최소 mg / m3, 최대 mg / m3 ) 이었고, 옥외의농도는 mg / m3 ( 최소 mg / m3에서최대 mg / m3 ) 이었다. 호흡성분진의기하평균농도는옥내 mg / m3, 옥외 mg / m3으로나타났다. 시멘트제조및취급사업장에서채취한총분진과호흡성분진의농도 모두옥내가높게나타났으나통계적유의성은없었다 (Table 7). 4) 시멘트제조및취급사업장의공정별분진의농도시멘트제조및취급사업장에서발생한공정별총분진의농도는혼합 조쇄 선별공정이기하평균 mg / m3으로가장높게나타났으며, 그다음으로성형 가공공정 > 운반 출하 완료공정 > 투입 채취공정순으로나타났다 (Figure 2a). 호흡성분진의 (a) Total dust Figure 2. Dust concentrations by process (b) Respirable dust (a) Total dust (b) Respirable dust Figure 3. Dust concentrations by season
6 시멘트제조ㆍ취급사업장에서발생하는공기중분진의노출평가 395 농도는성형 가공공정이기하평균 mg / m3으로가장높았고, 투입 채취공정 ( mg / m3 ), 혼합 조쇄 선별공정 ( mg / m3 ), 운반 출하 완료공정 ( mg / m3 ) 순으로나타났으나, 통계적으로유의한차이는없었다 (Figure 2b). 5) 시멘트제조및취급사업장의계절별분진의농도 Figure 3a는시멘트제조및취급사업장의계절변화에따른총분진의기하평균농도는가을이 mg / m3로다른계절에비해통계적으로유의하게높은수준을보였으며 (p<0.01), Fig, 3b는호흡성분진의기하평균농도로여름 > 가을 > 겨울 > 봄순으로나타났으나, 그차이가통계적으로유의하지는않았다. Ⅳ. 고찰본연구는시멘트제조및취급사업장에종사하는근로자를대상으로공기중총분진, 호흡성분진에대한노출평가를수행하고, 그결과에따른적절한관리방안을제시하고자하는것이주된목적이다. 그결과시멘트제조사업장의총분진의기하평균농도는 0.21 mg / m3으로, KOSHA(2007) 의연구결과시멘트제조사업장의총분진농도 0.83 mg / m3, 0.72 mg / m3에비해낮은수준을보였다. 이는특정공정에서의 2개의지점만선정하여수행된결과로시료수에의한차이에의한것으로판단된다. 외국의경우 Noto et al.(2016) 이수행한연구결과터키시멘트공장에서발생한총분진의기하평균농도는 2.1 mg / m3으로나타났으며, Mwaiselage et al. (2006) 이수행한탄자니아에서의총분진기하평균농도는 13.2 mg / m3로우리나라보다상당히높은수준으로나타났다. 이는국가간작업환경에대한관리수준의차이와산업안전보건에대한법적규제에따른차이인것으로판단된다. 시멘트취급사업장의총분진의기하평균농도는 0.09 mg / m3이었고, Sung et al. (2015) 은 0.20 mg / m3, Jang et al.(2004) 은 3.22 mg / m3으로본연구보다높은수준으로보고하였는데이는건설현장에서발생하는분진의특성을파악하였고건설현장의특성상순간적으로비산되는분진의과도한노출특성에의한차이로추정된다. 시멘트제조사업장및취급사업장의호흡성분진의 경우제조사업장의기하평균이 0.36 mg / m3으로시멘트취급사업장의기하평균 0.05 mg / m3에비해높게나타났으며, 그차이역시통계적으로유의하게높은수준이었다. 이는시멘트제조사업장에서사용되는원재료양이취급사업장에비해상대적으로많아발생되는분진의농도도높게나타난것으로추측된다. 선행연구결과시멘트제조사업장에서발생하는호흡성분진의경우 Noto et al.(2016) 은 0.40 mg / m3, KOSHA (2007) 은 0.26 mg / m3, 0.36 mg / m3으로본연구결과와유사한수준으로발표하였다. 시멘트취급사업장에서발생하는호흡성분진은국내의경우 Kim et al.(1999) 이콘크리트사업장에서발생한호흡성분진의농도를 0.25 mg / m3로발표하였고, Kim et al.(2002) 은콘크리트사업장 0.25 mg / m3, 벽돌사업장 0.77 mg / m3으로보고하였다. 또한외국의경우 Meijer et al.(2001) 이수행한콘크리트사업장의호흡성분진농도 0.77 mg / m3으로보고하여본연구결과보다높은수준을보였다. 그러나 Bae et al. (2013) 의연구결과에의하면콘크리트취급사업장호흡성분진의기하평균농도를 0.09 mg / m3으로보고하여본연구와큰차이를보이지않았다. 이는현재의작업은자동및반자동으로수행되고있어분진의농도가과거에비해낮게평가된것으로추측된다. 공정별총분진의기하평균농도는혼합 조쇄 선별공정이가장높았고, 성형 가공공정, 운반 출하 완료공정, 투입 채취공정순으로나타났으며그범위는 mg / m3이였다, 호흡성분진의경우성형 가공공정이가장높았고, 투입 채취공정, 혼합 조쇄 선별공정, 운반 출하 완료공정순으로나타났으며그범위는 mg / m3이었다. 시멘트취급사업장의호흡성분진의경우콘크리트사업장을대상으로한 Bae et al.(2013) 의 mg / m3와는유사한수준이었으며, 광물성분진노출사업장중시멘트및석재가공업을대상으로한 Jeong et al.(2017) 의 mg / m3와도유사한수준이었다. 현재포틀랜드시멘트에대한직업적노출기준의경우 ACGIH에서는 2007년폐기능저하와직업성천식, 호흡기계증상을예방하기위하여결정형유리규산의함유량이 1% 이하이고석면이함유되지않은포틀랜드시멘트에대하여호흡성분진에대한 TLV를
7 396 배혜정ㆍ성은창ㆍ피영규 10 mg / m3에서 1 mg / m3으로강화하고이기준을지속적으로유지하고있으며 (ACGIH, 2015), 독일의경우에는흡입성분진 5 mg / m3으로제시하고있다 (NIOSH 2015). NIOSH 의경우직업적노출기준 (Recommended Exposure Limits, RELs) 을총분진 10 mg / m3, 호흡성분진 5 mg / m3으로 (NIOSH 2015), 일본은포틀랜드시멘트에대하여총분진 4 mg / m3, 호흡성분진 1 mg / m3으로입자크기별로분류하여제시하고있다 (JSOH, 2016). 본연구결과총분진의경우노출기준을초과하는농도는나타나지않았으나, 호흡성분진의경우 ACGIH TLV 1 mg / m3을적용하였을때평균 16.7% 의초과율을보였다. 또한고분해능전계방출형주사현미경으로입자크기를분석한결과시멘트제조사업장의물질시료는대부분 5 μm이하로많이구성되어있다는점을고려할경우 ACGIH와같이현재우리나라의시멘트노출기준을총분진 10 mg / m3에서호흡성분진 1 mg / m3으로신설하는것이타당하다. 그리고노출기준에대한단서조건으로석면이포함되지않고결정형규산이 1% 미만인경우도추가해야할것이다. 측정방법도현행총분진으로의측정보다는호흡성분진으로측정하는것이바람직할것으로판단된다. 시멘트제조사업장에서발생되는분진의경우총분진, 호흡성분진모두취급사업장에서발생되는분진의농도보다높게평가되어, 시멘트제조사업장의경우비산되는분진에대한노출저감을위해다양한노력이필요하다. 본연구는시멘트제조및취급사업장의연구대상사업장수의한계로전체를대표하기에는다소무리가있으며다양한공정에서노출평가가이루어지지않았다. 또한시멘트외의시멘트에서발생되는발암물질인결정형유리규산및 6가크롬등의다양한유해인자에대한추가적인조사연구가필요할것으로판단된다. Ⅴ. 결론본연구는 2014년 4월부터 2015년 6월까지시멘트제조및취급하는사업장을대상으로공기중총분진, 호흡성분진농도와채취한물질시료내원소성분및화학구조등을확인하였다. 공기중총분진은시멘트제조사업장의기하평균농도는 mg / m3, 시멘트취급사업장은 mg / m3이었다. 측정위치에 따른농도는옥내가높았고, 공정별로는혼합 조쇄 선별공정이높게나타났으며, 계절별로는가을이높은수준을보였다. 호흡성분진의경우시멘트제조사업장의기하평균농도가 mg / m3으로시멘트취급사업장 mg / m3에비해높은수준으로평가되었다. 직업적노출기준 ACGIH의 TLV(1 mg / m3 ) 를적용할경우평균 16.7% 의초과율을보였으며, 측정위치에따른호흡성분진농도는옥내지역이옥외지역보다높게나타났다. 공정별로는성형 가공공정이높았고, 계절별로는여름이높게나타났다. UHR-FE-SEM으로입자크기를분석한결과시멘트제조사업장의물질시료는대부분 5 μm이하가많이분포하고있었고, 현행산업안전보건법에따른총분진의경우노출기준초과가발생되지않았으나, 호흡성분진의경우초과율이 16.7% 로나타났다. 따라서종사근로자의폐기능저하, 천식등호흡기계질환의예방과시멘트공장인근지역주민을보호하기위해서는현재우리나라의시멘트노출기준을총분진 10 mg / m3에서미국및일본과같이포틀랜드시멘트로신설하고, 그수준을호흡성분진 1 mg / m3로설정하는것이타당하다. References American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 2015 threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. ACGIH, p. 39 Bae HJ, Jung JH, Phee YG. Analysis of quartz concentrations by FTIR-DOF and FTIR-Transfer method in concrete manufacturing industries. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2013;23(2):75-83 Cha KT. Relationship between Cement Dusts and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Rural Population, Department of Medicine. Graduate school of Yonsei University. Seoul; Yonsei University Press p. 4-7 Doerr W. Pneumoconiosis caused by cement dust. Virchows Arch 1952;322: Farini C, Canitano P. Malignant pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of cement dust. G Ital Della Tuberc, 1958; 12: Hilde P. Noto, Karl-Christian Nordby, Wijnand Eduard. Relationships between Personal Measurements of Total Dust, Respirable, Thoracic, and Inhalable
8 시멘트제조ㆍ취급사업장에서발생하는공기중분진의노출평가 397 Aerosol Fractions in the Cement Production Industry. Ann Occup Hyg 2016;60(4): ILO. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health. Geneva, p Jang BK, Lee JH, Park JA, Chio YN, Lee IJ. Assessment of airborne dust emission in the working processes among the construction Industry. Soonchunhyang J Nat Sci 2004;10(2): Japan Society for Occupational Health. Recommendation of Occupational Exposure Limits( ). J Occup Health 2016;58: Julius Mwaiselage Æ Bente Moen Æ Magne Bra tveit. Acute respiratory health effects among cement factory workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2006;79:49-56 Jeong GS, Bae HJ, Nam MR, Jung JH, Phee YG. Comparisons of Airborne Quartz Concentration Mineral Dust Exposure Industries. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2017;27(3): Kim HW, Phee YG, Roh YM, Won JI. Analysis of quartz contents by XRD and FTIR in respirable dust from various manufacturing industries Part 2-Ceramics, stone, concrete, glass and briquets, etc. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 1999;9(1): Kim HJ, Phee YG, Roh YM, Kim HW. Study on the field application of FTIR-direct on filter method for the analysis of quartz in respirable samples. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2002;12(2):73-78 Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency(KOSHA). Development plan for occupational exposure limit for dust, p Leem JH, Cho JH, Lee EC, Kim JH, Lee DH, Lee SJ, Lee JY, Kim HC. Clusters of pneumoconiosis among residents near cement factories. Korean J Occup Environ Med 2010;22: Maciejewska A, Bielichowska-Cybula G. Biological effect of cement dust. Med 1991;Pr(42) Meo SA. Chest radiological findings in Pakistani cement mill workers. Saudi Med J 2003;24: Meo SA. Health hazards of cement dust. Saudi Med J 2004;25: Ministry of Employment and Labor(MoEL) Industrial accident. Ministry of Employment and Labor p. 24 Ministry of Employment and Labor(MoEL). Exposure limits for chemical substances and physical agents (MoEL Public Notice No ).; 2016a. p. 27 Meiger E, Kromhout H, Heederik D. Respiratory effects of exposure to low levels of concrete dust containing crystalline silica. Am J lnd Med 2001;40(2): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Particulates not otherwise regulated, total 0500, In manual of analytical methods, 4th ed, NIOSH, p. 1-4 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Particulates not otherwise regulated, respirable 0600, In manual of analytical methods, 4th ed, NIOSH, p. 1-3 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. saving lives, protecting people, portland cement, July 22, p. 7-9 Sabah A. Abdul-Wahab. Impact of fugitive dust emissions from cement plants on nearby communities. Ecological Modelling 2006;195: Scansetti G, Coscia GC, Pisani W, Rubino GF. Cement, asbestos, and cement-asbestos pneumoconioses. Arch Environ Health 1975;30: Sung EC, Bae HJ, Jung JH, Phee YG, Exposure Assessment of Airborne Quartz from Earthwork Sites. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2015:25(4): Tarnopol skaia MM, Osetinskii TG, Zaidenverg RA, Krinichnyi PN. On the problem of pneumoconiosis in inhalation of cement dust. Gig Sanit 1951;1:26-29 Yang CY, Chang CC, Tsai hs, Chuang HY, Ho CK, Wu TN, Sung FC. Preterm delivery among people living around Portland cement plants, Environ Research 2003;92:64-68 Yoo DG. Urinary chromium of resident who lived near by porcelain cement factory. Graduate School of Kwandong University, p Zeleke ZK, Moen BE, Bratveit B. Cementdust exposure and acute lung function: A cross shift study. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 10:19 biomedcentral.,,com/ /10/19, 2010 Zeleke ZK, Moen BE, Bråtveit M. Lung function reduction and chronic respiratory symptoms among workers in the cement industry: a follow up study. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 11:50, biomedcentral.,,com/ /11/50,
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