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1 J Korean Soc Phys Med, 2014; 9(1): Online ISSN: Print ISSN: X Research Article Open Access 순환식과제지향운동이경증치매환자의균형능력과인지기능에미치는영향 정은지 김원복 1 베델병원물리치료실, 1 대구대학교물리치료학과 The Effects of Task Oriented Circuit Exercise on Balance and Cognition in Mild Dementia Patients Eun-Ji Jung, PT, MS, Won-Bok Kim, MD, MS 1 Department of Physical Therapy, Bethel Hospital 1 Department of Physical Therapy, Daegu University Received: January 6, 2014 / Revised: January 24, 2014 / Accepted: February 3, 2014 c 2014 J Korean Soc Phys Med Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of task oriented circuit exercise(toce) on the balance and cognition in mild dementia patients. METHODS: The subjects of the study were 30 patients with mild dementia and assigned to the TOCE(task oriented circuit exercise) group(n=15) and aerobic exercise(ae) group(n=15). TOCE group performed six task three times weekly for 12 weeks. AE group underwent the cycle ergometer and treadmill exercise three times a week during the experimental period respectively. Timed up and go test(tug), Berg balance scale(bbs) and AP1153 Biorescue were used to assess the parameters for the balance. Korean-mini mental state examination and Global deterioration scale(gds) were used to assess the parameters for the cognition. For the statistical analysis, paired t-test and independent t-test were used to compare the differences among two groups. RESULTS: Each group showed improvement in balance and possibility for improving cognitive function. TOCE Corresponding Author : ak0907@hanmail.net group especially, there were significant improvements in limit of stability. CONCLUSION: The results of the study suggest that TOCE is a more diverse exercise programs introduced in the study. Furthermore, TOCE can be a helpful to improve the balance and cognition in mild dementia patients. Key Words: Dementia, Task oriented circuit exercise, Balance, Cognition Ⅰ. 서론우리나라인구의기대수명은 2010년남자 77.2세, 여자 84.1세로 2060년남자 86.6세, 여자 90.3세까지증가할것으로예상되며기대수명의증가와함께 2010년 65세이상고령인구의비율은전체인구의 11.0% 로고령화사회로접어들었다 (Stastics Korea, 2011). 이러한노인인구의증가로노화와관련된질병의발병률이증가하고있으며, 그중치매발병률도증가하고있어치매는단순히한개인, 가정의문제가아니라사회적문제로대두되고있다. 치매는인지기능과고등정신기능이감퇴되는대표
2 84 대한물리의학회지제 9 권제 1 호 적인기질성장애로단기및장기기억장애가특징적으로나타나며추상적사고장애, 판단장애, 고위대뇌피질장애, 성격변화등이수반되어일상생활은물론직업활동이나사회활동을지속할수없는복합적인임상증후군이다 (McDowell, 2001). 치매환자에서대표적인증상은인지기능의장애이지만인지기능의저하로인해활동성이점차감소되면서타인에대한신체의존성이높아지게되고결국에는일상생활수행능력까지제한되게된다 (Kim, 2011). 이러한신체활동감소를통한운동기능의저하는치매진행과관련된병리적변화와밀접한연관이있는데 (Teri 등, 1998), 감소된활동수준으로근위축이나타나고, 일상생활동작을수행하는동안이동성의불안정성이높아져낙상으로신체가손상받기쉬워진다 (Miller와 Butin, 2000). 그러므로치매환자에서의균형문제는단순히운동기능의문제가아니라낙상과골절등의일상생활동작수행능력을저하시키는위험성을높이는것이므로그들의삶을영위하는데있어상당히중요하다고할수있다. 최근의선행연구를보면노인에서신체활동이노화가진행되는해마체뇌조직의손실을억제하고 (Colcombe 등, 2003), 이로인해인지기능을향상시킨다고보고하였고 (Barnes 등, 2003; Laurin 등, 2001), 치매환자를대상으로한연구들에서는규칙적인운동이치매를선별하는간이정신상태검사 (MMSE) 의점수가유지및향상되는결과를가져왔으며 (Laurin 등, 2001; Schuit 등, 2001), 일상생활수행능력 (ADL) 의하락을막을수있었다 (Inagaki 등, 1995, 1996) 고보고하였다. 또한여러연구들을통해유산소운동 (Aerobic exercise; AE) 이인지능력과긍정적인관계에있다고알려졌으며 (Kramer 등, 1999; Colcombe 등, 2003), 신체활동과치매요인감소와의관련성을입증 (Ravaglia, 2008) 하는등다양한연구가진행되었다. 순환식과제지향운동프로그램 (task oriented circuit exercise; TOCE) 은 1980년대 Carr과 Shepherd에의해뇌졸중환자를위해처음제안되었는데, 운동학습에기초하여다양한기능적활동을환자에게효과적으로제시하고, 실제일상생활의활동능력및균형향상에도움을 줄수있는과제들로구성되어보다효율적인치료방법을제시한운동법이다 (Dean 등, 2000). 뇌졸중환자를대상으로한선행연구들을보면과제지향적훈련을실시한경우단순한저항운동을수행한집단에비해과제지향적훈련을실시한집단에서균형과운동능력향상이나타났다고보고하였으며 (Gergory 등, 2004) 또한앉은자세에서상지기능훈련을시행한집단과점진적으로보행훈련이추가되는과제지향운동을시행한집단에서보행능력의향상과함께자기효능감이향상되었다고보고하였다 (Nancy et al,. 2005). 이에본연구에서는뇌졸중환자의일상생활능력과균형향상에도움이되는순환식과제지향운동 (TOCE) 프로그램이신체적으로큰문제는없지만치매의병리적변화인인지기능의저하로인한운동기능의저하를보이는경증치매환자의균형능력과인지기능에어떠한영향을미치는지를알아보고기존의유산소운동 (AE) 과는차별화된운동프로그램의하나로제시하고자한다. Ⅱ. 연구방법 1. 연구대상본연구는 2012년 12월부터 2013년 3월까지대구소재 B병원에서신경정신과전문의로부터경증치매라진단을받고입원중이며이연구의취지를이해하고참여하겠다고동의하고, 연구에서정한기준에부합하는환자들중에서 TOCE(task oriented circuit exercise) 그룹은 15명, AE(Aerobic exercise) 그룹은 15명을대상으로시행하였다. 대상자들은 K-MMSE 21-23사이, CDR 1이상, GDS 4-5사이로경증치매로진단받고, 이연구에참여하겠다고동의하였으며, 시야결손과전정기관에이상이없는자, 체간과양하지에정형외과적질환이없는자, 독립적인서기와보행이가능한자로선정하였다. 그리고 TOCE군과 AE군으로나뉘는데각군을나누기위한무작위로는제비뽑기를사용하였으며연구대상자의일반적인특성은 Table 1과같다.
3 순환식과제지향운동이경증치매환자의균형능력과인지기능에미치는영향 85 Table 1. General characteristics of subjects Group TOCE(N=15) AE(N=15) p Gender Male : 6 Female : 9 Male : 6 Female : 9 Age(years) 71.29± ± Height(cm) ± ± Weight(kg) 57.21± ± Mean±SD: Mean±Standard deviation TOCE: Task-Oriented circuit exercise, AE: Aerobic Exercise 2. 연구절차 TOCE군은순환식과제지향운동으로 6개의과제를각 5분씩수행하며, 과제사이쉬는시간을 1분이하로하여총 35분으로구성하였다 (Table 2). AE군은고정식자전거와트레드밀운동을주 3회각 15분씩 12주동안실시하였다. 운동은매회같은시간에같은순서로시행하였으며치료사는환자가과제수행시에위험을방지하고과제수행방법, 순서등을지시하였으며두군모두주 5회기존의보존적물리치료를실시하였다. 각실험군은실험시작전과후측정도구를이용하여균형능력과인지기능을측정하였고, 각요소들은동일한측정자에의해측정되었다. Table 2. Task Oriented Circuit Exercise 프로그램 의자에서여러방향으로팔뻗기 다양한높이에서일어서기 서있는자세에서뒤꿈치들어올리기경사로및계단오르기 발위치변경하여무릎굽히기 벽면에한발씩번갈아공차기 방법 의자에앉은자세로양팔을벌려좌측, 우측, 앞쪽으로팔을뻗기 높낮이테이블을이용하여높은위치부터낮은위치로일어서기 서있는자세에서양발뒤꿈치를들어올리기 보조수준, 반복횟수, 수행속도를조절하여오르기 양발을나란히한상태와양발을일자로서있는상태에서무릎굽히기 벽면의과녁을향해공을차서맞히기 3. 측정도구 1) 균형자료측정 (1) Timed Up & Go Test(TUG) TUG Test는동적균형능력을측정하는도구로서, 노인의균형능력과기능적인운동을평가하여넘어짐의위험을예측하기위하여사용되어져왔다 (Morris 등, 2001). 이검사의신뢰도는 r>.95로신뢰할만한도구이다 (Podsiadlo와 Richardson, 1991). 측정방법은팔걸이가없는의자에서앉은자세에서일어나 3m을걸어간후다시되돌아와의자에앉는시간을측정하였으며 2회반복실시하여빠른시간을기록하였다. (2) Berg Balance Scale(BBS) 균형에대한기능적수행의정도를측정하기위하여정적균형능력과동적균형능력을객관적으로평가하는척도로서측정자내신뢰도 r=.99와측정자간신뢰도 r=.98로신뢰도와타당도가인정된 BBS를이용하였다 (Berg 등, 1992; Bogle과 Newton, 1996). BBS는 14개의항목으로구성되어앉기, 서기, 자세변화의 3개의영역으로크게나눌수있으며최소 0점에서최고 4점으로적용되어총점은 56점이다. (3) Biorescue 연구대상자의균형능력을측정하기위해균형능력측정및시스템인 BiorescueR (RM INGENIERIE, 프랑스 ) 를사용하였으며, 특정한움직임동안압력중심의이동경로선을관찰하여이동경로선의길이 (mm) 와평균속도 (cm/s) 와면적을측정하였다. 환자는바로선자세에서 30 정도다리를벌린후전방을주시하게한후측정방법을모니터를통해설명한후먼저시범을보인다음실시한다. 환자는바로선자세에서모니터에서지시하는방향으로발목전략을사용하여균형을잃지않고유지하며, 최대의범위로무게중심을이동할수있는선자세에서의안정성한계를측정하여균형을비교하였다.
4 86 대한물리의학회지제 9 권제 1 호 2) 인지기능평가도구 (1) Korean-Mini Mental State Examination(K-MMSE) 현재가장널리이용되고있는인지기능검사도구는 Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE) 이며, 우리나라에서도 MMSE의원본을유지하여치매환자를대상으로타당도를연구한 Korean-Mini Mental State Examination(K-MMSE; Kang, 2006) 이널리사용되고있다. 이검사는지남력 ( 시간, 장소 ), 3단어기억등록, 집중력과계산, 3단어기억회상, 언어및공간구성으로이루어져있으며, 총점은 30점이며, 9점이하는 중증, 점은 중등도, 18-23점은 경증, 그리고 24점이상은 정상 으로평가하였다. (2) Global Deterioration Scale(GDS) 치매환자의인지기능과사회적활동및일상생활기능을종합적으로평가하여치매의심각도를단일수치로평가하는척도인전반적퇴화척도 (GDS; Reisberg 등, 1982) 가국내에서는한국판전반적퇴화척도 (Choi, 2002) 로제작되었고, 검사의신뢰도는 r=.93이다. 전반적퇴화척도는총일곱단계로치매증상의심각도를구분하고있다. 이를통해서시간에따른환자의변화를파악할수있어서치료의경과나예후를평가하는데유용하게사용할수있다. GDS 1( 인지장애없음 ), GDS 2( 매우경미한인지장애 ), GDS 3( 경미한인지장애 ), GDS 4( 중등도인지장애 ), GDS 5( 초기중증의인지장애 ), GDS 6( 중증의인지장애 ), GDS 7( 후기중증의인지장애 ) 로구분하고있다. GDS 4-5는 경증, GDS 6은 중등도, GDS 7을 중증 으로평가하였다. 4. 통계처리각군의 Timed Up & Go Test(TUG), 안정성한계변화비교 (limit of stability) 에대한실험전과후의유의성검증은대응표본비교 (paired t-test) 를하였고, 각군간유의성검증은독립표본비교 (independent t-test) 를하였다. 각군의 Berg Balance Scale, Korean-Mini Mental State Examination, Global Deterioration Scale(GDS) 실험전과후의유의성검증은 Willcoxon검정을하였고, 각군간유의성검증은 Mann-Whitney검정을하였다. 통계학적 유의수준은 α 는.05 로설정하였다. 각각그룹을측정하여수집된자료를 SPSS version 17.0 통계프로그램을이용하여분석하였다. 1. 균형능력의변화 Ⅲ. 연구결과 1) 동적균형능력의변화 TUG 시간의평균값을검정한결과 TOCE군은훈련전과비교하여통계학적으로유의한감소를보였고 AE 군에서도통계학적으로유의한감소를보였다 (p<.01). 하지만훈련전후변화된정도의차이에서는두군간유의한차이가없었다 (p>.05). BBS의점수는 TOCE군에서훈련전과비교하여통계학적으로유의한증가를보였고 AE군에서도통계학적으로유의한증가를보였다 (p<.01). 훈련전후변화값은두군간유의한차이가없었다 (p>.05)(table 3). Table 3. Comparison of TUG, BBS between each groups TUG (sec) BBS (score) TOCE AE t p Pre 13.21± ± Post 10.07± ± t Pre 48.14± ± Post 50.07± ± t ) 정적균형능력의변화훈련전과훈련후의방향에따른안정성한계변화의차이를비교한결과 TOCE군에서좌측으로신체중심이동거리는훈련전과비교하여통계학적으로유의한증가를보였고, AE군에서통계학적으로유의하게증가하였다 (p<.01). 훈련후변화된정도의차이에서도두군간유의한차이를보였다 (p<.01).
5 순환식과제지향운동이경증치매환자의균형능력과인지기능에미치는영향 87 우측으로신체중심이동거리는 TOCE군에서통계학적으로유의하게증가하였고, AE군에서통계학적으로유의하게증가하였다 (p<.01). 훈련후변화된정도의차이에서는두군간유의한차이를보이지않았다 (p>.05). 전방과후방으로신체중심이동거리는 TOCE군에서통계학적으로유의한증가를보였고, AE군에서통계학적으로유의하게증가하였다 (p<.01). 훈련후변화된정도의차이에서는두군간유의한차이를보였다 (p<.01)(table 4). Table 4. Comparison of COLL, CORL, COAL, COPL within each groups (unit: mm2 ) TOCE AE t p Pre ± ± Post ± ± ** COLL t Pre ± ± Post ± ± CORL t Pre ± ± Post ± ± ** COAL t Pre ± ± Post ± ± ** COPL t COLL; center of left length, CORL; center of right length, COAL; center of anterior length, COPL: center of posterior length ** p< 인지기능능력의변화 K-MMSE의평균값을검정한결과 TOCE군에서훈련전과비교하여통계학적으로유의한차이가없었고, AE 군에서도통계학적으로유의한차이가없었다 (p>.05). GDS의평균값을검정한결과 TOCE군에서통계학 적으로유의한차이가없었고, AE군에서도통계학적으로유의한차이가없었다 (p>.05)(table 5) Table 5. Comparison of K-MMSE, GDS between each groups (unit: score) TUG (sec) TOCE AE t p Pre 21.36± ± Post 21.64± ± t p Pre 4.57± ± Post 4.36± ± BBS t p K-MMSE: Korean-Mini Mental State Examination, GDS: Global Deterioration Scale (** p<.01, * p<.05) Ⅳ. 고찰 본연구는경증치매환자의균형능력과인지기능을향상시키기위한목적으로순환식과제지향운동과유산소운동을적용하여경증치매환자에미치는영향을알아보고자하였다. 본연구에서 TUG 점수를전. 후비교해보면순환식과제지향운동군과유산소운동군모두유의한차이가있었는데, 실험전 13.17±1.19와 13.21±1.05에서실험후 10.00±1.35와 10.07±1.77로변화되어향상되었음을알수있다. 이러한결과는운동이치매환자의보행능력의향상에영향을미친다는연구 (Kim 등, 2010) 와일치하며, 순환식과제지향운동이뇌졸중환자의균형과보행능력을향상시켰다고보고한연구 (Kim, 2010) 와일치한결과를보였다. 그러나두군간에는실험전과실험후모두유의한차이를보여주지는않았다. 본연구가선행연구들과마찬가지로보행시간을단축하는데에는효과가있었지만유산소운동과순환식과제지향운동사이에서유의한차이를보이는가에대해서는논의의여지가있다. Dean 등 (2000) 의연구에서는
6 88 대한물리의학회지제 9 권제 1 호 TUG에서수치상감소는있었지만통계적으로유의한차이는나타나지않았다. 이에순환식과제지향운동을시행하는데있어의자에서일어나는훈련을보강해야할것을제안하였다. 본연구과제중에도의자에서앉았다일어나는과제가있었으나환자의요구에맞는훈련시간과반복횟수등의조절에대한연구가필요할것으로사료된다. 본연구에서 BBS점수를전. 후비교해보면순환식과제지향운동군과유산소운동군모두유의한차이가있었으며, 두군간의변화량차이는유의한차이가없었다. Lusardi 등 (2004) 의연구에서 BBS의 70-79세사이의점수는 51.6±2.6점으로연구되었다. 그러나본연구결과에서보면순환식과제지향운동군의평균연령 71.29±4.56세와유산소운동군의평균연령 71.25± 3.44의경증치매환자인피실험자들의실험후 BBS점수는순환식과제지향운동군 50.07±2.09와유산소운동군 50.67±1.87로정상인에서보다약간낮은것을알수있다. 이는치매환자의특성인인지기능의저하로활동성이감소되어일상생활과균형능력에영향을미친다는선행연구 (Teri 등, 1998 ; Miller와 Butin, 2000) 와일치하는결과로보인다. 그러나본연구결과에서균형에대한기능적수행정도의향상을가져온것은운동이치매환자의일상생활및운동능력향상에영향을미친다는 Um 등 (2004) 의연구와도일치하는결과이다. 그러나본연구에서는두군간에서유의한차이가나타나지않았는데이러한결과는피실험자들이눈감고서있기, 뒤돌아보기 ( 오른쪽, 왼쪽 ), 360 돌기항목에서다른항목에비해낮은점수가적용된것과연관이있을것으로사료되며유산소운동과순환식과제지향운동사이에서유의한차이를보이는가에대해서는논의의여지가있다. 본연구에서선자세에서안정성한계 (limit of stability) 의좌. 우. 전. 후그리고전체중심이동거리의변화를비교하면측정전. 후순환식과제지향운동군과유산소운동군모두에서유의한차이가있었으며, 운동그룹간효과검정결과우측중심이동거리를제외한모두에서유의한차이가나타났으며, 순환식과제지향운동군에서유산소운동군보다더유의하게증가하였다. 이러한결과순환식과제지향운동이유산소운동보다정적균형향상에더효과적이라보여진다. 이러한결과는순환식과제지향운동이자세동요를감소시키고자세안정성을향상시킨다는선행연구 (Pellecchia, 2005; Kim, 2012) 뿐만아니라, 순환식과제지향운동이뇌졸중환자의균형과보행을향상시켰다는 Kim(2012) 과 Kim(2010) 의연구와도일치한다고볼수있다. 이는뇌졸중환자를위해제안된순환식과제지향운동프로그램이뇌졸중환자뿐만아니라경증치매환자에서도균형능력의향상을보여여러선행연구와같은결과를나타냄을알수있었다. 인지기능을측정하기위하여본연구에서는 KMMSE 를이용하였으며, 치매환자의중등도를제시하는대표적인등급척도이며 KMMSE와높은상관관계를보이는 GDS를이용하였다. GDS는치매환자의인지기능과사회적활동및심각도를단일수치로평가한다. 본연구결과에서 KMMSE점수를전. 후비교해보면순환식과제지향운동군은실험전 21.36±.49에서실험후 21.64±.63으로수치의증가를보이나통계적으로유의한차이가없었으며, 유산소운동군에서도실험전 21.33±.49에서실험후 21.42±.51로수치의증가를보이나통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 또한두군간의변화량에서도유의한차이가없었다. 본연구결과에서 GDS점수를전. 후비교해보면순환식과제지향운동군은실험전 4.50±.52에서실험후 4.42±.51로수치의감소를보이나통계적으로유의한차이가없었으며, 유산소운동군에서도실험전 4.57±.51에서실험후 4.36±.49로수치의감소를보이나통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 그리고두군간의변화량에서도유의한차이가없었다. 이러한결과는여러선행논문들에서운동이치매환자의인지기능향상에효과가있다고보고된 (van Uffelen, 2008 : Teri, 1998) 것과비교해본연구결과에서의인지기능증가효과는상대적으로결여되었다고할수있다. 이러한결과의이유로는짧은중재기간을들수있다. 장기간운동이치매환자의인지기능을유지하고향상시키는데효과적 (Netz와 Jacob, 1994) 이라는연구결과에서도알수있듯이본연구의 12주라는짧은연구기간
7 순환식과제지향운동이경증치매환자의균형능력과인지기능에미치는영향 89 은인지기능의변화를나타내는데충분하지않은것으로사료된다. 또한운동의효과는 85세이후초고령에서더많이나타난다 (Wagner 등, 1992 ; Buchner 등, 1992 ; Fiatarone, 1996) 는연구결과는본연구의피실험자들의평균연령이순환식과제지향운동군 71.29±4.56세, 유산소운동군 71.25±3.44세임을감안했을때운동으로인한인지기능의향상을나타내는데나이요인이영향을미치는것을알수있다. 그러나본연구결과에서보면통계적으로는유의하지않으나 12주중재후 KMMSE검사에서순환식과제지향운동군실험전 21.36±.49에서실험후 21.64±.63으로유산소운동군실험전 21.33±.49에서실험후 21.42±.51로수치가증가함을알수있고, GDS검사에서도순환식과제지향운동군실험전 4.57±.51에서실험후 4.36±.49로유산소운동군실험전 4.50±.52에서실험후 4.42±.51로수치가감소되는것을알수있다. 이는통계적으로는유의하지는않으나인지기능이증가를보이는결과이며, 장기적인중재와연령적영향요인을염두에두고연구를진행한다면운동의인지기능에대한효과를증명할수있을것으로사료된다. 본연구는대구소재의 B병원에서치매로진단받은환자중본연구의선정조건에충족하는일부환자를대상으로연구를시행하였으므로모든치매환자에대해일반화하여해석하기에는제한점이있다. 그러나치매환자의균형능력과인지기능의개선은그들이살아가는동안균형능력과인지기능저하로일상생활수행도중낙상과골절등의여러위험들을감소시키는데중요한관점이되며, 이러한치매환자에게순환식과제운동과유산소운동은모두효과적이었다. 본연구에서는균형능력측정에서정적균형능력의향상은순환식과제지향운동군이유산소운동군에비해더큰증가를보이는것은순환식과제지향운동프로그램이실제일상생활의활동능력및균형향상에도움을줄수있는과제들로구성되어있는것에기인하는것으로보여진다. 그러나인지기능의향상부분에서는짧은중재기간, 피실험자들의나이요인등으로인해통계적으로유의한차이가발생하지않았다. 그러므로앞으로의연구에서는좀더장기적인중재와연령적영향요인을 염두에두고연구를진행하는것이필요할것으로사료된다. 또한단일운동보다는여러가지과제들로구성된순환식과제지향운동프로그램이치매환자의균형능력향상에도움이된다는결과에비추어좀더다양하고실질적으로도움이되는과제의연구도필요하며, 과제의연구와그에따른연구결과를비교해보는연구를진행한다면다양한근거가될수있을것으로기대된다. Ⅴ. 결론본연구의결과를종합해보면실제일상생활의활동능력및균형향상에도움을줄수있는과제들로구성되어있는순환식과제지향운동프로그램을적용한순환식과제지향운동군이유산소운동군에서보다정적균형능력에더욱유의한향상을보였다. 이는순환식과제지향운동이치매환자에미치는긍정적인영향을잘나타내는결과로보여지며치매환자에있어낙상으로신체가손상받는위험성을줄일수있다는데순환식과제지향운동이더욱도움이된다는점을알수있었다. 그리고인지기능의향상부분에서는순환식과제지향운동군과유산소운동군에서수치상의증가가나타났으나통계적으로유의하지는않았다. 그러나평균값의유지및향상되는결과를보여인지기능향상에영향을줄수있을것으로사료된다. 본연구결과에서단일운동으로이루어진유산소운동보다순환식과제지향운동을시행했을때의효과가더욱유의한차이가있었으므로경증치매환자에있어순환식과제지향운동프로그램은균형능력과인지기능향상에도움이될것으로사료된다. References Barnes DE, Yaffe K, Satariano WA. A longitudinal study of cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function in healthy older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51(4):
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9 순환식과제지향운동이경증치매환자의균형능력과인지기능에미치는영향 91 institutionalized elderly: a review. Percept Mot Skills. 1994;79(3Pt1): Pellecchia GL. Dual-task training reduces impact of cognitive task on postural sway. J Mot Behav. 2005;37(3): Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed Up & Go : a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39(2): Ravaglia G, Forti P, Lucicesare A, et al. Physical activity and dementia risk in the elderly: findings from a prospective Italian study. Neurology. 2008;70(19Pt2): Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ, et al. The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139(9): Schuit AJ, Feskens EJ, Launer LJ, et al. Physical activity and cognitive decline, the role of the apolipoprotein e4 allele. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(5): Stastics Korea. Survey of Proportion of Population Aged 65 Years and Over Teri L, McCurry SM, Buchner DM, et al. Exercise and activity level in Alzheimer s disease: a potential treatment focus. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1998;35(4): Um SY, Kwak YS, Kim SS. The effects of regular exercise on cognitive function & exercise capacity in patient with senile dementia. The Korean Journal of Physical Education. 2004;43(3): Van Uffelen JG, Chin AP, Hopman-Rock M, et al. The effect of exercise on cognition in older adults with and without cognitive decline: a systematic rewiew. Clin J Sport Med. 2008;18(6): Wagner EH, LaCroix AZ, Buchner DM, et al. Effects of physical activity on health status in older adults. I: Observational studies. Annu Rev Public Health. 1992;13:
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