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1 The Impact of Climate Changes on Ski Industry in Central Region of Korea: The Case of Yongpyong Yangji Jisan Ski Resort Inhye Heo* Seungho Lee** Abstract This study analyzed the changes in climate elements that affects the opening and closing dates of the ski resorts, and the snowmaking. Climatology data from the weather stations adjacent to the ski resorts in the central region of Korea were analysed to understand the snowmakig status. The fan type snowmaker has been used in the capital region (over 94% of the whole snowmaking), while the gun type snowmaker has been used in Yongpyong. There has been obviously an increased trend of the daily minimum temperature in November in Daegwallyeong and a little decreased trend in Icheon after 1980s. That caused the effect on the opening dates of the ski resort in the capital region of Korea during 2000s. Closing dates of ski resorts were earlier in the capital region (with 2~4 C of daily maximum temperature in mid-february) than in Yongpyong. The obviously increasing rate of the snowmelting day in Icheon also hardened the management and maintenance of the ski resorts in the capital region of Korea. : opening date of ski resort, closing date of ski resort, snowmaking, change of daily minimum temperature, change of daily maximum temperature (RACS ) (Lecturing Professor, Department of Geography, Konkuk University), hihgrace@konkuk.ac.kr (Professor, Department of Geography, Konkuk University), leesh@konkuk.ac.kr 444

2 (Korea Ski Resort Business Association, 2009) 1990 Seo (World Tourism Organization, 2003) Perry 1997 (World Tourism Organization, 2003) (snowmaking) (Elsasser and Bürki, 2002; König and Abegg, 1997)(Harrison et al., 1999) (Scott et al., 2002) (Galloway, 1988; Whetton et al., 1996) (Scott et al., 2003; 2004; 2007; Bicknell and McManus, 2006; Dawson et al., 2009) Scott and Mcboyle(2007)

(Heo and Lee, 2008a; 2008b) (Figure 1) 95 1 11 3 1 3 2008 2008 11

3 (Heo and Lee, 2008a; 2008b) (Figure 1) Figure 1. Study area and weather stations. 446

4 Figure m 3 447

5 Figure 2. Rates of annual snowfall depth and fresh water used for snowmaking under analysis duration (left: Yongpyong resort, right: Yangji resort) m cm 50 60cm Table 1 5 (Gun type) Table 1. Rates of snowmaker types in each resort for snowmaking. Season Resort Type First snowmaking Reinforcement of snowmaking Total Yongpyong Jisan Yongpyong Jisan Yongpyong Jisan Year gun fan gun fan gun fan gun fan gun fan gun fan average (unit: %) 448

6 (Fan type) Table Table 2. Rates of snowmaking day classified by daily minimum temperature. Resort Yongpyong Jisan Daily minimum Season Reinforcement Reinforcement First snowmaking First snowmaking temperature of snowmaking of snowmaking -3< < < (-): no snowmaking (unit: %) 449

7 a d b e c f Figure 3. Distribution (%) of relative humidity classified by daily minimum temperature(a: -3<minimum temp.( C) -1, b: -5<minimum temp.( C) -3, c: minimum temp.( C) -5, d: -5<minimum temp.( C) -3, e: -7< minimum temp.( C) -5, f: minimum temp.( C) -7). Left is condition of first snowmaking and right is condition of reinforcement of snowmaking. 450

8 Figure cm (Gangwon Regional Meteorological Administration, 2006) 30cm Table 3 30cm Table 3. Change in the frequence of days of snowfall depth for suitable ski activity. (unit: day) Station over 30cm over 20cm over 10cm Duration Daegwallyeong Icheon Daegwallyeong Icheon Daegwallyeong Icheon 1970s s s s

2000 1990 37 8 30cm 1989 2 20cm 10cm 1990 20cm 10cm 40 60 2000 30cm 27 1 22 0 30cm 30cm 40 (Bürki et al.

9 cm cm 10cm cm 10cm cm cm 30cm 40 (Bürki et al., 2005) cm 20cm 1 2 Figure 4(left) Figure 4. Changes of opening dates (left) and November daily minimum temperature (right) of Yongpyong and Yangji resorts. 452

Figure 4(right) 11 11 1970 3 7 1980 3 1 1990 2 9 2000 2 5 1970 2000 11 1

1990 3 0 2000 2 5 Figure 4 Figure 5 3 0 2 Figure 5.

10 Figure 4(right) Figure 4 Figure Figure 5. Changes of daily temperature during December to April (left: Daegwallyeong, right: Icheon). 453

3 2 2 3 0 2 4 2 4 5 Figure 6 4 4 0 01 10 2 4 10 4 7 2

11 Figure Figure 7 Heo and Lee(2008a, 2008b) Figure 6. Changes of snowmelt ( 4 C of daily maximum temperature) days (left: Daegwallyeong, right: Icheon, **: significant at 99 percent level). 454

12 Figure 7. Changes of suitable first snowmaking (November-December) days with wet-bulb temperature (below -7 C) (left: Daegwallyeong, right: Icheon). Figure Figure Figure Figure 8 Table

Season Climate First snowmaking Reinforcement of snowmaking Station Min. Temp. ( /10y) RH(%/10y) Min. Temp. ( /10y) RH(%/10y) Daegwallyeong 0.

13 Figure 8. Change of suitable reinforcement of snowmaking days with wet-bulb temperature (below -7 C). Left is Daegwallyeong weather station and right is Icheon. Table 4. Changing rates of daily minimum temperature and relative humidity. Season Climate First snowmaking Reinforcement of snowmaking Station Min. Temp. ( /10y) RH(%/10y) Min. Temp. ( /10y) RH(%/10y) Daegwallyeong 0.5* -2.3** 0.7** -1.7* Icheon ** ** **: significant at 99 percent level, *: significant at 95 percent level Table 5 456

(November-December). Duration 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Daegwallyeong 1.58 1.34 1.00 1.11 Icheon 1.

14 Station Table 5. Average standard deviation of daily minimum temperature duration first snowmaking (November-December). Duration 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Daegwallyeong Icheon Figure cm 11 3 Photo 1 Photo 1. Open event of Yongpyong resort (3 November, 2009). Photo 2. Closed ski slope of Yongpyong resort (6 November, 2009). 457

15 Table 6. First occurrence date of heavy snowfall and mean opening date in Yongpyong resort. Time 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s First occurrence date of heavy snowfall ( 10cm of daily fresh snowfall) Opening date of Yongpyong resort Average 18 December 9 December 12 December 22 December Standard deviation Average 7 December 4 December 25 November 14 November Photo 2 Table 6 10cm cm cm 10cm

16 cm 5 6 Bicknell, S. and Mcmanus, P., 2006, The canary in the coalmine: Australian ski resorts and their response to climate change, Geographical Research, 44(4), Bürki, R., Elsasser, H., Abegg, B., and Koenig, U., 2005, Climate change and tourism in the Swiss Alps, in Michael, H. and James, H. (eds.), Aspects of Tourism: Tourism, Recreation and Climate Change, Channel view publications, Dawson, J., Scott, D., and Mcboyle, G., 2009, Climate change analogue analysis of ski tourism in the northeastern USA, Climate Research, 39,

17 Elsasser, H. and Bürki, R., 2002, Climate change as a threat to tourism in the Alps, Climate Research, 20(3), Galloway, R. W., 1988, The potential impact of climate changes on Australian ski fields, in Pearman, G.(ed.), Greenhouse: Planning for Climateic Change, CSIRO, Melbourne, Gangwon Regional Meteorological Administration, 2006, Preliminary Study on the Development of Leisure Weather Index at Pyeongchang and Daegwallyeong area, National Institute of Meteorological Research, Seoul 2006 Harrison, S. J., Winterbottom, S. J., and Sheppard, C., 1999, The potential effect of climate change on the Scottish tourist industry, Tourism Management, 20(2), Heo, I. H. and Lee, S. H., 2008a, A Study on climate changes and initial snow making of skiing ground, Journal of Climate Research, 3(2), (in Korean). Heo, I. H. and Lee, S. H., 2008b, The impact of climate changes on ski industries in South Korea - in the case of the Yongpyong ski resort-, Journal of the Korean geographical society, 43(5), Korea Ski Resort Business Association, 2009, Report of Present Condition of Ski Resort 2009 König, U. and Abegg, B., 1997, Impacts of climate change on winter tourism in the Swiss Alps, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5(1), Perry, A. H., 1997, Recreation and tourism, in Thompson, R. D. and Perry, A. H. (eds.), Applied Climatology, Routledge, London, Scott, D., Jones, B., Lemieuz, C., McBoyle, G., Mills, B., Svenson, S., and Wall, G., 2002, The Vulnerability of Winter Recreation to Climate Change in Ontario s Lakelands Tourism Region, Occasional Paper 18, Department of Geography Publication Series, University of Waterloo, Waterloo. Scott, D., McBoyle, G., and Mills, B., 2003, Climate change and the skiing industry in southern Ontario (Canada): Exploring the importance of snowmaking as a technical adaptation, Climate Research, 23, Scott, D., McBoyle, G., and Schwartzentruber, M., 2004, Climate change and the distribution of climatic resources for tourism in North America, Climate Research, 27, Scott, D. and McBoyle, G., 2007, Climate change adaptation in the ski industry, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12(8), Seo, C. B., 2005, Leisure Industry Yearbook, Korea Leisure Industry Research, Seoul 2005 Whetton, P. H., Haylock, M. R., and Galloway, R., 1996, Climate change and snow cover duration in the Australian Alps., Climatic Change, 32, World Tourism Organization, 2003, Climate Change and Tourism Proceedings of the First International Conference on Climate Change and Tourism, Djerba 9-11 April. World tourism Organization, Madrid leesh@konkuk.ac. kr, ) Corresponding author: Seungho Lee, Department of Geography, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, , Korea ( leesh@ konkuk.ac.kr, phone: ) 460

70 허인혜 이승호 1. 서론 최근한국에서는 2018년동계올림픽을평창으로유치하면서겨울철스포츠에대한관심이고조되고있다. 2010~2011 년겨울철잦은강설현상과 2011~2012 년겨울철강원지역의빈번한강설현상은대표적인겨울철레저스포츠라고할수있는스키활동에보다많은스키어의활발한활동

70 허인혜 이승호 1. 서론 최근한국에서는 2018년동계올림픽을평창으로유치하면서겨울철스포츠에대한관심이고조되고있다. 2010~2011 년겨울철잦은강설현상과 2011~2012 년겨울철강원지역의빈번한강설현상은대표적인겨울철레저스포츠라고할수있는스키활동에보다많은스키어의활발한활동 기후연구제7권제1호 2012(69~81)? 미래기후자료에의한한국의지역별스키산업의전망 - A1B 시나리오를이용하여 - 허인혜 * 이승호 * * 건국대학교지리학과 (2012년 1월 21일접수, 2012년 2월 10일수정, 2012년 2월 20일수락 ) The Projection of Regional Ski Industry by Future Climate Data