Information Desk J Korean Diabetes 2017;18: Vol.18, No.1, 2017 ISSN 최근혈당측정트렌드에따른당뇨병환자간호 정진희분당서
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1 J Korean Diabetes 2017;18:37-42 Vol.18, No.1, 2017 ISSN 정진희분당서울대학교병원간호본부 Diabetes Management according to Blood Glucose Measurement Trend Jinhee Jung Department of Nursing, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Korea Abstract Diabetes should maintain normal blood glucose through the self-management to show the progression of complications, and prevention of diabetes complications. So far, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) has been the most basic elements of self-management of diabetes. Through SMBG, it is possible for diabetes to monitor the variation of the amount and type they eat, exercise and stress. However, the patient is not easy to apply and interpret the result of the self-measured blood glucose control. It requires appropriate feedback from professional but feedback is not completed because of the constraints of time and space. This inhibitory factor was now enable interactive communication between the practitioner and the patient regardless of time and place with the development of information and communication. The mobile app makes it easier to analyze and interpret SMBG data patterns. Now mobile diabetes apps based on smartphone apps are evolving as an essential tool, not as an aid to help improve the selfmanagement of people with diabetes. Diabetes educators should be interested in developing content for mobile diabetes apps and provide professional monitoring and feedback. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Mobile applications, Self-monitoring of blood glucose Corresponding author: Jinhee Jung Department of Nursing, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea, Received: Jan. 26, 2017; Accepted: Feb. 6, 2017 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright c 2017 Korean Diabetes Association The Journal of Korean Diabetes 37
2 서론 본론 당뇨병관리의목표는당뇨합병증의진행을지연시키거나진행을막고삶의질을좋게유지하기위해혈당을정상화하는것이다. 당뇨병교육은당뇨병관리의필수적인요소로, 모든당뇨병환자는교육을통해당뇨병관리에필요한지식과기술을습득하고행동변화를하여야한다. 당뇨병교육은당뇨병환자가철저한자기관리를통하여합병증을예방하고삶의질을향상시키는것을궁극적인목적으로한다 [1]. 자가혈당측정 (self-monitoring of blood glucose, SMBG) 은당뇨병환자의자기관리중한부분으로, 제1형당뇨병이나인슐린치료를받는제2형당뇨병환자는 SMBG를하도록권장받고있다. 그러나모든당뇨병환자가 SMBG를하는것이이득이될것인지에대해서는논란의여지가있다. 특히인슐린치료를하지않는제2형당뇨병환자의경우는임상적으로이득이없다고보고되고있기때문이다 [2,3]. 한편 SMBG를당뇨병치료의필수요소로활용한최근의연구들에서는혈당강하제를복용하는제2형당뇨병환자에서도 SMBG가당화혈색소를감소시키고혈압, 콜레스테롤등의대사위험인자, 건강행위들을변화시키는것으로보고되었다 [4-6]. 결국 SMBG는그자체가혈당을개선시키는것이아니라당뇨병환자가구조화되고체계적으로 SMBG를사용해야삶의질을떨어뜨리지않고혈당을개선시킬수있는것이다 [7,8]. 과거보다소량의혈액으로빠르게혈당측정이가능하고널리보급되면서, SMBG 는당뇨병자기관리의핵심적인요소로인식되고있다 [9]. 한편센서기술의발달과스마트폰의보급으로혈당측정의새로운패러다임이창출되고있다. 이에 SMBG의의미를재조명해보고 SMBG가당뇨병관리의효과적인수단이될수있는방법을모색해보고자한다. 1. 가까운미래의혈당측정지금까지혈당측정은바늘로피부를찔러혈액을채취하여측정하는침습적인방식으로, 아프고불편하였다. 어쩌면손가락의채혈을이용한혈당측정모니터링은곧과거의일이될수있다. 혈액을채취하지않고혈당측정을하는무채혈혈당측정은광학적인방법, 전기생리학적인방법, 호기에서측정하거나여러방법을혼합하는방법으로개발단계에있고, 조직에센서를삽입하여혈액이아니라조직액에서혈당을측정하는방법은반침습적인방법, 즉지속적혈당모니터링시스템방법이있다 [10]. 최근혁신적인기술을통하여비침습적이거나반침습적인혈당측정제품들이출시예정이다. Abbott (Diabetes Care, Alameda, CA, USA) 의 FreeStyle Libre Flash Glucose Monitoring, iquickit (Quick, Farmington, Connecticut, CT, USA) 의 Saliva Analyzer, GlucoTrack (Integrity Applications, Ashkelon, Israel), Google (Mountainview, CA, USA) 의스마트콘택트렌즈와 Apple (Cupertino, CA, USA) 의 iwatch는혁신적인혈당측정기술들중일부이다 [11]. Abbott의 FreeStyle Libre Flash Glucose Monitoring은보다발전된센서와센서애플리케이터, 리더기로구성되어있다. 피부바로밑에작은필라멘트를삽입하는센서는거의통증이없다. 이것은연속혈당모니터링 (continuous glucose monitoring, CGM) 으로혈당의변동성과혈당패턴을파악할수있는탁월한방법으로일부환자들에게임상에기반을두고단기적으로적용하는방법이다. 그러나아직까지는혈당패턴파악과치료의변화를결정하는데 SMBG가보편적으로가장널리사용된다. IQuickIt 의 Saliva Analyzer 는타액을이용하는무통의비침습성혈당측정기로타액을모으기위해입안에 Draw Wick을이용한다. GlucoTrack은초음파, 전자기및열기 38
3 정진희 술을결합하여귓불에서혈당을측정하며, 원하는만큼자주혈당을확인할수있는비침습적인방법이다. Google의스마트콘택트렌즈와 Apple의 iwatch와같은제품은아직은좀더연구가필요하다. Google의스마트콘택트렌즈는소형센서와안테나를사용하여눈물에서지속적으로혈당정보를수집한다음이정보를개인의휴대기기에전달한다. 또한혈당이너무높거나낮으면 LED 조명이장착된렌즈를사용할수있다. Apple의 iwatch는웨어러블건강기술분야에혁명을일으킬것으로매우기대되는제품이다. 제품의 1세대는개인의심장박동수를모니터할수있는특수센서를포함하도록설정되었고, 최근비침습적 CGM 전문의료센서전문가를고용한애플은향후혈당측정기를 iwatch에장착할것으로기대된다. 앞으로이러한장치들이어떻게발전하는지보는것은흥미로울것이다. 이러한장치가제공하는단순성과편의성으로인해모니터링빈도는늘어날것이다. 그결과더많은정보가효과적이면서안전하게혈당관리를할수있게할것이다. 물론이러한모든기술이오늘날의 SMBG에대한대안이되기위해서는정확성, 신뢰성및비용효율성이입증되어야한다. 무통의무채혈혈당모니터링은가까운미래에현실이될것이다. 2. 당뇨병관리의필수요소가되기위한 SMBG SMBG는혈당의패턴을파악하는가장쉬운방법으로, 실시간혈당을알려주고식사및활동, 약물의효과에대해환자에게즉각적인피드백을제공해준다. 그러나 SMBG 는혈당을정확히이해하고혈당에따른적절한치료를취할수있을때에유용하다. 국제당뇨병연맹 (International Diabetes Federation) 은 SMBG를하는경우, 구조화된방법으로수행할것을권장하고있다. 구조화된 SMBG는합의에따라측정한혈당값을수집하고해석하여약물과라이프스타일을적절하게조정하기위한접근법이다 [12-14]. 구조화된 SMBG는혈당패턴관리를통해가능하다. 적 절한교육을통해이루어지는혈당패턴관리는 HbA1c 수치의감소, 저혈당발생의감소및심한저혈당을예측하는데도움이된다. 구조화되고체계화된 SMBG가되기위해서는다음을충족하여야한다. 1) 혈당측정시간과횟수가적절하여야한다. 구조화된 SMBG는하루동안의혈당패턴을대표하는혈당프로파일로부터혈당정보를얻기위해처음부터주기적으로수행되어야한다. 식전과식후혈당을연속해서또는쌍으로교대하여측정하면하루동안혈당관리에영향을미치는여러정보를얻을수있다. 집중적인혈당관리를위해 1일 7회, 1일 2회 SMBG를할수있다. 1주일에 3일을한다면주중이틀과주말하루를측정하는것이혈당패턴파악에좋다. 물론 SMBG의횟수는환자의혈당조절정도에따라다르다. 교육자는환자에게 SMBG의필요성과함께측정시간과횟수를제시하여야하고환자는이에동의하여야한다. 2) SMBG 결과는환자와교육자간에혈당패턴분석및토론이용이하도록고안되어야한다. 당뇨병환자와함께당뇨병관리수첩을주기적으로검토하고논의한다. 식사요법과신체활동의변화를검토한다. SMBG 결과는당뇨병수첩에기록할수도있으나무선장치를이용하는소프트웨어나앱을이용하면기간별, 시간대별, 고혈당이나저혈당등통계를기반으로작성된시각적이고이해하기쉽게분석된혈당패턴자료를볼수있다. 3) 환자와교육자모두 SMBG 결과를기반으로생활습관이나치료결정을내릴지식, 기술, 의지를가지고있어야한다. 당뇨병환자는자가혈당측정결과를해석하도록교육을받고혈당관리수첩에목표혈당을구체적으로기입하고알아야한다. 최근에는모바일당뇨병앱을이용해쉽게기록하고분석할수있다. 구조화된 SMBG를하는경우당화혈색소와저혈당증에따라당뇨병약물을조정하는대신평균 39
4 공복혈당이나식후혈당, 식후혈당과식후혈당간의차이및저혈당증상등을기준으로당뇨병약물을조정할수있다. 그러나이모든것은환자의참여가있어야가능하다. 그러므로자가혈당모니터링교육시에는무엇보다동기부여가중요하다. 성공적으로혈당패턴관리를하기위해서는교육자와환자간의합의가필요하며, 혈당패턴관리를기반으로개발된모바일당뇨병앱은당뇨병환자의자기관리를개선하는데도움을주는도구가될것이다. 3. 스마트폰과당뇨병관리스마트폰의발전과만성질환의증가가의료건강모바일앱시장의성장을견인하고있으며, 의료건강모바일앱중당뇨병앱이선두적인역할을할것으로기대된다 [15]. 의료건강관련모바일앱사용자들은연령대가높고, 소득수준이상대적으로높으며, 당뇨병, 고혈압, 콜레스테롤, 천식등의만성질환관리등실용적인소비특성을보인다. 그러므로모바일앱제공자들은의료건강시장의특수성을이해하고차별화우위를가진모바일앱제공에집중하는전략이필요하다. 의료건강모바일앱초기에는식단이나운동등간단한정보만을제공하였으나, 최근에는건강상태를진단하고모니터링하며, 섭취하는음식이건강에미치는위험까지알려주기도하는등개인건강관리기능을갖추기시작하였다. 의료건강모바일앱의유형은정보제공형, 신체측정형, 유지관리형으로분류할수있으며, 향후개발되는당뇨병앱은이세기능을골고루갖출것으로기대된다. 모바일당뇨병앱은당뇨병환자들에게동기가부여되도록하여자신의상태를더욱관리하도록하고이로써의료비용을줄이는데도움을줄수있는보조적인역할을할것으로예상된다. 혈당데이터를기반으로모바일코칭을실시하여생활습관개선을통해 HbAIc 수치를감소시킬수있는것으로보고되었다 [16]. 스마트폰앱을기반으로한모바일헬스케어는당뇨병환자의자기관리를개선하는데 도움을주는도구로진화한것이다 년 1월에서 2016년 6월사이에 3개의온라인데이터베이스 (PubMed, Cochrane Library 및 EMBASE) 를검색하여 13개의 randomized controlled trials를분석한연구에서모바일헬스케어앱기반은당뇨병환자의혈당조절에효과가있었고혈압, 혈청지질, 체중에대한효과는없는것으로나타났다. 모바일헬스케어앱이당뇨병관리와자기관리에미치는영향은좀더많은연구가필요하겠으나, 스마트폰앱은당뇨병환자의자기관리에도움이되는것으로보고되었다 [15]. 스마트폰앱을기반으로한모바일당뇨병앱은당뇨병환자의자기관리를개선하는데도움을주는보조적인수단이아니라필수적인도구로진화하고있다. 결론 구조화된 SMBG는당뇨병관리의핵심적인요소이다. 최근혁신적인기술의발달로비침습적이고반침습적인혈당측정기들이나오고있으며, 혈당측정기는웨어러블의료기기의핵심이될것으로기대된다. 오늘날혈당측정기가과거보다사용자편의성이개선되고, 스마트폰이널리보급되면서, 당뇨병환자는효과적이면서안전하게혈당관리를할수있게되었다. 모바일앱을통해 SMBG 데이터의패턴을보다쉽게분석하고해석할수있게된것이다. 이제스마트폰앱을기반으로한모바일당뇨병앱은당뇨병환자의자기관리를개선하는데도움을주는보조적인수단이아니라필수적인도구로진화하고있다. 모바일당뇨병앱은당뇨병환자들의행동변화와의료기관과의의사소통, 모든당뇨병과관련있는매개변수를추적하는데도움을줄것이다. 성공적인모바일당뇨병앱이되기위해서는차별화우위를가질수있도록확실한컨텐츠를가지고혈당측정과혈당패턴분석뿐만아니라전문가의코칭이연계될수있어야하겠고, 지속적인자기관리가가능할수있도록당뇨병환자의흥미를유도할수있게개 40
5 정진희 발되어야할것이다. 그러므로당뇨병교육자는모바일당뇨병앱의컨텐츠개발에관심을가져야하고, 전문적인모니터링과피드백을제공하여야할것이다. REFERENCES 1. Funnell MM, Brown TL, Childs BP, Haas LB, Hosey GM, Jensen B, Maryniuk M, Peyrot M, Piette JD, Reader D, Siminerio LM, Weinger K, Weiss MA. National standards for diabetes self-management education. Diabetes Care 2012;35 Suppl 1:S Farmer AJ, Perera R, Ward A, Heneghan C, Oke J, Barnett AH, Davidson MB, Guerci B, Coates V, Schwedes U, O'Malley S. Meta-analysis of individual patient data in randomised trials of self monitoring of blood glucose in people with non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes. BMJ 2012;344:e Farmer A, Wade A, Goyder E, Yudkin P, French D, Craven A, Holman R, Kinmonth AL, Neil A. Impact of self monitoring of blood glucose in the management of patients with non-insulin treated diabetes: open parallel group randomised trial. BMJ 2007;335: Barnett AH, Krentz AJ, Strojek K, Sieradzki J, Azizi F, Embong M, Imamoglu S, Perusicová J, Uliciansky V, Winkler G. The efficacy of self-monitoring of blood glucose in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes treated with a gliclazide modified release-based regimen. A multicentre, randomized, parallel-group, 6-month evaluation (DINAMIC 1 study). Diabetes Obes Metab 2008;10: Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Schikman CH, Hinnen DA, Parkin CG, Jelsovsky Z, Petersen B, Schweitzer M, Wagner RS. Structured self-monitoring of blood glucose significantly reduces A1C levels in poorly controlled, noninsulin-treated type 2 diabetes: results from the Structured Testing Program study. Diabetes Care 2011;34: Kempf K, Kruse J, Martin S. ROSSO-in-praxi: a selfmonitoring of blood glucose-structured 12-week lifestyle intervention significantly improves glucometabolic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther 2010;12: Bosi E, Scavini M, Ceriello A, Cucinotta D, Tiengo A, Marino R, Bonizzoni E, Giorgino F; PRISMA Study Group. Intensive structured self-monitoring of blood glucose and glycemic control in noninsulin-treated type 2 diabetes: the PRISMA randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2013;36: Fisher L, Polonsky W, Parkin CG, Jelsovsky Z, Amstutz L, Wagner RS. The impact of blood glucose monitoring on depression and distress in insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin 2011;27 Suppl 3: Davidson J. Strategies for improving glycemic control: effective use of glucose monitoring. Am J Med 2005;118(Suppl 9A):27S-32S. 10. Ahn W, Kim JT. Blood glucose measurement principles of non-invasive blood glucose meter: focused on the detection methods of blood glucose. J Biomed Eng Res 2012;33: Cameron B, Berard L. Monitoring blood glucose control: what does the future hold? Can J Diabetes 2016;40 Suppl 1: Parkin CG, Davidson JA. Value of self-monitoring blood glucose pattern analysis in improving diabetes outcomes. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009;3: Parkin CG, Buskirk A, Hinnen DA, Axel-Schweitzer M. Results that matter: structured vs. unstructured selfmonitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012;97:
6 14. Choudhary P, Genovese S, Reach G. Blood glucose pattern management in diabetes: creating order from disorder. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2013;7: Cui M, Wu X, Mao J, Wang X, Nie M. T2DM Self- Management via smartphone applications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2016;11:e Quinn CC, Shardell MD, Terrin ML, Barr EA, Ballew SH, Gruber-Baldini AL. Cluster-randomized trial of a mobile phone personalized behavioral intervention for blood glucose control. Diabetes Care 2011;34:
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