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1 Original Article Korean J Health Promot 2016;16(3): pissn: eissn: 성인입원환자에게유용한낙상위험사정도구 : 체계적문헌고찰과메타분석 박성희 1, 김은경 2 1 순천향대학교간호학과, 2 충북대학교간호학과 Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for Usefulness of Fall Risk Assessment Tools in Adult Inpatients Seong-Hi Park 1, Eun-Kyung Kim 2 1 Department of Nursing, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea 2 Department of Nursing, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea Background: The aim of this study was to determine which fall-risk tool is most accurate for detecting and predicting adults in the hospital setting. Methods: A literature search was performed to identify all studies published between 1946 and 2014 from periodicals indexed in Ovid Medline, Embase, CINAHL, KoreaMed, NDSL and other databases, using the following keywords: fall, 'fall risk assessment', 'fall screening', 'mobility scale', and 'risk assessment tool'. The QUADAS-2 was applied to assess the internal validity of the diagnostic studies. Fourteen studies were analyzed using meta-analysis with MetaDisc 1.4. Results: The result of comparing twelve tools was that the Morse Fall Scale (MFS) is the best tool for predicting falls for acute hospitalized adult patients. Six prospective validation studies using MFS with high methodological quality, involving 9,255 patients, were included. Meta-analysis finding of MFS was as follows; pooled sensitivity 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI]: ), pooled specificity 0.75 (95% CI: ), area under the curve (AUC) of summary receiver operating characteristics (sroc) curve 0.79 (standard error [SE] = 0.02), and value of index Q* 0.72 (SE = 0.01) respectively. Conclusions: Falls in hospitalized adult patients can be effectively prevented using the MFS. These findings provide scientific evidence for using appropriate tool to prevent accidental falls and improve the safety of patients. Korean J Health Promot 2016;16(3): Keywords: Accidental falls, Sensitivity and specificity, Meta-analysis 서 론 Received: May 12, 2016 Accepted: August 29, 2016 Corresponding author : Eun-Kyung Kim, PhD Department of Nursing, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju 28644, Korea Tel: , Fax: kyung11@chungbuk.ac.kr This work was supported by the research grant of the Chungbuk National University in 세계보건기구 (World Health Organization) 는전세계적으로매년 42만건이상발생하는치명적인낙상사고를주요한공중보건문제로선포하였다. 낙상은교통사고다음으로비의도적손상사망 (unintentional injury death) 의두번째주된요인으로보고되고있다. 1) 낙상은병원이나지역사회에서모두빈번히발생되지만특히, 입원환자의낙상은병원에서보고되는다양한사고중단일항목으로가장큰비중을차지하는안전사고이다. 2,3) 전세계적으로병 Copyright c 2016 The Korean Society of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 Seong-Hi Park, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for Usefulness of Fall Risk Assessment Tools in Adult Inpatients 181 원의일재원환자수 1,000명당 건의낙상이발생되며, 이중삼분의일은위해를경험하고, 약 3-8% 는심각한장애와사망으로이어진다. 4) 또한, 낙상환자의의료비는낙상을경험하지않은환자에비해평균 5백만원이상더소요된다고알려져있어사회적부담도크다. 5) 낙상의유형은예측가능한생리적낙상, 예측불가능한생리적낙상과우발적인낙상으로구분된다. 6) 병원낙상사고의대부분은예측가능한생리적낙상으로주로보행장애나약물반응, 어지러움이나실신등의병리적요인에의해발생된다. 1) 이러한낙상은이미여러연구를통해그위험요인이알려져있으므로병원은환자가입원하는시점에서주로훈련된간호사를통해낙상위험을사정한다. 7) 대부분의낙상위험사정도구들은이러한유형의낙상위험을평가하기위해설계되었다. 현재낙상위험사정도구는움직임 (mobility) 의균형을보는기능평가도구 (functional mobility assessments) 와선별도구 (screening tools), 두가지모두를평가하는통합선별도구 (combined functional screening) 의유형으로개발되어있으며, 이는병원용, 거주자용, 장기요양시설용, 가정용으로구별되어사용되고있다. 8) 병원입원환자를대상으로한낙상위험사정도구로는 1986년미국에서개발된 Morse 낙상도구 (Morse Fall Scale), 9) 1990년 Schmid Fall Risk Assessment Tool, 10) 1995년 Hendrich II 낙상도구 (Fall Risk Model), 11) 1997년영국에서개발된 St. Thomas 낙상도구 (St. Thomas Risk Assessment Tool in Falling elderly inpatients, STRATIFY), 12) 1999년미국에서개발된 Conley 낙상도구 (Conley Scale), a1) 2005년존스홉킨스병원의 Johns Hopkins Hospital Fall Risk Assessment Tool 13) 과 2003년국내보바스기념병원에서제안한낙상도구 (Bobath Memorial Hospital Fall Risk Assessment scale) 등이있다. 14) 이러한낙상위험사정도구들을살펴보면그명칭에서알수있듯이주로해당병원의필요에의해소규모적으로개발되었거나 10,12-14) 노인환자등의비중이크고 9,12) 후향적인방법으로개발되어 10,11) 낙상발생예측타당도에대한문제가끊임없이제기되어왔다. 2014년국가통계에따르면, 15) 연령별퇴원환자의분포는 18세이상성인이 57.2% 이며 65세이상노인은 23.8% 였다. 물론낙상사고는균형능력에이상이있는노인에게주로다발되지만병원에서의낙상은심장및신경계관련건강상태나치료적장치, 약물의부작용등이그원인이되며, 1) 특히성인환자의경우보호자가상주해있지않은경우도있어예기치않은낙상발생의잠재성도간과할수없는상황이다. 지난몇년간여러편의체계적문헌고찰을통해다양한낙상위험사정도구들의예측타당도를검토하였으나주로노인과재활병동등의특정환경에초점을맞추고있어 3,16-20) 성인입원환자의낙상을예측하는데있어그사용이적절한지에대한검증은제대로이루어지지않고있다. 이에본연구에서는성인환자를대상으로일반적인내 외과병동에입원한경우에시행한낙상위험사정도구의예측정확도를보고한연구에초점을맞추어동환자의낙상위험을선별하는데추천할수있는가장적절한낙상위험사정도구를확인하고, 그효용성에대한과학적근거를제시해보고자시도되었다. 방법 본연구는코크란연합의진단법정확도에대한체계적문헌고찰핸드북 21) 과 preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) 그룹이제시한체계적문헌고찰보고지침 22) 에따라수행되었다. 1. 문헌검색원전자데이터베이스 (database, DB) 를이용한검색은 Korea- Med, 국가과학기술정보센터 (National Digital Science Library), 한국교육학술정보원 (Korea Education & Research Information Service), Ovid-Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library와 CINAHL Complete 를이용하였다. 문헌검색은사전에검색전략을수차례검증한후 2014년 8월 30일에일괄시행되었다. 또한낙상관련분야의문헌들이모두포함될수있도록한국간호과학회를비롯하여학술지가출판되는각종간호학회의홈페이지를통해문헌검색을추가하였다. 각학회별학술지는다소시차를두고홈페이지에게시되므로이를감안하여 2014년 12월 14일에검색되었고, 검색범위는학술지별로창간호부터검색당일학회홈페이지에게시된전체문헌을대상으로하였다. 검색전략은전자 DB의경우낙상관련표준화된통제어휘 (Medline: MeSH, Embase: Emtree) 와각종낙상도구들로부터주요개념어를도출하여수립하였다. 따라서사용된검색어는 falls 또는 accidental falls, fall risk assessment, fall screening, mobility scale, risk assessment tool과같은통제어휘로확장검색하고, 각종낙상도구들의명칭을이용한검색을추가하였다. 또한 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) 에서제시한검색필터 (search filter) 를활용하여진단법평가연구에대한검색정확도를높였다. 2. 문헌선택과정 1) 문헌선별문헌선택기준은입원환자를대상으로낙상위험사정도
3 182 Korean J Health Promot Vol. 16, No. 3, 2016 구의진양성, 위양성, 진음성, 위음성결과를보고하여민감도와특이도를추출할수있는전향적인검사타당도 (prospective validation study) 에대한연구로동료심사를거쳐출판된문헌이었다. 원저가아닌종설이나메타분석연구, 급성기병원이라도재활병동이나노인병동에입원한환자만을대상으로한경우나뇌졸중이나파킨슨병등의특정질환자만을대상으로한연구및진단법평가연구라도진단정확도를계산할수없는연구는배제하였다. 검색된문헌은우선각 DB별중복된문헌을제거하고, 그다음문헌의제목과초록을검토하여선택및배제기준에따라선별하였다. 이과정에서정확한판단이곤란한경우는원문을찾아적용하였다. 이과정은 2명의연구자가각자독립적으로검토한후합의를통해결정하였으며, 의견의불일치가있는경우는제3자개입의원칙을정하였다. 2) 문헌검토기준 1 연구대상 (type of population and setting) 급성기병원에입원한 18세이상의성인환자로서입원병동은단기치료를위한일반적인내 외과계병동에입원한경우를대상으로하였다. 뇌졸중 (stroke) 이나파킨슨병등균형능력에문제가있는특정환자만을대상으로하거나정신과나소아병동, 재활병동및노인병동만으로환경을국한한경우는제외하였다. 2 중재검사 (indexed tests) 입원환자를대상으로실시한낙상위험사정도구들을대상으로하였다. 낙상발생위험여부는각연구에서제시한경계점수 (cut-off point) 를기준으로 위험있음 / 없음 또는 높은위험 / 낮은위험 과같이이분화된변수로구분되어판단되었다. 3 참조표준검사본인의의사와상관없이발바닥이외의신체일부가바닥면에접지되어발생된낙상사고로서낙상발생은의료인및연구자의관찰이나낙상사고보고서를통해 1회이상낙상이발생된경우로하였다. 4 예측타당도결과연구결과에서진양성 (true positive), 위양성 (false positive), 위음성 (false negative), 진음성 (true negative) 값을기술하고, 이를통해민감도, 특이도와진단교차비를비교분석하였다. 5 연구유형 (type of studies) 낙상위험선별도구의예측타당도를가장적절하게평 가하기위해전향적인방법 (prospective studies) 으로낙상발생예측의정확도를평가한연구만을포함하였다. 또한연구결과에서민감도나특이도값만제시하고 2 2 이원분류표를작성하는데충분한진단정확도자료를제공하지않은경우는제외하였다. 3. 문헌의질평가 Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 를사용하였다. 23) 이는진단법평가연구에대한질평가도구로 삐뚤림의위험 (risk of bias) 과 적용성 (applicability) 을평가한다. 평가항목은연구대상선택, 중재검사법, 참조표준검사와연구진행과시점 (flow and timing) 의 4가지영역 (domain) 으로구성된다. 각영역은평가항목에따라예, 아니오, 불확실로평가하고최종적으로삐뚤림의위험과적용성의평가결과는위험이높음, 낮음, 불확실로기술된다. 문헌의질은 2명의연구자가독립적으로평가한후명확하지않는부분은논의를통해정리하였다. 4. 자료추출과합성자료추출은우선근거표 (evidence table) 기본서식을작성하여서식의적절성을검토한후사용되었다. 이과정도 2명의연구자가독립적으로작성한후그결과를교차확인하였다. 낙상위험사정도구의진단결과인진양성, 위양성, 위음성, 진음성값을토대로 2 2 이원분류표를작성하였고, 2-way contingency table analysis 프로그램을이용하여민감도, 특이도, 진단정확도값과 95% 신뢰구간 (95% confidence interval [CI]) 을기술하였다. 메타분석을위한통계프로그램은 MetaDiSc 1.4를이용하였다. 24) 진단법메타분석에서통합추정치를분석하고자하는경우, 연구간이질성을반영하기위해랜덤효과모형사용을권고하므로, 21) 통계적모델에대한일반적원칙은임의효과모형 (random effect model) 을토대로통합민감도와특이도, 양성및음성우도비와진단교차비로분석하였고, summary receiver operating characteristic (sroc) 곡선통계량은곡선아래면적 (area under the curve, AUC) 과 index Q* 값을통해검사정확도를기술하였다. AUC 의수치는 AUC=0.5 인경우비정보적인검사, 0.5<AUC 0.7은정확성낮음, 0.7<AUC 0.9는중등도, 0.9<AUC<1 은매우정확함과 AUC=1은완벽한검사로판단하였고, 25) ROC 곡선에서민감도와특이도의동등점을반영하는 index Q* 는 100% 정확할때 1 을기준으로판단하였다. 26) 연구들간이질성 (heterogeneity) 의존재여부는유의수준 5% 미만으로하여카이제곱검정 (X 2 -test) 과 Higgins의 I2 동질성검사
4 Seong-Hi Park, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for Usefulness of Fall Risk Assessment Tools in Adult Inpatients 183 (I2 test) 로평가하였고, I2의판단기준은 I2 25% 이면이질성이낮은것으로, 25%<I2 75% 는중간정도의이질성, I2>75% 이상은이질성이높다고해석하였다. 27) 1. 문헌선택결과 결 과 되었다. 또한 Robey-Williams 등 a3) 의연구에서는 8개병동이무작위추출된후대상자가편의표본으로선택되었으나모두전향적인연구이므로연구결과를해석하는데영향을주지않았고, 두연구모두에서부적절한배제가없어환자선택영역에서삐뚤림의위험은없다고해석하였다. 따라서선택된문헌은모두질평가영역을충족하는고품질의문헌이었다 (Figure 2). 전자 DB를통해총 2,111편의문헌이검색되었다. Korea- Med 32편, NDSL 12편, KERIS 69편, Ovid-Medline 1,680 편, Embase 185편, Cochrane Library 17편및 CINAHL 116편이었다. 이외관련분야의학술지에서는총 64편의문헌이검색되었다. 따라서검색된총문헌은모두 2,175편이었고, 이중중복된문헌은 210편이었다. 이를제외한 1,965편의문헌을토대로문헌검토기준을중심으로선택및배제기준에따라제목및초록을검토하였고, 121편의문헌은원문을찾아선별하였다. 최종적으로 1,951개 (99.3%) 문헌이배제되고, 14편의문헌이최종선택되었다. 문헌선택과정은흐름도로제시하였다 (Figure 1). Figure 1. Flow diagram of article selection. 2. 문헌의질평가결과 선택된 14편연구에대한평가결과, 전체적으로각영역에대해삐뚤림의위험이 높음 으로판단된문헌은없었다. Kim 등 a2) 의연구에서 5개병원이편의표본추출 (convenience sampling) 되었으나각병원에서선정된병동에서의환자선택은해당연구의선택기준에따라대상자가선정 Figure 2. Quality assessment results of the selected studies by QUADAS-2. Abbreviation: QUADAS-2, Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2.
5 184 Korean J Health Promot Vol. 16, No. 3, 2016
6 Seong-Hi Park, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for Usefulness of Fall Risk Assessment Tools in Adult Inpatients 185
7 186 Korean J Health Promot Vol. 16, No. 3, 선택된문헌의일반적특성 4. 낙상위험사정도구들의예측타당도 선택된 14편의문헌에서성인입원환자에게사용된낙상위험사정도구는모두 12종이었다. Morse 낙상도구가 6편 a2,a4-a8) 으로가장많았고, Hendrich Ⅱ 낙상도구 4편, a2,a4,a5,a9) St. Thomas 낙상도구 4편, a4,a6,a10,a11) Conley 낙상도구가 2편, a9,a10) 이외 8종의낙상위험사정도구들은각각 1편에서보고되었다. 낙상위험사정도구들은지역적편향성은보이지않았고비교적다양한국가에서사용되었다. 모든연구에서낙상발생위험은간호사에의해입원 24-48시간이내측정되었으며, 급성기병원중선택된병동은주로일반적인내 외과계병동중심이었다. 선택된문헌은대부분 300명이상의대규모연구였고, 이중 1,000명이넘는경우도 8편 a1,a3-a6,a9,a11-a13) 이었다. 연구대상자의평균연령은 40-60대였고, 2편 a1,a7) 의연구는평균 70대이었으며, 남녀성비는큰편차를보이진않았다. 모든연구에서낙상기준은 1회이상발생된낙상자수를기준으로판단하였다. 낙상위험사정도구별경계점수는 Hendrich Ⅱ 낙상도구는 5점이상을, St. Thomas 낙상도구와 Conley 낙상도구는 2점이상을기준으로일관성있게낙상위험을판별하는경향을보였으나 Morse 낙상도구는 50점이상이 3편 a2,a4,a5) 이었고이외각각의문헌에서 40점, a6) 45점, a8) 55점 a7) 등으로다양한양상을나타냈다 (Table 1). 성인입원환자에게사용된낙상위험사정도구들의예측타당도평가결과는선택된문헌과연구대상자수를기준으로기술하였다 (Table 2). 1) Morse 낙상도구선택된문헌 6편 a2,a4-a8) 의연구대상자는총 9,255명이었고각문헌들의민감도 ( ) 와특이도 ( ) 는비교적넓은편차를보였다. 메타분석결과, 통합민감도는 0.73 (95% CI: ), 문헌들간이질성은 66.6% (X 2 =14.97, P=0.011) 로중간정도였고, 통합특이도는 0.75 (95% CI: ), 문헌들간이질성은 98.4% (X 2 =307.30, P<0.001), sroc AUC 는 0.79 (standard error [SE]=0.02), Q* 값은 0.72 (SE=0.01) 이었다 (Figure 3). 2) Hendrich Ⅱ 낙상도구선택된문헌 4편 a2,a4,a5,a9) 의연구대상자는총 9,203명이었고, 각문헌들의민감도는 , 특이도 로비교적편차는크지않았다. 메타분석결과, 통합민감도는 0.60 (95% CI: ), 문헌들간이질성은 62.7% (X 2 =8.04, P=0.045) 로중간정도였고, 통합특이도는 0.66 (95% CI: ), 문헌들간이질성은 97.8% (X 2 =137.74, P<0.001), sroc AUC 는 0.71 (SE=0.04), Q* 값은 0.66 (SE=0.04) 이었다 (Figure 4). Figure 3. Predictive validity of Morse Fall Scale in selected studies. Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval. Figure 4. Predictive validity of Hendrich Ⅱ Fall Risk Model in selected studies. Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
8 Seong-Hi Park, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for Usefulness of Fall Risk Assessment Tools in Adult Inpatients 187 3) St. Thomas 낙상도구선택된문헌 4편 a4,a6,a10,a11) 의연구대상자는총 8,659명이었다. 이는 Barker 등 a10) 의연구에서 1997년 Oliver 등 12) 에의해개발된 5개항목의위험요인를측정하는기존 STRA- TIFY와호주의노든병원 (the Northern hospital, TNH) 에서 9개항목으로수정보완한 TNH-STRATIFY 가이용되었다. 각문헌들의민감도는 , 특이도는 의범위였다. 기존 St. Thomas 낙상도구의메타분석결과, 통합민감도는 0.67 (95% CI: 0.60, 0.74), 통합특이도는 0.74 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.75) 이었고문헌들간이질성은각각 89.3% (X 2 =27.91, P<0.001), 96.4% (X 2 =83.64, P<0.001) 로높은수준을보였다. sroc AUC 는 0.82 (SE=0.04), Q* 값은 0.75 (SE=0.04) 이었다. TNH-STRATIFY 의민감도는 0.65 (95% CI: ), 특이도는 0.79 (95% CI: ) 이 었다 (Figure 5). 4) Conley 낙상도구 Conley 낙상도구는비록 2편 a1,a9) 의문헌 ( 총 2,316명 ) 에서보고되었으나선택된연구모두 1,000명이상의대규모연구여서메타분석하였다. 통합민감도는 0.70 (95% CI: ), 통합특이도는 0.59 (95% CI: ) 였고문헌들간이질성은각각 0.0% (X 2 =0.04, P=0.840), (X 2 =0.01, P=0.923로전혀없었다 (Figure 6). 5) 기타낙상위험사정도구선택된 6편 a2,a3,a5,a12-a14) 의문헌 ( 연구대상자는총 12,157명 ) 에서모두 8종의낙상위험사정도구들의예측타당도가보고되었다. 각문헌들의민감도는 으로다양하였고, Figure 5. Predictive validity of St. Thomas Risk Assessment Tool in Falling elderly inpatients in selected studies. Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval. Figure 6. Predictive validity of Conley Scale in selected studies. Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval. Figure 7. Predictive validity of others fall risk assessment tools in selected studies. Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
9 188 Korean J Health Promot Vol. 16, No. 3, 2016 특이도는 의범위를보여다른도구들에비해상대적으로낮은수치를나타냈다. 메타분석결과, 통합민감도는 0.76 (95% CI: ), 통합특이도는 0.63 (95% CI: ), 문헌들간이질성은각각 79.8% (X 2 =34.67, P<0.001), 98.2% (X 2 =389.12, P<0.001) 로높았고, sroc AUC는 0.72 (SE=0.02), Q* 값은 0.67 (SE=0.02) 이었다 (Figure 7). 고 찰 병원에서의입원환자낙상은시급히해결해야할주요한환자안전이슈이다. 더욱이 2016년 7월 29일부터시행된환자안전법 ( 법률제13113호, 제정 ) 제2조에의거, 의료기관은환자안전사고의예방및재발방지를위한계획과활동전략을수립하여야한다. 낙상관리는잠재적위험이있는대상을선별하고, 이를적절히관리하여궁극적으로낙상발생을최소화하는데그목적을두고있다. 따라서낙상위험대상을선별하는데사용되는낙상위험사정도구의예측타당도는중요한선택요건이된다. 그러나아쉽게도우리는어떤선별도구가얼마나낙상을잘예측하는지에대한적절한근거를갖고있지못하다. 이에본연구는비교적병원에서입원환자를위해널리사용하고있는낙상위험사정도구를확인하고, 이를보다효율적으로활용하기위해진단법평가연구들의메타분석을통해정량적인분석결과를제공하고자시도되었다. 비록그간여러차례체계적문헌고찰과메타분석연구 3,16-20) 들이수행되었지만본연구는주로일반적인내 외과계병동에입원한 18세이상성인입원환자를대상으로가장적절한낙상위험사정도구를확인하기위해처음시도되었다는점에서의의가있다. 선택된 14편의문헌을통해검토한결과, 성인입원환자에게사용되고있는낙상위험사정도구는 12종이나되었다. 본연구는민감도나특이도등의진단정확도에대한결과를기술한연구만을선택하였기에제한점이있지만단지 14편의연구에서 12종의도구가측정되었다는점은현재임상실무에매우다양한낙상위험사정도구들이활용되고있음을추정할수있었다. 대표적인도구로는개발된순서에따라 Morse 낙상도구 9) 가가장활발히이용되었고, 이외 Hendrich Ⅱ 낙상도구 11) 와 St. Thomas 낙상도구 12) 순이었고, 대부분 2000년이전에개발된도구들이다양한국가에서사용되는경향을보였다. 또한여러국가에서자국에적합한낙상도구를개발하기위해기존도구를수정보완하거나 a10) 의료환경과무관하게활용하기위해새로운도구를개발하기위한노력을기울이고있음을파악할수있었다. a2,a3,a5,a12-a14) 본연구에서 18세이상성인입원환자의낙상위험을선별할수있는가장효과적인낙상위험사정도구는 Morse 낙상도구였다. 사실메타분석이가능했던 4종의낙상위험사정도구중민감도가가장높았던것은노인을대상으로개발된 12) St. Thomas 낙상도구 (0.67, 95% CI: ) 였다. 기존메타분석연구 28) 에서도개발당시처럼노인에게적용한경우는문헌들간의이질성도줄고비교적높은예측타당도를보였으나이외의환자에서는동일한결과를나타냈다. Hendrich Ⅱ 낙상도구는 4종도구중민감도 ( % CI: ) 가가장낮은양상을보였고, 비록 2편문헌 a8,a9) 을통한메타분석이었지만 Conley 낙상도구는가장낮은특이도 ( % CI: ) 를나타냈다. 반면, Morse 낙상도구는중간정도의이질성과 0.7 이상의민감도와특이도를보였으며, sroc AUC 도 0.79 (SE=0.02) 를나타내중등도 (0.7<AUC 0.9) 의진단정확도를갖는선별검사도구로분석되었다. 따라서가장안정적으로임상실무에서적용할수있는낙상위험사정도구로평가할수있었으며, 특히우리나라에서 Morse 낙상도구는가장많은병원에서사용하고있어본연구결과는더욱의미가있다고본다. 다만, Morse 낙상도구에서는경계점수를일관되게적용하고있지않았다. 일반적으로 Morse 낙상도구는 51점이상을낙상고위험으로구분하는경계점수를사용하도록제안하고있으나 29) 이는환자돌봄이제공되는유형에따라다르게적용될수있으므로 30) 본연구에서는연구자가제시한경계점수를그대로적용하였고이를별도해석하지않았다. 선택된문헌에서검토된 12종의낙상위험사정도구들의예측타당도는사실큰차이를보이진않았다. 가장최근에개발된도구들은 a3,a12) 낙상이발생할대상을고위험군으로발굴하는능력인민감도를높이려는경향을보였으나 0.5 이하의낮은특이도를나타내선별도구로서의충분한조건을갖추지못하였다. 또한기존도구들은비교적일정범위 ( ) 의민감도와특이도범주를보였으나위험여부를판별하는경계점수는일관적이지않았다. 따라서이결과로만해석하면, 현재의낙상위험사정도구들은임상에서누구에게나일정기준에따라적용가능한표준화된도구로활용하기에는적절하지않다고본다. 낙상은여러위험요인에의해발생되며, 그요인들을관점에따라구분할수있지만사실이는한가지이상의다양한요인들과복잡하게연결되어발생되므로좀더예측타당도를높이기위해서는타깃대상을보다구체화하거나일부항목을보완또는새로운낙상도구를개발하는방법도필요할것으로보인다. 좋은판별력을가진검사가반드시영향력있는검사가되는것은아니지만한가지도구로만낙상위험을판별하
10 Seong-Hi Park, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for Usefulness of Fall Risk Assessment Tools in Adult Inpatients 189 기보다는낙상고위험이있다고의심되는경우다른도구를함께활용하여현재수준에서낙상위험의예측타당도를높이는노력들이필요하다고생각된다. 2015년대한내과학회와대한노인병학회가공동으로제정한낙상예방진료지침에서도낙상예방을위해가장우선되는활동으로낙상의위험도평가를권고하고있다. 31) 병원에입원한환자들은질병으로인한의식상태, 배뇨나수면, 투약등의치료적조건들로인해낙상이발생될수있지만사실낙상은이외에도근골격계문제로인한균형의상실과같은다양한요인이복합적으로작용되며, 특히연령에민감하다. 따라서본연구에서는선택된문헌의수적한계로인해연령에따른낙상도구들의진단정확도를세분하여분석하지는못하였다는제한을갖는다. 이에그간낙상발생요인으로검증된위험요인들에따라구분된분석을통해낙상위험사정도구의타당도를보다높이기위한지속적인연구가요구되며, 특히연령과함께균형능력에문제가있는질환을가질가능성이높은노인을대상으로한낙상위험사정도구의유용성을파악하기위한연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 요약 연구배경 : 본연구는성인입원환자의낙상위험을선별하는데가장적절한낙상위험사정도구를확인하고자시도되었다. 방법 : 문헌검색을위한데이터베이스는 Ovid Medline, Embase, CINAHL, KoreaMed, 국가과학기술정보센터 (NDSL) 등을이용하였으며, 1946년부터 2014년까지출판된논문을대상으로하였다. 검색어는 falls, fall risk assessment, fall screening, mobility scale 과 risk assessment tool 을활용하였다. 문헌의질평가는 Quality Assessment of Diagnositic Accuracy Studies-2 를사용하였고, MetaDisc 1.4 프로그램을이용하여메타분석하였다. 결과 : 성인입원환자에게사용된낙상위험사정도구들의예측타당도평가결과, More 낙상도구가가장효과적으로낙상위험을예측하는것으로분석되었다. Morse 낙상도구의선택된문헌은 6편으로, 연구대상자는총 9,255명이었다. 메타분석결과, 통합민감도는 0.73 (95% CI: ), 통합특이도는 0.75 (95% CI: ), sroc AUC 는 0.79 (SE=0.02), Q* 값은 0.72 (SE=0.01) 였다. 결론 : 성인입원환자에게 Morse 낙상도구를사용함으로써보다효과적으로낙상위험을사정할수있을것이다. 이결과는성인입원환자에있어환자안전과낙상사고예방을위해보다과학적인근거를제공한다. 중심단어 : 낙상사고, 민감도, 특이도, 메타분석 REFERENCES 1. World Health Organization. WHO global report on falls prevention in older age. Geneva: WHO Press; Morse J. Enhancing the safety of hospitalization by reducing patient falls. Am Infect Control 2002;30(6): Perrell KL, Nelson A, Goldman RL, Luther SL, Prieto-Lewis N, Rubenstein LZ. Fall risk assessment measures: an analytic review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci 2001;56(12):M DiBardino D, Cohen ER, Didwania A. Meta-analysis: multidisciplinary fall prevention strategies in the acute care inpatient population. J Hosp Med 2012;7(6): Hitcho EB, Krauss MJ, Birge S, Claiborne Dunagan W, Fischer I, Johnson, S, et al. Characteristics and circumstances of falls in a hospital setting. J Gen Intern Med 2004;19(7): Ledford L. Research-based protocol: prevention of falls. Iowa City: University of Iowa Gerontological Nursing Intervention Research Center; Stalenhoef PA, Diederiks JP, Knottnerus JA, Kester AD, Crebolder HF. A risk model for the prediction of recurrent falls in community-dwelling elderly: a prospective cohort study. J Clinl Epidemiol 2002;55(11): The Victorian Quality Council. Minimizing the risk of falls & fall-related injuries: Guidelines for acute, sub-acute and residental care setting [Internet]. Melbourn Victoria: The Metropolitan Health and Aged Care Services Division Victorian Government Department of Human Services; [Accessed March 10, 2015] Morse JM. Computerized evaluation of a scale to identify the fall-prone patient. Can J Public Health 1986;77(suppl 1): Schmid NA. Reducing patient falls: A research-based comprehensive fall prevention program. Mil Med 1990;155(5): Hendrich A, Nyhuuis A, Kippenbrock T, Soga ME. Hospital falls: Development of a predictive model for clinical practice. Appl Nurs Res 1995;8(3): Oliver D, Britton M, Seed P, Martin FC, Hopper AH. Development and evaluation of an evidence based risk assessment tool (STRATIFY) to predict which elderly inpatients will fall: case-control and cohort studies. BMJ 1997;315(7115): Poe SS, Cvach M, Dawson BP, Straus H, Hill, EE. The Johns Hopkins fall risk assessment tool: Postimplementation evaluation. J Nurs Care Qual 2007;22(4): Korea Hospital Nurses Association. Safety management guidelines for nursing. 6th ed. Seoul: Hospital Nurses Association; Korean Statistical Information Service. Condition of annual medical expenses per person by ages at inpatient [Internet]. Deajeon: Korean Statistical Information Service; [Accessed January 20, 2016]. Html.do?orgId=350&tblId=DT_35001_A050&conn_path=I Matarese M, Ivziku D, Barttolozzi F, Piredda M, De Marinis MG. Systematic review of fall risk screening tools for older patients in acute hospitals. J Adv Nurs 2015;71(6): Aranda-Gallardo M., Morales-Asencio JM, Canca-Sanchez JC, Barrero-Sojo S, Perez-Jimenez C, Morales-Fernandez A, et al. Instruments for assessing the risk of falls in acute hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 2013;13:122.
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12 Seong-Hi Park, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for Usefulness of Fall Risk Assessment Tools in Adult Inpatients 191 Appendix. Review paper list a1. Conley D, Schultz AA, Selvin R. The challenge of predicting patients at risk for falling: Development of the Conley scale. Medsurg Nurs 1999;8(6): a2. Kim KS, Kim JA, Choi YK, Kim YJ, Park MH, Kim HY, et al. A comparative study on the validity of fall risk assessment scales in Korean hospitals. Asian Nurs Res 2011;5(1): a3. Robey-Williams C, Rush KL, Bendyk H, Patton LM, Chamberlain D, Sparks T, et al. Spartanburg fall risk assessment tool: A simple three-step process. Appl Nurs Res 2007;20(2): a4. Kim SR, Yoo SH, Shin YS, Jeon JY, Kim JY, Kang SJ, et al. Comparison of the reliability and validity of fall risk assessment tools in patients with acute neurological disorders. Korean J Adult Nurs 2013;25(1): a5. Chapman J, Bachand D, Hyrkas K. Testing the sensitivity, specificity and feasibility of four falls risk assessment tools in a clinical setting. J Nurs Manag 2011;19(1): a6. Kim EA, Mordiffi SZ, Bee WH, Devi K, Evans D, Kim EAN, et al. Evaluation of three fall-risk assessment tools in an acute care setting. J Adv Nurs 2007;60(4): a7. Schwendimann R, De Geest S, Milisen K. Evaluation of the Morse fall scale in hospitalised patients. Age Ageing 2006;35(3): a8. McCollam ME. Evaluation and implementation of a research-based falls assessment innovation. Nurs Clin North Am 1995;30(3): a9. Lovallo C, Rolandi S, Rossetti AM, Lusignani M. Accidental falls in hospital inpatients: Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of two risk assessment tools. J Adv Nurs 2010;66(3): a10. Barker A, Kamar J, Graco M, Lawlor V, Hill, K. Adding value to the STRATIFY falls risk assessment in acute hospitals. J Adv Nurs 2011;67(2): a11. Milisen K, Staelens N, Schwendimann R, De Paepe L, Verhaeghe J, Braes T, et al. Fall prediction in inpatients by bedside nurses using the St. Thomas's risk assessment tool in falling elderly inpatients (STRATIFY) instrument: a multicenter study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007;55(5): a12. Hester AL, Davis DM, Hester AL, Davis DM. Validation of the Hester Davis scale for fall risk assessment in a neurosciences population. J Neurosci Nurs 2013;45: a13. Mertens EI, Halfens RJ, Dassen T. Using the care dependency scale for fall risk screening. J Adv Nurs 2007;58(6): a14. Salameh F, Cassuto N, Oliven A. A simplified fall-risk assessment tool for patients hospitalized in medical wards. Isr Med Assoc J 2008;10(2):125-9.
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