The Korean Journal of Pathology 2011; 45: 9-14 DOI: /KoreanJPathol 한국과미국에서의병리조직검사상대가치비교연구 황일선 강유나 권건영권선영 김상표 이상숙정혜라 최미선 계명대학교의과대학병리
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1 The Korean Journal of Pathology 2011; 45: 9-14 DOI: /KoreanJPathol 한국과미국에서의병리조직검사상대가치비교연구 황일선 강유나 권건영권선영 김상표 이상숙정혜라 최미선 계명대학교의과대학병리학교실 접수 : 2010년 8월 4일게재승인 : 2010년 10월 11일 책임저자 : 황일선우 대구광역시중구동산동 194 계명대학교의과대학병리학교실전화 : Fax: ilseon@dsmc.or.kr Comparative Study of Relative Value for Diagnostic Procedure of Surgical Pathology in Korea and United States Ilseon Hwang Yu Na Kang Kun Young Kwon Sun Young Kwon Sang Pyo Kim Sang Sook Lee Hye Ra Jung Mi Sun Choe Department of Pathology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea Background: Pathologic examination is a very important diagnostic procedure. It is the most important method to decide the therapeutic plan and to predict the prognosis of cancer patients. The Resource-Based Relative Value Scale (RBRVS) is a schema used to determine how much money medical providers should be paid. In Korea, a modified RBRVS has been used since the year Methods: We researched the July 2010 RBRVS for Korea and the US medicare. The individual Relative Evaluation Index (REI) is defined as the ratio of an individual RBRVS to the mean RBRVS. The REIs of pathologic examination in Korea and America were compared. Results: For an endoscopic biopsy specimen, the pathologic examination REI in Korea was 55.4% of the American REI. The Korean REI of a prostate biopsy (8 sites) was only 5.7% of the American REI. The Korean REI was 28.1% of the American REI for the hysterectomy for uterine myoma, and the Korean REI was 67.6% of the American REI for resection of stomach or colon cancer. Conclusions: The RBRVS of pathologic examination in Korea remains undervalued. Considering the importance of pathologic examination in medicine, the RBRVS in Korea should be increased. Key Words: Pathology, surgical; Relative Value Scales; Diagnostic techniques and procedures 병리조직검사란외과적수술혹은내시경검사등을통해얻어진조직을육안및현미경으로관찰하여질병을확진하는검사를말한다. 1,2 육안및현미경을이용하여조직을관찰하고질병을진단하기위해서는여러과정을거쳐야하는데, 그과정을간략히열거하면다음과같다. 먼저진단혹은치료목적으로얻어진조직을육안으로관찰한다. 이때정확한관찰을위해큰조직은얇게잘라서단면까지자세히관찰하고, 진단을위해필요한부위들을선정하여채취한다. 이렇게선정된조직들은고정, 탈수등의여러과정을거친후파라핀에넣어져서파라핀블록으로만들어지고, 만들어진조직파라핀블록은박편절단기 (microtome) 에의해매우얇게절편되어유리슬라이드에부착된다. 그리고조직이부착된유리슬라이드는헤마톡실린- 에오신 (hematoxylin & eosin) 을이용한염색과정과봉입과정을거치게되는데이모든과정을마친유리슬라이드는광학현미경을통해관찰이가능해진다. 이렇듯병리의사는광학현미경으로조직소견을관찰한후, 이미시행한육안조직검사소견과환자의임상정보까지고려하여질병을최종적으로진단하게된다. 이러한병리조직검사는질병을진 단하는여러과정중에서가장마지막에시행하는과정으로, 특히악성종양을포함한거의모든질병을확진하는데필수적인진단법이다. 지금까지오랜세월동안질병의진단을위해수많은영상의학적, 분자생물학적진단법들이개발되어시행되고있지만, 아직도현미경소견을기초로하는병리조직진단을대체할수있는검사법은존재하지않으므로, 환자의진단및치료에미치는병리조직검사의역할은매우크다고할수있다. 병리조직진단은질병을정확하게진단함으로써환자의치료방향및예후를결정한다. 즉, 내시경검사를통해얻어진아주작은일부조직만으로도암종의유무를판별할수있으며, 악성종양의조직학적인분화도및정확한병기등을결정할수있다. 그리고이렇게내려진진단은향후환자의예후를결정하는데중요한역할을한다. 또한최근새로운항암치료로각광받고있는단클론항체를이용한표적치료 (targeted therapy) 는유방암, 대장암, 악성림프종, 폐암등의치료에혁신을가져왔는데, 이러한표적치료를위해서는병리조직검사등이반드시시행되어야한다. 3-5 단클론항체를이용한 9
2 10 황일선 강유나 권건영외 5 인 표적치료는고가의치료로서치료반응에대한예측이필수적이기때문에암종에대한면역조직화학염색이나형광제자리부합법 (fluorescence in situ hybridization) 등의검사가필요하고, 이를위해서는반드시정확한병리조직검사가선행되어야하기때문이다. 6 한편상대가치점수제도는의료행위별금액으로표시되어있던의료수가를요양급여에소요되는업무량과자원의양및위험도를고려하여, 요양급여의가치를각의료행위에대한상대적점수로나타낸것으로미국의 Hsiao 등 7,8 이처음으로개발하였다. 각의료행위에대한요양급여수가는행위별상대가치점수에점수당단가 ( 환산지수 ) 를곱하여산정하게되는데, 행위별상대가치점수는일정하게유지하면서점수당단가를매년물가상승률등을고려하여책정하고, 이를곱하여요양급여수가를산정하게된다. 이러한체계는의료행위별금액으로산정하던기존의방식에비해서는매우합리적인방식으로생각되나, 이미정해진상대가치점수를고정시킨채운영함으로써처음에잘못책정된상대가치점수가바뀌지않아부적절한채로계속지속될우려가있다. 특히오래전부터해오던의료행위이면서몇십년간그방법의변화가없었던경우는그행위의가치에비해서낮은상대가치점수가책정될우려가있는데, 병리조직검사가이에해당한다. 이에우리는질병의진단및치료의선택에결정적인역할을하는병리조직검사의상대가치점수를재평가하여개선점을찾고자한다. 재료및방법 한국의의료행위별수가를비교하기위하여상대가치점수표 (2010 건강보험행위급여 비급여목록표및급여상대가치점수 ) 를이용하였는데, 이는 2010년 7월 1일부터보건복지부고시제 에의해적용되고있다. 9,10 이상대가치점수표에나와있는항목중미국의의료행위와비교하기에적절하지않은항목인한방검사료, 한방시술및처치료, 한방전신요법료, 약국약제비, 입원환자식대등은제외하였고, 이들을제외한항목들은모두 4,912 개의항목으로평균상대가치점수는 2, 였다. 미국의의료행위별수가를비교하기위하여 American Medical Association (AMA) 홈페이지중 Medicare Resource-Based Relative Value Scale: the physicians guide를참조하였으며, 이웹페이지에첨부되어있는 2010 Relative Value Units-Effective June 1, 2010 through November 30, 2010 및 2010년개정판 CPT 코드표 (AMA) 를이용하였다. 11,12 이들항목중수가가책정되어있지않은항목은제외하였는데, 병리조직검사와관련된항목은 197, 198페이지에기술되어있다. 여기에나와있는의료행위항목은모두 8,780 개의항목이며, 상대가치 (total non facility relative value units) 의평균은직접계산하였고그값은 였다. 그리고각각의의료행위별수가 ( 상대가치점수 ) 를전체의료행위의평균수가 ( 상대가치점수 ) 에대한비율에 10을곱한것을의료행위별상대평가지수 (Relative Evaluation Index) 라정의하였으며그 산출은다음과같다. 행위별상대가치점수의료행위별상대평가지수 = 10 의료행위의평균상대가치점수 예를들어한국의경우, 내시경조직검사 (1 개 ) 의상대평가지수는 1 개의생검조직검사에대한상대가치점수인 를평균상대가 치점수인 2, 로나눈후 10 을곱한 이된다. 그리고미국 의내시경조직검사 (1 개 ) 상대평가지수는미국의조직검사에대한 상대가치점수인 2.81 을평균상대가치점수인 로나눈후 10 을 곱한 이된다. 한국의병리조직검사의경우는생검조직의수, 조직의절편유 무, 악성종양의수술여부, 림프절청소유무그리고블록의수등 에의해서상대가치점수가분류되는반면, 미국의병리조직검사는 생검혹은수술조직의진단난이도에의해서그수가가결정되는 점이다르며, 한국과미국의병리조직검사의항목은 Tables 1, 2 와 같다. 13 한국의내시경조직검사 상대평가지수 (1 개 ) 미국의내시경조직검사 상대평가지수 (1 개 ) = 10 = , = 10 = 이렇게상대가치점수의항목기준이서로다르므로전체적인병 리조직검사에대한비교가불가능하여우리는개별병리조직검사 중빈도가높거나병리조직진단이임상의료에미치는영향이크다 고생각되는검사들을우선으로한국과미국의행위별상대평가지 Table 1. Resource-Based Relative Values of histopathologic examinations in Korea Code Classification RVU Biopsy C pieces C pieces C pieces C pieces C5915 More than 13 pieces Resected specimen requiring gross sectioning C5916 No. of paraffin blocks C5919 No. of paraffin blocks R esected specimen for malignant tumor requiring gross sectioning With lymph node resection C5918 No. of paraffin blocks 20 1, C5918 No. of paraffin blocks 21 1, Without lymph node resection C5500 No. of paraffin blocks C5504 No. of paraffin blocks 16 1, Histopathologic mapping of tumor C5505 With lymph node resection 1, C5508 Without lymph node resection 1, RVU, relative value units.
3 Relative Value of Pathologic Examination in Korea 11 Table 2. Anatomic pathology consultative activities in the USA Level Individual consultative procedures CPT code TNF RVUs 1 Gross only examination (If pathologist deems that microscopic examination required, the specimen is not classified here) Confirmation of normality by gross and microscopic examination of small specimens Confirmation of common degenerative, inflammatory, and common benign conditions Small specimens for diagnosis, including all endoscopic biopsy specimens and small organs removed for benign conditions Complex biopsy specimens or small whole organs, including specimens from specialized biopsies and excisions Large complex organ requiring extensive gross dissection and microscopic assessment CPT, current procedural terminology; TNF RVUs, total non facility relative value units USA Korea USA Korea Endoscopic biopsy (1 site) Endoscopic biopsy (3 site) Needle biopsy of solid organ (1 site) A 0 Hysterectomy for uterine myoma Gastrectomy or resection of cancer B Fig. 1. (A) Pathologic examination Relative Evaluation Index (REI) of Korea as compared with the pathologic examination REI of the USA for small specimens. (B) Pathologic examination REI of Korea as compared with the REI of USA for large specimens. 수를비교하였다. 비교할병리조직검사들은가장높은빈도를보이는위혹은대장내시경생검조직과병리조직진단의난이도가높은간, 폐, 신장, 전립선등고형장기의생검조직, 그리고발생빈도가매우높은자궁근종에의한자궁적출술조직및위암또는대장암등에의한위및대장의절제조직으로하였다. 내시경생검조직은여러부위를생검하는경우도흔하게발생하므로 1부위를생검하는경우와 3부위를생검하는경우로나누어서비교하였고, 고형장기중에서최근지속적으로증가하고있는전립선생검의경우는보통 8부위를채취하므로 8부위생검을기준으로산출하였다. 또보다정확한비교를위해병리조직검사이외의다른의료행위에대한한국과미국의상대평가지수산출이필요하였는데, 병리조직검사처럼대부분의검사분류체계가한국과미국이매우다르므로비교적분류체계가비슷한단백분획측정 ( 혈청및요 ), 혈소판응집능검사 (platelet aggregation test), 흉부컴퓨터단층촬영 (chest computed tomography), 그리고뇌자기공명영상 (brain magnetic resonance imaging) 에대한상대평가지수를산출하여비교하였다. 결과 위혹은대장내시경을이용한 1부위생검조직의병리조직검사에서미국의상대평가지수는 1.86인반면한국은 1.03이었는데, 이는미국의 55.4% 수준이었다. 또내시경으로 3부위의생검조직에 Table 3. Relative Evaluation Index (REI) of pathologic examinations in Korea and the USA Pathologic examination 대한병리조직검사를시행했을때미국의상대평가지수는 5.58 로 증가하였지만, 한국의상대평가지수는여전히 1.03 으로미국의 18.5% 밖에되지않았다. REI of Korea (A) 고형장기인간, 신장, 폐등의생검조직의병리진단은높은난이 도의전문성을요하는것으로미국의상대평가지수는 3.82 로내시 경조직의병리진단에비하여증가하였지만, 한국의경우는생검 수에의존하므로내시경조직의병리진단과같은 1.03 에그쳤고, 이 는미국의 27.0% 수준에해당하는것이다 (Fig. 1A). REI of USA (B) A/B Endoscopic or colonoscopic biopsy (1 site) Endoscopic or colonoscopic biopsy (3 sites) Solid organ needle biopsy (1 site) Prostate needle biopsy (8 sites) Hysterectomy for uterine myoma Resection for stomach or colon cancer (No. of paraffin blocks 20) 특히고형장기중에서도전립선조직의생검은최소 8 부위이상 을시행해야하는데, 8 부위시행을기준으로할때미국의상대평 가지수는 인반면한국은 1.75 로서미국의 5.7% 밖에되지않 았다. 또한가장흔한양성종양인여성의자궁근종 ( 자궁적출술을 시행한검체 ) 을진단하는경우, 미국의상대평가지수는 5.81 인반 면한국은 1.63 으로미국의 28.1% 수준이었고, 위혹은대장암으로
4 12 황일선 강유나 권건영외 5 인 Table 4. Comparison of the Relative Evaluation Index (REI) in Korea and the USA Code (Korea/USA) Description REI of Korea (A) REI of USA (B) A/B B3000/84165 Protein e-phoresis (serum) B3100/84166 Protein e-phoresis (urine) B1641/85576 Platelet aggregation test HA424/72128 CT chest spine w/o dye HA464/72130 CT chest spine w/o & w/dye HE101/70551 MRI brain w/o dye HE201/70553 MRI brain w/o & w/dye w/o dye, without dye; w/dye, with dye; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging. 절제술을시행하는경우 ( 블록 20개이하 ) 에도미국의상대평가지수는 5.81인반면한국은 3.93 으로미국의 67.6% 에해당하였다 (Table 3, Fig. 1B). 병리조직검사이외의검사들중에서비교가용이한검사들의상대평가지수들은다음과같다. 혈청단백분획측정 (serum protein electrophoresis) 에서한국의상대평가지수는 0.42, 미국의상대평가지수는 0.34로한국이조금높았으며, 뇨단백분획측정에있어서도한국이 0.45, 미국이 0.34로역시한국이조금높았다. 혈소판응집능검사의경우는한국의상대평가지수가 0.47, 미국이 0.35 로한국이조금높았으며, 흉부컴퓨터단층촬영중조영제를사용하지않는경우에는한국의상대평가지수가 5.36이었고, 미국은 로미국이조금낮았다. 그러나조영제를사용한흉부컴퓨터단층촬영에서는한국의상대평가지수가 6.40, 미국이 로비슷한수치를보였으며, 조영제를사용하지않은뇌자기공명영상의경우는한국의상대평가지수가 12.57, 미국의상대평가지수가 으로한국의상대평가지수가높게나타났고, 조영제를사용한경우도한국이 16.34, 미국이 로역시한국의상대평가지수가조금높게나타났다 (Table 4). 병리조직검사를비롯한여러검사들에대한한국의상대평가지수를미국의상대평가지수에대한비율로계산하였을때, 병리조직검사는 정도밖에되지않았으나, 단백분획측정은 , 컴퓨터단층촬영은 , 자기공명영상은 로나타났다. 고찰 어떤특정의료행위에대한상대적수가비율은특정의료행위의가치가다른의료행위들에비하여어느정도수준의가치를가지는가를나타내는데사용될수있다. 하지만국가별로의료행위를분류하는기준및수가체계가다르므로특정의료행위에대한상대적수가비율의산정에어려움이많다. 의료행위별상대평가지수는국가간의료행위의상대적가치를비교, 분석하기위한것으로, 전체상대가치점수평균에대한특정의료행위의상대가치점수의비율을점수화한것이며, 이를이용하면여러다른의료체계간에서특정의료행위에대한상대가치를측정하고비교할수있다. 하 지만의료행위별상대평가지수는전체의료행위수가의평균이여러요인에의하여왜곡될여지가있기때문에개별의료행위의상대적가치를측정하는절대적인기준이되기에는부족한면이없지않다. 만약기준이되는절대적인의료행위가있다면, 그행위에대한상대수가비를측정함으로써, 특정의료행위의상대적가치를비교할수있겠으나, 그러한절대적의료행위를정하는것은불가능하므로평균수가를이용하는상대평가지수를이용하는것이적당할것으로생각된다. 병리조직검사는과거부터지금까지각종질환을확진하는데있어가장중요한검사로다른진단기법들과는달리병리의사이외에는판독이거의불가능한독특한전문성을가진다. 특히환자에게서적출한조직절편의현미경관찰을통해서암을포함한다양한질병을진단하는일은다년간훈련을받고풍부한경험을가진병리의사만이할수있는독특한분야이다. 14 이렇게의료계내에서도모두가인정하는, 특수한전문성을가지는병리조직검사의가치는당연히높게평가되어야하며, 수가에도반드시반영되어야한다. 하지만한국의병리조직검사의수가는이러한사실을제대로반영하지못하여매우낮게책정되어있는데, 이는상대평가지수를이용하여미국의병리조직검사의수가와비교하면확실히알수있다. 특히진단이어려운고형장기의생검조직이나여러부위의생검조직을각각진단하는경우, 한국의상대평가지수는미국의절반에도미치지못하는등그차이가확연히드러난다. 미국에서분류하는상대가치점수체계에서병리조직검사는난이도별로여러단계로나뉘는데반해한국의상대가치점수체계는생검조직의개수나조직의절편유무, 블록의개수등에의존하는등병리조직검사의난이도와는무관하다. 9,15 특히병리조직검사는질환을진단하는마지막단계인최종진단법으로이에대한부담감이막중한데, 병리조직검사의진단결과는환자의전체치료방향, 즉환자의생명과직결되는경우가많으며, 진단난이도가높은조직의경우정확한진단에대한병리의사의부담감이더욱증가하게된다. 따라서병리조직검사의진단난이도는병리조직검사의상대가치결정에매우중요한요소로생각되므로반드시병리조직검사의상대가치점수에반영되어야한다. 하지만한국의현수가체계는환자에게먼저처방하고추후진단이되는체계이기때문에진단난이도에따른처방변경을발생시킬수없다. 그러므로병리조직검사의가치를반영함에있어서
5 Relative Value of Pathologic Examination in Korea 13 매우중요한요소중하나인진단난이도가병리조직검사의상대가치점수에반영되지않는다. 또한채취된조직부위에따라각각의병리진단이이루어지는경우, 미국의상대가치체계에서는각각의부위에대하여수가가결정되지만한국의경우는각각의병리진단이이루어짐에도불구하고 1-3개, 4-6개, 7-10 개, 11개이상등으로상대가치점수가책정되어있어서매우불합리하다. 특히통상적으로 8부위를검사하는전립선조직검사의상대평가지수를비교해보면한국의상대평가지수는미국의 6% 정도수준밖에되지않는다. 이와같이한국병리조직검사의상대가치점수는진단난이도가전혀고려되지않았을뿐더러조직개수에대해서도매우불합리하게책정되어있으므로이에대한상향조정이반드시필요하다. 한국의병리조직검사수가는이미예전부터매우낮게평가되어왔다. 16 이러한병리수가의저평가로인해 2008년 65.5%, 2009년 47.6%, 2010 년 61.0% 의낮은전공의지원율을보여왔으며, 2007년 14.6%, 2008년 19.6%, 2009년에는 20.0% 에이르는높은전공의수련포기율을보이고있다. 17,18 또한병리조직검사의상대가치점수가인하된 2010 년 7월이후에는중도에포기하는전공의가늘어나고있고, 2010 년후반기병리과전공의모집에는한명도지원하지않는등심각한문제들을야기하고있다. 19,20 이러한문제들은결국병리전문의의부족을야기하게되고, 이는병리진단의오진위험성을높이는결과를낳는다. 21,22 따라서병리조직검사상대가치점수의상향조정으로병리조직검사에대한합리적인상대가치점수를부여하는것은비인기과인병리과의전공의수급문제와병리전문의부족현상을해결하기위한매우기본적인방안이다. 16,23 또한병리전공의및병리전문의수급문제의해결은정확한진단, 특히암에대한정확하고자세한진단을이끌어내게될것이며, 이는환자의치료방침에대한보다정확한제시가가능해짐은물론불필요한치료에대한배제를통한의료비절감을가져올것이다. 21 병리학은질병의원인과기전, 경과등을연구하는학문으로서질병의진단을통해환자치료의방향을제시하는등의학에있어매우중요한분야이며, 기초의학및임상의학에미치는영향또한막대하다. 이렇게의학적으로중요한병리학의발전없이의학의발전이있기란불가능한일이며, 한국의의학이세계적인의학으로발돋움하기위해서는병리학의발전이필수적이다. 24 결론적으로병리학의발전을위해서는우수한병리전문의확보가선행되어야하며, 이를위해서는병리조직검사비의정상화, 즉병리조직검사상대가치점수의상향조정이반드시필요하다. 병리조직검사상대가치의정상화는병리학의발전및한국의학의발전을가져올것이며, 의료선진화의초석이될것이다. 참고문헌 1. The Korean Society of Pathologists. Textbook of pathology. 7th ed. Seoul: Komoonsa, Devision of Kyungpook, The Korean Society of Pathologists. Essential pathology. 4th ed. Seoul: Jungmunkag, 2008; Stintzing S, Heinemann V, Moosmann N, Hiddemann W, Jung A, Kirchner T. The treatment of colorectal carcinoma with monoclonal antibodies: the importance of KRAS mutation analysis and EGFR status. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009; 106: Normanno N, Morabito A, De Luca A, et al. Target-based therapies in breast cancer: current status and future perspectives. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009; 16: Morris JC, Waldmann TA. Antibody-based therapy of leukaemia. Expert Rev Mol Med 2009; 11: e Kurosumi M. Recent trends of HER-2 testing and trastuzumab therapy for breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2009; 16: Hsiao WC, Braun P, Kelly NL, Becker ER. Results, potential effects, and implementation issues of the Resource-Based Relative Value Scale. JAMA 1988; 260: Hsiao WC, Braun P, Yntema D, Becker ER. Estimating physicians work for a resource-based relative-value scale. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: Korean Hospital Association. Cost of health insurance reimbursement. Seoul: Korean Hospital Association, 2010; Health insurance act payroll uninsured table and relative value score of salary, notice [Internet]. Seoul: Ministry of Health and Welfare; [cited 2010 Jul 10]. Available from: go.kr/front/jb/sjb0402vw.jsp?par_menu_id=03&menu_id= &page=1&board_id=2010&board_flag=&cont_seq= &SEARCHKEY=&SEARCHVALUE=&SEARCH_FLAG= &SCH_SILKUK_ID=&SCH_DEPT_ID=. 11. CMS correction notices [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c [cited 2010 Aug 12]. Available from: Medicare RBRVS: the physicians guide [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c [cited 2010 Jul 10]. Available from: the-physicians-guide.shtml. 13. Maung RT. What is the best indicator to determine anatomic pathology workload? Canadian experience. Am J Clin Pathol 2005; 123: KO SJ. Bokjibu, byeongrijojik-yeongsangsuga inha chujin [Ministry of Health and Welfare, promoting reduced price of histopathologic examination and imaging studies]. Doctor s News May Seo JW, Jang SJ, Kim MS, Kang CS, Han WS. History of reimbursement system for routine histopathology services by the National
6 14 황일선 강유나 권건영외 5 인 Health Insurance in Korea. Basic Appl Pathol 2009; 2: Byeongrigwa jeongongui suryeonpogi simgak [Serious problem of pathology residency waiver]. Doctors Times Nov nyeondo jeongongui, jeongsingwa jiwonyul 1wi [2009 Residency, psychiatry applicants 176.4% ranking top]. BK Times Dec Lee HS. Oegwa 47.5% hyungbuoegwa 39.5% jiwon [Surgery 47.5%, thoracic surgery 39.5% application]. Doctor s News Dec Hong MH. Gangje sugainha danghan jeongongui jiwonyul [Compulsory cuts of histopathologic examination: zero residency applicants]. Medipana News Aug Hong MH. Byeongrigwa suga inha hu jeongongui 11myeong jungdo pogi [Reduced price of histopathologic examination: eleven residents abandon]. Medipana News Jul Lee HS. Byeongrigwa jeonmunui bujoksimgak ojinwiheom gyeonggo [Serious lack of pathologist: the danger of misdiagnosis]. Doctor s News Oct Ojinwigi jikmyeonhan urinara byeongwonui byeongrigeomsa [Misdiagnosed the crisis facing the Korea hospitals]. Doctors Times Oct Yoon HK, Diwa MH, Lee YS, et al. How overworked are pathologists? An assessment of cases for histopathology and cytopathology services. Basic Appl Pathol 2009; 2: Yoo KM. Byeongrihak baljeonopi uihakbaljeoneopeo [No medical development without pathologic development]. Doctors Times May 20.
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