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1 한국소음진동공학회논문집제28 권제5 호, pp. 600~607, ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) 대형레이다수송동특성외란규격정립및내구성분석 Environmental Specification Establishment of Transport Dynamic Property for Large Radar and Durability Analysis 신동준 이상정 * 이종학 ** 강광희 ** 진형석 ** 김관성 *** Dong-Jun Shin, Sang-Jeong Lee *, Jong-Hak Lee **, Kwang-Hee Kang **, Hyoung-Seog Jin ** and Kwan-Sung Kim *** (Received August 1, 2018 ; Revised September 14, 2018 ; Accepted September 14, 2018) Key Words : Large Radar( 대형레이다 ), Transport( 수송 ), Environmental Specification( 환경규격 ), Durability Analysis ( 내구성분석 ), Vibration and Shock( 진동및충격 ), Margin of Safety( 안전여유 ) ABSTRACT Since the large radar is exposed to the vibration & shock load of the road during vehicle transport, core radar sensors such as an antenna array element including a digital transmitter receiver module (DTRM) should be designed to be safely protected. In this study, vibration and shock environment analysis was carried out in accordance with the procedure for analyzing durability in the transport of large radars, and random vibration (PSD) and shock response spectrum (SRS) analysis was performed by setting environmental specification based on tests and theories. As a result of durability analysis, the largest maximum stress occurred in the DTRM housing assembly, so structural reinforcement was performed. Finally, the margin of safety for vibration and shock was improved from 1.28 to 6.88 and from 1.3 to 9.65, respectively. 1) 기호설명 : Bump 길이 : Bump 높이 : Bump 통과속도 : 1-자유도레이다차량의변위 : 1-자유도바닥변위 : 1-자유도상대변위 : Bump 통과운동방정식 : 레이다및차량의질량 : 레이다차량서스펜션점성계수 : 레이다차량서스펜션강성계수 : 레이다차량서스펜션고유진동수 : 레이다차량서스펜션감쇠계수 1. 서론현대전장에서장사정포, 항공기, 유도탄, 탄도탄등과같은공중위협의종류와공격능력이날로증가하고있으며, 아군의레이다탐지체계로부터회피하기위한스텔스화로인하여피탐거리가축소되 Corresponding Author ; Member, LIG Nex1 dongjun.shin@lignex1.com * Yonsei University ** LIG Nex1 *** Agency of Defense Development # A part of this paper was presented at the KSNVE 2018 Annual Autumn Conference Recommended by Hyung Jo Jung The Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering 600

2 고, 저피탐성능이증가되고있다. 레이다는고기동화 / 스텔스화 / 지능화되어가는공중위협에대한탐지능력을높이기위해다중센서융합, 자동표적인식기법, 레이저레이다기술등고성능 3차원탐지기술을적용한다기능레이다로발전하고있으며 (1), Fig. 1의탐지거리 700 km 이상이되는고출력레이다와같이차량이동이가능한대형화가되어가는추세이다. 이러한대형레이다는차량으로이동하면서노면의진동 / 충격하중에노출되기때문에, 디지털반도체송수신조립체 (DTRM) 를비롯한안테나배열소자등의핵심레이다센서등이안전하게보호되도록설계되어야한다. 이논문에서는대형레이다의수송동특성외란규격정립을위한진동및충격환경분석을진행하고, 시험및이론을바탕으로한환경규격을설정하여이에따라수송진동 / 충격내구성분석을수행하였다. 2. 수송환경분석 ANSYS Mechanical 19 Ver. 을사용하였으며, Fig. 2과같이해석모델을구축하였다. ANSYS에서제공하는 Quadratic node로구성된 Solid186요소를사용하였으며, 각부품별로 Fig. 2와같이응력이수렴되도록요소의개수와질을결정하고이를통해해석결과가유효성을가지도록하였다. 같은방식으로모든부품을개별적으로요소의수와질을결정하여전체해석모델을구축하였다. 전체해석모델은총 개의요소와 개의절점으로구성되었다. 레이다시스템의동특성을 Fig. 3과같이요약하여표현하였다. Fig. 3에서볼수있듯이유효질량 (effective mass) 이큰모드들이저주파대역, 35 Hz 아래에포진하고있다. 진동환경에서의내구성분석을위해수행되는 random vibration 해석에서입력스펙트럼설정은결과에큰영향을미친다. 그렇기때문에입력스펙트럼의 35 Hz 이하값들이충분히진동환경을반영할수있어야한다. 2.1 진동및충격환경분석 (1) 진동환경분석 내구성분석에사용될진동입력을규정하기위 해레이다시스템의동특성분석이선행되었다. Fig. 1 Missile defense radar EL/M-2080 green pine Fig. 2 Whole model and mesh determination method Fig. 3 Dynamic characteristic of the radar system 601

3 군사장비규격 MIL-STD 810G METHOD 에서는수송환경의진동분석을위해실측데 이터를사용하도록권고하고있다 (2). 이에따라이 전에수행한다목적대형군용차량에대해확보한 실제주행진동데이터를사용하여수송진동환경 을구축하였다 (3,4). 다목적대형군용차량의주행진동및내구 시험은국방규격 (KDS) 및 TOP 규격과절 차에부합하게진행되었으며, 두규격보다더가혹 한환경에서수행되었음을증명하였다 (5). Fig. 4 는 주행시험셋업을나타내며, 메인프레임에 3 축가 속도계를부착하여총 6 개의지점에서진동데이터 를얻었다. 진동및내구시험을총 4 사이클각축 당 261 개의데이터를가지고진동환경을구축하였 다. 복합환경에대한고려와충분한주행거리및 시간을포함하고있다 (3~5). 이와같이충분히검증된 규격을초과하는실측데이터를이연구에사용하여 연구가신뢰성과보수성을가지도록하였다. (2) 충격환경분석 MIL-STD 810G METHOD 에서는 half sine 또는 saw-tooth 파형을이용한충격을모사하고 6th 3rd 5th 2nd 4th 1st (ch1 : x) (ch2 : y) (ch3 : z) Fig. 4 Accelerometer location and data acquisition Steps 1st Step 2nd Step 3rd Step Table 1 PSD data processing Detail process Time domain - Filter : Butterworth 6 order - Bandwidth : 2 Hz ~ 500 Hz Frequency domain - Sampling frequency : 6400 Hz - Frequency lines : 8192 lines PSD - Resolution : Hz - Hanning window - 50 % overlap shock response spectrum 해석을통한내구성검증 을요구하고있다 (2). 이에따라이연구에서도적절 한충격환경을모사하기위해서포장도로에서의데 이터를제외한각축당 139 개의주행데이터에서 충격구간을선별하여분석하였다. 주행중의충격 은일정하지않고 Random process 에해당하기때 문에크기가가우스분포를이룬다. 충격을결정하는 요소중충격시간은대부분의충격이 0.2 ~ 0.3 초 로비슷하다. 따라서대푯값 1.31 g 에해당하는충격 을모사하여충격해석에반영하였다. 2.2 환경규격설정 (1) 진동환경규격설정 MIL-STD 810G 에서진동환경은 random vibration 방법을사용하도록요구하고있다 (2). 이에 따라, 이논문에서의수송진동은 random vibration 방법을이용한다자유도 random vibration 해석을 위해입력 power spectrum density(psd) 인진동환 경규격을설정했다. 각각 60 초동안계측된각축당 261 개의데이터 를 Table 1 과같은과정으로 PSD 로변환하였다. 앞 절에서분석했듯이 35 Hz 이하 PSD 값들이진동환 경을충분히반영하고보수성을확보하도록 Fig. 5 와 같이축별로 261 개의 PSD 데이터들의포락선 PSD 데이터를진동환경규격으로설정하였다. (2) 충격환경규격설정 2.1 절에서언급했듯이충격들의대푯값에해당하 는충격크기를가지며, 충격시간이 0.2 ~ 0.3 초가 되도록충격을설정해야한다. MIL-STD 810G 에 따라 half sine shock 를이용한등가의 bump shock 을설계하여적절한충격환경을구축하였다. 등가의 bump shock 을위해국내규격 bump 의 높이와길이인 m, 2 m 로설정하고, 통과하는 속도를 30 km/h 로사용하였다. Fig. 6 과같이레이다 차량의 bump 통과를단자유도계로모사하여차량에 전달되는충격을도출하였다. Fig. 6 에따라식 (1) 과 같이운동방정식을 basement excitation 형태로바꾸 면바닥가진가속도식 (3) 과같이된다. (1) 602

4 for for sin Air suspension이 있는 수송 차량을 1.5 Hz의 고 유 진동수( )와 75 % 감쇠 계수( )를 갖도록 설정 (2) sin for (3) for 하였다. 위 식 (1)을 풀면 Fig. 7과 같이 응답 가속도 가 도출된다. 레이다의 다자유도 SRS 해석을 위한 충격 환경 입력은 response spectrum 형태의 주파수 입력이 되어야 하므로 Fig. 7의 시간에 따른 응답 데이터를 Fig. 8과 같이 response spectrum 형태로 바꾸어 충격 환경 규격을 설정하였다. 설정된 충격 은 최대 가속도가 1.27 g이며, 충격 시간은 0.24 초 Fig. 6 Equivalent bump shock environmental modeling Fig. 7 Time response data for the bump shock Fig. 5 Vibration environmental specification data Fig. 8 Shock response spectrum data 603

5 이다. 시간영역에서최대가속도를나타내는영주 기가속도 (zero period acceleration: ZPA) 가 1.27 g 로같으므로충분히잘변환된 response spectrum 임 을증명한다. 2.1 절에서분석한충격환경크기의 대푯값인 1.31 g 과충격시간 0.2 ~ 0.3 초에잘부합 하므로 Fig. 8 과같이충격환경을잘반영한등가 의규격이설정되었다. 3. 수송환경에대한내구성분석 3.1 수송진동내구성분석 2 절에서정립된환경규격을바탕으로, 대형레이 다의수송시진동에대한내구성을분석하였다. 내 구성분석은유한요소해석으로수행되었으며, 2 절에 서구축된해석모델과해석툴을사용하였다. 실제분석된대형레이다는 Fig. 9 와같이이동시 안테나를접고로우베드트레일러위에안착되어 이동하게된다. 해석모델생성을위해디지털반도 체송수신조립체및안테나조립체등의전자모듈 / 센 서등은포인트매스 ( 집중질량 ) 처리하였으며, 해석 모델단순화를진행하였다. 실제로 random vibration 해석은요소수가많거나해석모델이복잡하면해석 시간이매우오래걸리거나, 해석이불가능하므로, 해석모델단순화는필수적이라고할수있다. 실제로해석모델단순화의유효성을검증하기 위해, 상세모델과단순화된해석모델의각모드 별형상과 natural frequency 를비교하고다르지않 음을검증하였으며, Fig. 10 과같이실제해석결과 의고유진동수차이가평균 5 % 이내로들어오는것을확인하였다. 구속조건으로는, 로우베드트레일러에안착될대형레이다구동조립체의바닥면블록에 fixed 구속조건을부여하였으며, 그구속면으로부터 Fig. 5의정립된진동규격이적용되어 random vibration 가진이될수있도록하였다. 3축 (vertical, transverse, longitudinal) 방향을동시에진동을인가하여 random vibration 해석을진행하였으며, 그해석결과는 Fig. 11과같다. 해석결과, 3 sigma 등가응력까지확인하여대형레이다의내구성을분석하였다. 재질의강도평가는각재질의항복강도 (yield strength) 대비얼마의안전여유 (margin of safety) 를가지고있는지를판단하였으며, 안전여유가 0보다크면구조체가안전한것으로판단하였다. Fig. 10 Mode shape(specific model/analysis model) Fig. 9 Random vibration analysis model Fig. 11 Random vibration (PSD) analysis result 604

6 (4) 여기서통상연성재료의안전율 (factor of safety) 은 1.25 를사용하였다 (6). 대형레이다의핵심부품인디지털반도체송수신 조립체가조립되는 DTRM 조립체의조립부에서가 장큰 67.7 MPa 의최대응력이발생하였으며, 이 조립부의재질은 Al 5051 로서판금으로제작되는 부위이다. (5) Al 5051 의항복강도가 193 MPa 이므로, 식 (4) 를 통해안전여유를계산한결과는식 (5) 와같이 1.28 이었으며, 방산특성상신뢰성이중요하기때문 에항복강도대비구조물의설계마진이부족하다 고판단하여 DTRM 조립체의구조물을 Al 6061 재 질의블록가공구조로보강을수행하였다. 구조보 강을수행한이후동일하게 random vibration 해석 을수행하였으며그해석결과는 Fig. 12 와같다. 기존 DTRM 조립체의슬롯부위는 2.5 t 의얇은 판금구조로구성되었기때문에, 수송진동으로인 해모서리부에응력이집중되어항복강도대비설계 마진이부족하였지만, 이부위를 Al 6061 재질의 15 t 부재를가공하여구조보강후의해석결과, 동일부 위의 DTRM 조립체의슬롯부위에서최대 27.7 MPa 의 응력이발생하였다. Al 6061 의항복강도가 276 MPa 이므로, 식 (4) 를통한안전여유를계산한결과 6.88 로계산되었으며충분한안전여유가확보되어구조 보강의유효성을확인하였고, DTRM 조립체를제외 하고전체적으로큰응력변화는없었다. 판금은시 간이오래걸리고고비용의밀링공정을대체하여 시간과비용을단축하는장점이있지만, 두께가얇 아부재의변형이심할수있어서위와같은결과가 나온것으로판단된다. 결국제작방식을밀링공정 을통한블록가공방식으로변경하고, 이에따른 재질변경을통해부재의두께를늘려구조보강을 하여안전여유를높일수있었다. 3.2 수송충격내구성분석대형레이다는국내도로주행시, 도로위의과속 방지턱을지나면서가장큰충격하중을받을수있 는데, 2.2 절에서정립된 bump shock 을이용하여도 출한환경규격을토대로충격에의한내구성을분석 하였다. SRS(shock response spectrum) 해석을통해 충격하중에대한내구성을분석하였으며, 해석모델 은 3.1 절의 random vibration 해석모델과동일하게 구축하였다. 동일한구속조건에서, Fig. 8 의 response spectrum 충격환경규격을부과하여 SRS 해석을수 행하였으며, 해석결과는 Fig. 13 과같다. SRS 해석결과도 random vibration 해석결과와비 슷하게 DTRM 조립체의조립부모서리부분에서가 장큰응력이발생하였으며, 구조보강전의 Al 5051 판금구조인상황에서 67.1 MPa 의최대응력이발 생하였다. 판금구조의특성상, 부재의두께가얇아 과속방지턱을넘을때의충격하중으로인해모서리 부분에큰응력이발생했기때문이며, 이는식 (4) 에 의해계산된안전여유가 1.3 에해당하고진동으로 인한내구성분석시구조보강이필요했던 DTRM 조립체와동일한부위였다. 이부위가항복강도대 Fig. 12 Analysis result after structural reinforcement Fig. 13 SRS analysis result 605

7 생하였으며, 기존판금구조에서블록가공구조로구조보강을수행하였다. 그결과, 진동및충격에서안전여유가각각 1.28에서 6.88로, 1.3에서 9.65 로각각개선되었으며, 대형레이다수송시내구성을확보할수있었다. 이와같은수송동특성외란규격정립및내구성분석절차등을통해향후유사레이다이동시진동및충격에대한내구성평가가가능할것이다. References Fig. 14 Analysis result after structural reinforcement 비설계마진이부족하다고판단한이유는, 대형레이다의핵심부품인디지털반도체송수신조립체가조립되는부위이며, 이부분이판금구조로진동이나충격에의해변형되거나힘을받게되면당연히핵심부품에영향을줄수있기때문이다. Fig. 14는 DTRM조립체의구조물을 Al 6061재질의블록가공구조로보강한후의 SRS해석결과이다. 4. 결론이연구에서는대형레이다의수송시내구성을분석하는절차에따라, 진동및충격환경분석을진행하고, 시험및이론을바탕으로한환경규격을설정하여이에따라수송진동 / 충격내구성분석을수행하였다. 진동환경분석에는이전에수행한다목적대형군용차량에대해확보한실제주행진동데이터를사용하여수송진동환경을구축하였으며 PSD처리하여진동규격으로정립하였다. 충격환경분석에는 bump shock을이용한적절한충격환경을구축하여이론과수식을바탕으로시간에따른응답데이터를주파수에대한 response spectrum 형태로바꾸어충격환경규격을정립하였다. 이를바탕으로 random vibration(psd) 해석과충격 SRS해석을수행하여대형레이다의수송시진동및충격에대한내구성을분석하였으며, 분석결과진동및충격모두디지털반도체송수신조립체가조립되는 DTRM조립체에서가장큰최대응력이발 (1) Kim, J., 2014, Radar Development Tendency & Trend, Defense & Technology Vol. 421, pp. 77~93. (2) Department of Defense Test Method Standard, Environmental Engineering Consideration and Laboratory Test, 2015, Report No. MIL-STD-810G w/change 1. (3) Park, J., Lee, S. J., Park, N. and Lee, J. H., 2014, Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of a Military Vehicle via Road Tests, The Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Annual Autumn Conference, pp. 277~280. (4) Lee, S., Park, J. B., Park, N. C., Lee, J. H., Jeong, E. B. and Kim, H. S., 2014, Vibration Reduction of Military Vehicle Frame with Using Structural Dynamic Characteristics, The Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Annual Autumn Conference, pp. 281~284. (5) Jeong, E., Kang, D. S., Choi, J. H., Kim, H. S. and Choi, M. S., 2014, Endurance Test Procedure, and Validation of Multipurpose Tactical Vehicle, The Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Annual Autumn Conference, pp. 256~261. (6) Shin, D., Lee, J. H. and Kang, Y. S., 2017, Development Process of Mechanical Structure for a Large Radar, Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 1~11. Dong-Jun Shin received a B.S. degree in Aerospace Engineering from Korea Aerospace University in 2007, and M.S. degree in Science of Engineering from Seoul National University in He was engineer in Korea Aerospace Industries 606

8 from 2009 to 2010, and He is currently research engineer in Mechanical Engineering Team of Surveillance Reconnaissance R&D lab at LIG Nex1. His research areas include structural vibration and acoustics related to radar & defense. Sang-Jeong Lee received a B.S. degree in Dept. of Mechanical Engineering from Yonsei University in He is currently in integrated course in Dept. of Mechanical Engineering from Yonsei University. His research areas include structural vibration with fluid-structure interaction and dynamics. 607

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