REPORT ON PROFICIENCY TESTING Annual Report on the External Quality Assessment Scheme for Clinical Parasit
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1 REPORT ON PROFICIENCY TESTING Annual Report on the External Quality Assessment Scheme for Clinical Parasitology in Korea (2017) Eun Jeong Won 1, Ji Seung Jung 1, Myung Geun Shin 2, Jong Hee Shin 2, and Soon Pal Suh 2 Departments of 1 Parasitology and Tropical Medicine and 2 Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea Corresponding author: Eun Jeong Won Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Donggu, Gwangju 61469, Korea Tel: Fax: Parasite.woni@jnu.ac.kr Annual proficiency surveys were conducted in March, May, and August of 2017 as the Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service. Overall, four image samples (MPI-17-01, MPI-17-02, MPI-17-03, MPI-17-04) in the first trial, three image samples (MPI-17-05, MPI-17-06, MPI-17-07) in the second trial, and a slide specimen (MPS-17-01) using parasite samples in the third trial were distributed to participating institutions. The first and second trial specimens were prepared by photographing slides made of formalinether concentrate of positive samples stored for educational purposes. The slide distributed in the third trial was prepared using cellophane tape, which was stored after diagnosis of the patients infected with Enterobius vermicularis. There were 191 participating institutions in the first, 204 in the second, and 212 in the third trial. The correct identification rates were 27.2% for MPI Diphyllobothrium species (sp.), 96.6% for MPI no parasite, 67.5% for MPI Metagonimus yokogawai, 71.2% for MPI Balantidium coli, 99.0% for MPI Taenia sp., 99.0% for MPI Trichuris trichiura, 92.7% for MPI Cryptosporidium sp., and 96.7% for MPS E. vermicularis. The current external quality assessment for clinical parasitology was performed using image samples and standard slides. Surveys of parasitic infections should be accompanied by continuous education on various parasitic infections, for which there was lack of experience of inspection in clinical laboratories. In the future, it will be necessary to establish a standard material using parasitic samples, and ultimately to conduct a survey on whole series of tests for the diagnosis of parasitic diseases. (J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:21-26) Key Words: Quality control, Parasitology pissn: eissn: 서론 대한임상검사정도관리협회에서는자발적인참여신청기관을대상으로임상기생충분야에서신빙도조사를제공하고있다. 대한임상검사정도관리협회임상미생물학분과를중심으로국내임상미생물검사실의수준이발전하는데따라모든항목들에대해종합적인신빙도조사프로그램을제공하는것을목표로지난 10년간모듈을확대해왔지만, 국제적인신빙도조사사업에비교하여다소미흡한점이있을수밖에없었다 [1-4]. 특히임상기생충분야는우수검사실신임인증평가항목중임상미생물에속해있지만, 대부분배양이되지않고, 이에따른표준물질의확보가매우어렵다는점, 약제감수성검사의필요성이낮다는점이다른임상미생물항목과는크게다르다. 현재국내임상검사실에서시행하는기생충검사는주로장내기생충에집중하여현미경을이용한대변검경법을이용하고있다 [5]. 국내장내기생충의유병률이감소함에따라그민감도는감소한반면, 현미경적진단법은관찰자에따라주관적이며, 검경경력에따른차이가발생할수있다는한계를갖고있다. 지금까지는국내에서활용가능한기생충관련표준물질의보급이어려워대변검경법에대한내부정도관리는미진한실정이며, 신빙도조사를통한외부정도관리역시이미지에의존할수밖에없는실정이었다 [5,6]. 이번 2017년신빙도조사의기생충검사프로그램에서는기존이미지뿐만아니라기생충시료를이용한슬라이드를제작하여배포하고이에대한검경능력을비교 분석하고자하였다. 또한 2017년신빙도조사의기생충검사프로그램결과를종합적으로분석하고, 질관리수 Copyright 2018 Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service 21
2 준, 문제점분석, 향상방안등을제시하고자하였다. 재료및방법 1. 신빙도조사방법 2017년신빙도조사사업은 3, 5, 8월에걸쳐 3회시행하였으며, 1차는 4개의이미지검체 (MPI-17-01, MPI-17-02, MPI , MPI-17-04), 2차는 3개의이미지검체 (MPI-17-05, MPI-17-06, MPI-17-07), 마지막 3차는기생충시료를이용한슬라이드검체 (MPS-17-01) 를참여기관에배부하였다. 1 차에는하단에가로사이즈마커를포함시킨이미지파일을각문항당 1개씩제작하여배포하였다. 2차에는하단에가로및세로사이즈마커를포함시킨이미지 1개와함께가상환자의임상적배경을제시하고이를 portable document format (PDF) 파일로배포하였다. 3차에는기생충충란이포함된슬라이드를 250여개제작하여각기관에배포하였다. 모든신청과결과입력, 결과판정등은대한임상검사정도관리협회홈페이지에구축된신빙도조사프로그램 ( 을이용하였다. 2. 관리물질 1차에는기생충양성소견 3개및음성소견 1개를, 2차에는기생충양성소견 3개를, 3차에는기생충양성소견 1개를포함시키고자하였다. 기생충은선충류, 흡충류, 조충류및원충류를다양하게포함시켜분배하였는데, 1차에는흡충류 1종 (ova of Metagonimus yokogawai), 조충류 1종 (ova of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense), 원충류 1종 (cyst of Balantidium coli) 을, 2차에는선충류 1종 (ova of Trichuris trichiura), 조충류 1종 (ova of Taenia saginata), 원충류 1종 (cyst of Cryptosporidium parvum) 을, 3차에는선충류 1종 (ova of Enterobius vermicularis) 을선별하였다. 이미지검체는교육용으로보관중인양성시료의포르말린-에테르농축액을이용하여제작한슬라이드를촬영하여제작하였다. 3차신빙도조사에배포한슬라이드는셀로판테이프법에서요충충란을확인하여요충증을진단한후보관중이던셀로판테이프를이용하여제작하였다. 제작한슬라이드는기생충충란검경에숙련된 2인이검경하여요충충란을확인한경우만선별하여표준슬라이드로배포하였다. 3. 결과판정및해석기생충동정은종수준까지맞는경우또는임상적으로속수준의동정이의미가있다면속수준까지맞는경우를 적절 (acceptable) 하다고판정하였다. 이기준에맞지않은답을하거나답하지않은경우 부적절 (unacceptable) 로판정하였다. 1차신빙도조사의경우이미지사이즈의오류로인한일부기관에서의오판독가능성이제기되어전체기관의결과값의일치도가 80% 에미달이면판정을보류하였다. 결과 2017년기생충검사신빙도조사결과는 Table 1에정리하였다. 참여기관은 1차에서 191기관, 2차에서 204기관, 3차에서 212 기관이었다. 1차의경우 MPI Diphyllobothrium species (sp.) 는 27.2%, 기생충이없었던 MPI-17-02는 96.6%, MPI Metagonimus yokogawai는 67.5%, MPI Balantidium coli는 71.2% 의정답률을보였다. 2차의경우 MPI Taenia sp. 는 99.0%, MPI Trichuris trichiura는 99.0%, MPI Cryptosporidium sp. 는 92.7% 의정답률을보였다. 3차의경우 MPS Enterobius vermicularis는 96.7% 의정답률을보였다. 결과보고서는공통보고서와기관별보고서두가지형태로제공하였는데, 공통보고서에는해당회차에포함된기생충진단에특징적인소견과배부한이미지를제공하였고, 기관별보고서에서는각기관의결과값과판정소견, 그리고전체기관에서응답한결과값의종류및수와분율을제공하였다 (Fig. 1). 고찰 기생충검사프로그램에서의신빙도조사사업은적절한표준물질의확보가어려운탓에확대되기어려운한계를가지고있어, 기생충충란이미지를이용한검경능력에대한비교 분석을수행해왔다 [4]. 이번 2017년 1차신빙도조사의경우각기생충진단을위한 ova 또는 cyst 이미지를 1개씩제공하였는데, 전산시스템에서구현되는과정에서이미지의가로길이가임의로축소되면서충란모양이왜곡되고사이즈마커가짧아지는현상이일부기관에서확인되었다. 모든기관에서동일한전산시스템의오류가확인되지는않았으나, 동일한조건이가정되어야하는신빙도조사사업의전제를감안하여전체기관의결과값일치도가 80% 에미달이었던기생충양성소견 3개에대해서는판정을보류하였다. 이후가로및세로사이즈마커를추가하고 PDF파일로형식을바꿔이미지검체의임의적인왜곡을방지하고자하였으며, 가상환자의임상적배경을추가로제시함으로써기생충동정에도움을주고자하였다. 이를통해 2차신빙도조사에서는 92.7%-99.0% 의높은정답률 22 J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:
3 Table 1. Performance of laboratories in microscopic examination of stools in clinical parasitology Trial no. Specimen no. No. of participants Organisms identified with acceptable accuracy No. (%) Organisms identified with unacceptable accuracy No. (%) Trial I MPI-17-01* 191 Diphyllobothrium sp. 52 (27.2) Subtotal 139 (72.8) Trichostrongylus 65 (34.0) Enterovirus vermicularis 36 (18.8) Ascaris sp. 17 (8.9) Metagonimus yokogawai 7 (3.7) Fasciola hepatica/fasciola buski 6 (3.1) Hookworm 4 (2.1) Paragonimus sp. 2 (1.0) Trichostrongylus orientalis 1 (0.5) Trichostrongylus sp. 1 (0.5) MPI No parasite observed 185 (96.9) Subtotal 6 (3.1) Schistosoma japonicum 2 (1.0) Enterovius vermicularis 1 (0.5) Chilomastix mesnili 1 (0.5) Diphyllobothrium sp. 1 (0.5) No response 1 (0.5) MPI-17-03* 191 Metagonimus yokogawai 129 (67.5) Subtotal 62 (32.5) Enterovius vermicularis 44 (23.0) Clonorchis sp. 12 (6.3) Diphyllobothrium sp. 1 (0.5) Fasciola hepatica/fasciola buski 1 (0.5) Giardia lamblia 1 (0.5) Hymenolepis nana 1 (0.5) No parasite observed 1 (0.5) Trichostrongylus 1 (0.5) MPI-17-04* 191 Balantidium coli 136 (71.2) Subtotal 55 (28.8) No parasite observed 51 (26.7) Clonorchis sp. 1 (0.5) Entamoeba histolytica/e. disper 1 (0.5) Giardia lamblia 1 (0.5) Taenia sp. 1 (0.5) Trial II MPI Taenia sp. 202 (99.0) Subtotal 2 (1.0) Ecchinococcus sp. 1 (0.5) Trichuris trichiura 1 (0.5) MPI Trichuris trichiura 202 (99.0) Subtotal 2 (1.0) Taenia sp. 1 (0.5) Trichomonas hominis 1 (0.5) MPI Cryptosporidium sp. 189 (92.7) Subtotal 15 (7.4) Entamoeba histolytica/e. disper 5 (2.5) Cystoisospora (Isospora) belli 3 (1.5) Endolimax nana 2 (1.0) Entamoeba coli 1 (0.5) Entamoeba hartmanni 1 (0.5) No parasite observed 3 (1.5) Trial III MPS Enterobius vermicularis 205 (96.7) No parasite observed 7 (3.3) Abbreviation: sp., species. *Excluded from evaluation because of low consensus. J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:
4 A B C Fig. 1. Summary report of clinical parasitology program. (A, B) Summary of all participants. (C) Summary of each laboratory. 을보여, 이미지검체를이용한적절한수준의신빙도조사가이뤄질수있었다고판단되었다. 하지만선충류및조충류충란에비해원충류인 Cryptosporidium sp. 는정답률이비교적낮고, 다양한오답을보였다. 이는국내검사실에서원충류에대한검경경험이상대적으로적기때문으로판단되었다. 실제국내임상검사실에서대변검사의내부정도관리현황을파악한연구결과에따르면, 대다수기관 (74.4%) 들이원충류진단을위한특수염색을시행하고있지않고있다고답변하였다 [5]. 원충류에대해서는현미경적진단법이상대적으로낮은민감도를보임은잘알려진사실이며 [7], 이를보완하기위해 ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) 법이나다양한중합효소연쇄반응을이용하는진단법이이용될수있지만, 무엇보다도특수염색이비용효과적이다 [5]. 무엇보다도설사환자에서원충류감염이의심되는경우에는원충류진단을위한특수염색을시행하는것이현재검사실실정에적합하리라 고판단된다. 이번 2017년 1차신빙도조사중 MPI Diphyllobothrium sp. 는 27.2% 로매우낮은정답률을보이면서 9개로다양한오답을제시하였는데, 이는이미지왜곡으로인한 systemic error만으로는설명하기어려웠다. 이는평소검사실에서접하기어려운광절열두조충증의경우검경경험의부족으로인한판독오류일가능성을시사하였다. 지난 2015년신빙도조사에서도검사실에서평소접할수있는편충란에대해서는높은정답률을보였지만, 분선충유충이나왜소조충란에대해서는낮은일치도를보여실제검사실에서다양한기생충증에대한검경경험의부족으로위양성또는위음성결과를보일수있음을시사한바있다 [4]. 러시아에서도대변검경검사에대한외부정도관리를가상슬라이드판독을이용하여시행하였을때, 원충류나크기가작은기생충충란에대한판독능력이검사실마다다양하고일치율이낮다고보고한바있다 24 J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:
5 [8]. 따라서기생충검사의신빙도조사는실제검사실에서접할수있는다양한기생충증에대한지속적인교육이동반되어야할것으로판단된다. 기생충충란의단일이미지를이용한신빙도조사로는검경자가실제적으로현미경을다루는영역까지는판단할수없는한계가있기때문에 3차신빙도조사에서는표준슬라이드를제조하여배포함으로써이를극복하고자하였다. 그결과 96.7% 의대다수기관에서표준슬라이드를이용한적절한검경능을가지고요충증을진단할수있음을확인하였다 년도 126기관에비해 배증가한참가기관수를감안하여향후일부기생충종류에따른수급여부에따라표준슬라이드뿐아니라가상슬라이드를이용한판독역시적용할수있으리라본다 [4,8]. 이번 2017년신빙도조사의기생충검사프로그램에서는이미지검체및표준슬라이드를통한외부정도관리를수행하였다. 현재는주로장내기생충을진단하기위한대변검경검사만을대상으로하고있지만, 향후혈액매개성기생충및조직침범기생충등다양한기생충질환의진단을위한신빙도조사가이뤄져야할것이다. 또한향후기생충시료를이용한표준물질을확보하여궁극적으로는기생충질환의진단을위한검사의일련과정을아우르는신빙도조사가이뤄져야할것이다. 감사의글 기생충양성시료확보를위해도움을주신한국건강관리협회채종일회장님께감사의말씀을전한다. REFERENCES 1. Jones RN, Glick T, Sader HS, Flamm RK, Ross JE, Rhomberg PR, et al. Educational antimicrobial susceptibility testing as a critical component of microbiology laboratory proficiency programs: American Proficiency Institute results for Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013;75: Snell JJ, Brown DF, Perry SF, George R. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of enterococci: results of a survey conducted by the United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Scheme for Microbiology. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993;32: Chaitram JM, Jevitt LA, Lary S, Tenover FC; WHO Antimicrobial Resistancce Group. The World Health Organization s External Quality Assurance System Proficiency Testing Program has improved the accuracy of antimicrobial susceptibility testing and reporting among participating laboratories using NCCLS methods. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41: Chang J, Kim MN, Kim EC, Shin JH, Lee NY, Kim S, et al. Annual report on the external quality assessment scheme for clinical microbiology in Korea (2015). J Lab Med Qual Assur 2016;38: Kwon YJ, Won EJ, Kee SJ, Kim SH, Shin MG, Shin JH, et al. Internal quality assurance status of stool examination as assessed by a questionnaire in Korean clinical laboratories. Lab Med Online 2018;8: Won EJ, Jung JS, Lee JH, Choi HJ, Kee SJ, Kim SH, et al. Detection of intestinal parasites in diarrhea samples using various diagnostic methods and evaluation of the stability of in-house quality control materials for stool examination. J Lab Med Qual Assur 2017;39: Jahan N, Khatoon R, Ahmad S. A comparison of microscopy and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of Giardia lamblia in human faecal specimens. J Clin Diagn Res 2014;8:DC Dovgalev AS, Astanina SY, Malakhov VN, Serdyuk AP, Imamkuliev KD, Gorbunova YP, et al. External quality assessment for the laboratory identification of the pathogens of parasitic diseases as an element for improving the postgraduate training of specialists. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 2016;(2): J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:
6 기생충검사신빙도조사결과보고 (2017) 원은정 1 정지승 1 신명근 2 신종희 2 서순팔 2 전남대학교의과대학 1 기생충학교실, 2 진단검사의학교실 대한임상검사정도관리협회신빙도조사중기생충검사프로그램은 2017 년 3 월, 5 월, 8 월에시행하였다. 1 차는 4 개의이미지검체 (MPI-17-01, MPI-17-02, MPI-17-03, MPI-17-04), 2 차는 3 개의이미지검체 (MPI-17-05, MPI-17-06, MPI-17-07), 마지막 3 차는기생충시료를이용한슬라이드검체 (MPS-17-01) 를참여기관에배부하였다. 1, 2 차의이미지검체는교육용으로보관중인양성시료의포르말린 - 에테르농축액을이용하여제작한슬라이드를촬영하여제작하였다. 3 차신빙도조사에배포한슬라이드는셀로판테이프법에서요충충란을확인하여요충증을진단한후보관중이던셀로판테이프를이용하여제작하였다 년기생충검사신빙도조사참여기관은 1 차에서 191 기관, 2 차에서 204 기관, 3 차에서 212 기관이었다. 1 차의경우 MPI Diphyllobothrium species (sp.) 는 27.2%, 기생충이없었던 MPI 는 96.6%, MPI Metagonimus yokogawai. 는 67.5%, MPI Balantidium coli 는 71.2% 의정답률을보였다. 2 차의경우 MPI Taenia sp. 는 99.0%, MPI Trichuris trichiura 는 99.0%, MPI Cryptosporidium sp. 는 92.7% 의정답률을보였다. 3 차의경우 MPS Enterobius vermicularis 는 96.7% 의정답률을보였다. 이번 2017 년신빙도조사의기생충검사프로그램에서는이미지검체및표준슬라이드를통한외부정도관리를수행하였다. 기생충검사의신빙도조사는실제검사실에서접할수있으나검경경험이적은경우다양한기생충증에대한지속적인교육이동반되어야할것으로판단된다. 향후기생충시료를이용한표준물질을확보하여궁극적으로는기생충질환의진단을위한검사의일련과정을아우르는신빙도조사가이뤄져야할것이다. (J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:21-26) 교신저자 : 원은정우 )61469 광주시동구백서로 160, 전남대학교의과대학기생충학교실 Tel: 061) , Fax: 061) , Parasite.woni@jnu.ac.kr 26 J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:
ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) BRIEF COMMUNICATION Korean J Parasitol Vol. 52, No. 2: , April
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