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1 Journal of The Korean Society of Physical Medicine, 2013; 8(3): Online ISSN: Print ISSN: X Research Article Open Access 열린사슬운동및닫힌사슬운동에서위팔굽힘각도에따른앞톱니근의근활성도비교 문성종 김택훈 1 노정석 1 한서대학교대학원물리치료학과, 1 한서대학교물리치료학과 A Comparison of the Serratus Anterior Muscle Activity according to the Shoulder Flexion Angles in a Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise and an Open Kinetic Chain Exercise Sung-Jong Moon, PT, MS, Tack-Hoon Kim, PT, PhD 1, Jung-Suk Roh, PT, PhD 1 Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Hanseo University, 1 Department of Physical Therapy, Hanseo University Received: April 25, 2013 / Revised: June 28, 2013 / Accepted: July 5, 2013 c 2013 Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of present study was to ascertain how the activity of the serratus anterior muscle, the upper trapezius muscle and the pectoral major muscle was affected while the upper arm was being flexed at 70, 90 and 110 degrees respectively in a closed kinetic chain exercise (wall push up plus) and an open kinetic chain exercise (static hug). METHODS: Sixteen healthy young men subjects participated in the study. Surface electromyography (EMG) data were collected from the dominant-side muscles during a closed kinetic chain exercise and an open kinetic chain exercise. The activity of each muscle was measured quantitatively, and by the use of the two-way repeated ANOVA, the data were compared with each other according to exercises and shoulder flexion angles. RESULTS: Results indicated that the closed kinetic chain exercise did not interact with the open kinetic chain exercise (p>.05). In both the closed kinetic chain exercise and the open kinetic chain exercise, the activity of the serratus anterior muscle became different significantly according to angles (p<.05). Its activity increased in order of 70, 90 and 110 degrees (p<.05). In both exercises and all angles, muscle activity was significantly higher in the serratus anterior muscle than in the upper trapezius muscle and the pectoral major muscle (p<.05). CONCLUSION: The above results show that there is a need to selectively control the exercise stress of the serratus anterior muscle in the case of the patients with the shoulder impingement syndrome characterized by the winged scapula, insufficient scapular protraction and upward rotation. Key Words: Surface electromyography, Closed kinetic chain exercise, Open kinetic chain exercise, Serratus anterior muscle Ⅰ. 서론 Corresponding Author : tack@hanseo.ac.kr 어깨관절병리상태와비정상적인어깨뼈움직임은
2 370 대한물리의학회지제 8 권제 3 호 견갑흉곽근육들의전반적인약화보다는근활성도의불균형과연관이있다 (Sahrmann, 2002). 어깨뼈가정상기능을하기위해서는흉추와어깨뼈에부착되어있는근육들의정상적인근력, 동원패턴 (recruitment pattern) 과근육의길이가중요하다. 견흉갑근육 (scapulothoracic musculature) 은어깨뼈의운동에중요한기능을하며, 위팔어깨관절에비정상적인스트레스를최소화하기위하여위팔뼈와최적의관계를유지해야한다 (Sahrmann, 2002). 그러므로등세모근위섬유 / 앞톱니근의불균형이존재하는환자들에게견갑흉곽근육들의전반적인활동을유발하는운동보다는두근육사이힘의불균형을감소시키기위한등세모근위섬유의활성을최소로유지하며선택적으로앞톱니근을강화시킬수있는운동이필요하다. 전통적인상지재활프로그램은근력강화를위한열린사슬운동의사용에집중되고있다 (Davies와 Dickoff-Hoffman, 1993; Jackson, 1995; Lephart, 1995; Stone 등, 1993; Tippett 등, 1992). 열린사슬운동은사지의원위부에서자유롭게움직이고근위부에서는고정된상태에서운동을시행하는방법으로관절가동범위가제한된환자의근력강화를위해중요한역할을한다 (Kim, 2007; Jang, 2003). 보다최근에는저자들이상지재활을위해닫힌사슬운동을이용하고있다 (Hardwick 등, 2006; Stone 등, 1993; Tippett 등, 1992; Davies와 Dickoff-Hoffman, 1993; Jackson, 1995; Lephart, 1995). 닫힌사슬운동은사지의원위부는고정되어있는상태에서근위부와원위부에서저항을동시에적용할때일어나는운동으로 (Prentice 등, 2005), 동적인근육의안정성을위한동시수축으로원심성수축이우세하며, 관절압박력으로전단력을감소시켜관절의안정성을주고, 기계적수용기는관절낭의압력변화에민감하게반응하여고유수용성감각을촉진한다. 또한닫힌사슬운동은근력강화의주요프로그램으로길항근이서로원심성으로작용하여손상된관절의안정성에많은영향을준다 (Iwasaki 등, 2006). 푸쉬업플러스운동은대상자가주관절이폄되었을때최대로어깨뼈를내밈시켜일반적인푸쉬업운동을 수정한것이다. 이운동이등세모근아래섬유활성과함께결합하여높은앞톱니근의활성을이끌어내기때문에푸쉬업플러스운동은어깨재활프로그램으로사용되고있다. 벽푸쉬업플러스운동은앞톱니근강화에초점을둔다른운동들만큼높은수준의앞톱니근활성을이끌어내는것으로알려져있고 (Decker 등, 1999; Hardwick 등, 2006; Ludewig 등, 2004), 벽푸쉬업플러스운동은상지재활을위해활용되는많은닫힌사슬운동중한가지이다. 또한정적껴안기 (static hug) 는그동안흔히사용되어왔던바닥에어깨뼈가고정될위험이존재하는프레스업 (press-up) 에비해어깨뼈를자유롭게하고어깨관절굽힘을제한시키지않는열린사슬운동이다. Ellenbecker와 Davies (2001) 는앞톱니근의훈련및어깨뼈안정협동근 (scapular stabilizing synergist) 을위한효과적인닫힌사슬운동으로푸시업플러스를추천하였다. Ludewig(2004) 는다양한푸시업플러스자세에서앞톱니근과등세모근위섬유의근활성도구성비를연구하였는데, 앞톱니근의활성도에따라서재활과정의초기에는벽에서푸시업플러스운동그리고순차적으로팔꿈치푸시업플러스, 네발기기자세푸시업플러스운동그리고마지막에일반적인푸시업플러스운동을추천하였다. Hardwick 등 (2006) 은어깨뼈평면거상 (scapular plane shoulder elevation) 과벽슬라이드 (wall slide) 운동을실시하였을때 90, 120, 140 각도에서앞톱니근의근활성도를보고벽슬라이드운동의효과를다른운동과비교하였으나앞톱니근의주기능인어깨뼈내밈 (protraction) 과위쪽돌림 (upward rotation) 시어깨에가해지는무게는통제하지않았다. Weon 등 (2009) 이전방머리자세 (forward head posture) 를중립머리자세 (neutral head position) 와비교하여앉은자세로 2kg 덤벨을들고등척성위팔굽힘을각 30, 60, 90, 120 에서실시했을때어깨뼈상방회전근들 ( 앞톱니근, 등세모근위섬유, 등세모근아래섬유 ) 의근활성도를조사연구하였으나비정상적인머리위치가어깨뼈상방회전근들에어떤영향을주는지를보는연구였고앞톱니근의운동에초점을둔연구는아니었다. Decker 등 (1999)
3 열린사슬운동및닫힌사슬운동에서위팔굽힘각도에따른앞톱니근의근활성도비교 371 은선택적인재활운동들 (push-up plus, knee push-up plus, press-up, shoulder exten sion, serratus anterior punch, forward punch, scaption, dynamic hug) 을 90 이하에서실시하는동안앞톱니근의근활동성을비교하여어깨재활운동의프로토콜을제시하였다. 이연구에서닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동들이포함되지만목적이그두가지방법의효과적인근활성도를보는것은아니었다. 아직까지하지에비해상지의닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동에서앞톱니근의근활성도평균값차이를알아보는것과이에따른앞톱니근에중점을둔효과적인운동프로토콜의연구는아직부족한현실이다. 본연구는닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동을시행했을때위팔굽힘각도 (70, 90, 110 ) 에따라등세모근위섬유, 큰가슴근, 그리고앞톱니근의근활성도가어떠한차이를보이는지연구하고자한다. 연구의가설은어깨에실리는무게를일정하게통제한다면앞톱니근의근활성도가닫힌사슬운동보다열린사슬운동에서더높을것이고위팔굽힘각도가증가할수록앞톱니근의근활성도가증가될것이라고정하였다. Ⅱ. 연구방법 1. 연구대상본연구는연구목적과방법에대하여충분한설명을들은후본실험에참여할것을동의한건강한성인남성 16명을대상으로실시하였다. 실험대상자에게만 약상지신경긴장검사에서신경긴장증상이보이거나, 경추및흉추에서근원적으로발현되었거나, 양성부하혹은이동검사에의한일반적인견갑위팔관절불안정성, 견봉쇄관절의탈구로인한양성계단변형 (Ellenbecker, 2001) 혹은전반적으로회선근개약화된사람은제외시켰다. 연구대상자는한서대학교에재학중인대학생으로하였고어깨관절통증, 손상혹은불안정이없고어깨관절에운동범위제한이없는학생으로하였다. 2. 실험기기및도구 1) 표면근전도신호수집및처리각 3개근육들에대해각세트의양극기록전극은표면근전도기 (MP100A-CE, BIOPAC System Inc., CA. USA) 에연결하였다. 전극은지름이 1 cm, 전극간간격이 2 cm인이극표면전극 (TSD 150B, BIOPAC System Inc., CA. USA) 을우세측 (dominant) 근육에부착하여사용하였고, 표본수집률은 1024Hz이었으며잡음을제거하기위해 60 Hz대역정지필터 (band stop filter) 와 10~ 500Hz대역통과필터 (band pass filter) 를사용하였다. 2) 작업대디자인및작업자세닫힌사슬운동 ( 벽푸쉬업플러스 ) 에서세가지근육 ( 등세모근위섬유, 큰가슴근, 앞톱니근 ) 의근활성도를실험하기위해벽을마주보고선자세에서약간무릎을구부리고어깨높이정도의벽에높이조절이가능하도 Fig 1. Closed kinetic chain exercise 90 Fig 2. Open kinetic chain exercise 90
4 372 대한물리의학회지제 8 권제 3 호 록줄에고정하여기계식저울을위치하였다 (Fig. 1). 그리고열린사슬운동 ( 정적껴안기 ) 에서세가지근육의근활성도를알아보기위해대상자의시선은정면으로하고허리는반듯하게펴고마지막으로밴드에연결된매달림저울의손잡이를팔꿈치폄상태에서양측손에고정하였다 (Fig 2). 저울은닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동시좌우어깨에실리는무게를통제하고좌우균형유지를위해양측에사용되었다. 각도제어거울은닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동시위팔굽힘각도를고정하기위하여제작되었다. 3. 실험방법 1) 근전도전극및표식자부착본실험에서근활성도측정을위해닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동시어깨뼈의조절에기여하는등세모근위섬유, 큰가슴근그리고앞톱니근을측정하였으며어깨관절이시상면에서 70, 90, 110 로유지할때각각분리하여자료를수집하였다. 이극표면근전도전극을등세모근위섬유, 큰가슴근그리고앞톱니근하부섬유에부착하였다. 등세모근위섬유의전극은등세모근선을따라봉우리돌기후부끝과 7경추극돌기사이중앙에위치시켰고, 큰가슴근의전극은겨드랑이주름에서내측 2 cm부위, 앞톱니근의전극은 5, 6번째갈비뼈높이의겨드랑이중심선에서넓은등근앞부위에위치시켰다. 접지전극은빗장뼈에위치시켰다. 표면근전도신호에대한피부저항을감소시키기위하여부착부위의털은면도기를사용하여제거한후, 가는사포로 3 4회문질러피부각질층을제거하고, 소독용알코올로유분을닦은후에소량의전해질젤을바른표면전극을피부에부착하였다. 2) 실험설계실험은닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동두가지방법으로실시되었으며등세모근위섬유, 큰가슴근, 그리고앞톱니근의근활성도를위팔굽힘각도 70, 90, 110 에서알아보았다. 실험에들어가기전대상자들의이해를돕기위해각각도별로어깨뼈내밈방법에대한예비연 습을 5분간실시하였다. 닫힌사슬운동을이용한실험을위해실험대상자는벽을마주하고선자세로무릎을약간구부린자세에서정면팔길이정도거리의벽에저울을두었다. 이때대상자에게최대로등을뒤로밀어 (plus up) 어깨뼈가내밈되도록한후 5초간유지하도록하였고측정동안대상자는직접눈으로저울의눈금을확인하며무게를 2 kg으로통제하고좌우균형을유지하도록하였다. 각각의수행사이에는 1분간의휴식을주었다. 머리의위치혹은움직임에의해야기될수있는등세모근위섬유의근활성의변화를피하기위해, 실험중자세교정막대를사용하여실험대상자가검사중에목이폄되지않도록턱을당기고머리, 등, 엉덩이부분의정렬을유지하도록하였다. 검사과정을통해각대상자들을위한근전도데이터의시각되먹임기전은차단시켰다. 측정시각도는무작위순으로하였다. 열린사슬운동을이용한실험을위해대상자는닫힌사슬운동과같은자세로등을곧게펴고선자세에서무릎을약간구부린상태로대상자의어깨높이에서대상자의후방측정장치에고정되어밴드와연결된매달림저울의손잡이를양손에고정하고주관절을폄시킨상태에서최대로등을뒤로밀어어깨뼈가내밈되도록한후 5초간유지하도록하였다. 근활성도측정동안대상자는직접눈으로저울의눈금을확인하며무게를 2kg으로통제하고좌우균형을유지하도록하였다. 4. 분석방법 1) 자료처리및표준화등세모근위섬유, 큰가슴근그리고앞톱니근의근활성도를표준화하기위해맨손근력검사자세에서최대등척성수축 (maximal voluntary isometric contraction: MVIC) 시각근육의최대근활성도를 3회씩반복측정하였다. 5초동안의자료값을제곱평균제곱근법 (root mean square: RMS) 로처리한후처음과마지막 1초를제외한중간 3초동안의평균근전도신호량을 %MVIC 로사용하였다.
5 열린사슬운동및닫힌사슬운동에서위팔굽힘각도에따른앞톱니근의근활성도비교 373 2) 통계방법자료의통계처리를위해상용통계프로그램인윈도용 SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) 12.0 프로그램을사용하였다. 닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동시위팔굽힘각도 70, 90, 110 세가지상태에따른앞톱니근의상대적근활성도를비교하기위해반복측정된이요인분산분석 (two-way repeated measure analysis of variance) 을하였으며, 사후검정을위해서본페로니수정법 (Bonferroni s correction) 을사용하여위세가지각도상태에서서로유의한차이가있는지알아보았다. 통계학적유의수준 α=.05로하였다. Ⅲ. 연구결과 1. 연구대상자의일반적특성연구대상자는총 16명남성으로평균나이는 20.7세, 평균신장은 cm, 평균체중은 66.6 kg이었다 (Table 1). Table 1. General characteristics of subjects (N=16) Mean±SD Range Age (year) 20.7± Height (cm) 172.9± Weight (kg) 66.6± 가올라가면서증가하였다 (Fig 3). Closed kinematic chain Open kinematic chain Fig 3. Comparison of the Upper Trapezius Muscle Activity according to the Shoulder Flexion Angles 3. 닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동시위팔굽힘각도에따른큰가슴근의근활성도비교와활동전위비교닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동시위팔굽힘각도에따른큰가슴근의근활성도는각도별, 운동별모두에서유의한차이가없었다 (p>.05). 큰가슴근의근활성도평균값은닫힌사슬운동에서위팔굽힘을 70 했을때 6.55%MVIC, 90 했을때 5.64%MVIC, 110 했을때 5.70%MVIC, 그리고열린사슬운동에서 70 했을때 6.04%MVIC, 90 했을때 5.72%MVIC, 110 했을때 6.09%MVIC로비슷하게나타났다 (Fig 4). 2. 닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동시위팔굽힘각도에따른등세모근위섬유의근활성도비교와활동전위비교닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동시위팔굽힘각도에따른등세모근위섬유의근활성도는각도별, 운동별모두에서유의한차이가없었다 (p>.05). 등세모근위섬유의근활성도평균값은닫힌사슬운동에서위팔굽힘을 110 했을때 5.50%MVIC, 90 했을때 6.47%MVIC, 70 했을때 6.88%MVIC로각도가내려가면서증가한반면열린사슬운동에서는 70 했을때 4.20%MVIC, 90 했을때 4,84%MVIC, 110 했을때 6.98%MVIC로각도 Closed kinematic chain Open kinematic chain Fig 4. Comparison of the Pectoralis Major Muscle Activity according to the Shoulder Flexion Angles
6 374 대한물리의학회지제 8 권제 3 호 4. 닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동시위팔굽힘각도에따른앞톱니근의근활성도비교와활동전위비교닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동시위팔굽힘각도에따른앞톱니근의근활성도는각도에따라유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05). 사후검정결과 110 와 90, 90 와 70, 110 와 70 에서유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05). 운동별닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동에서는유의한차이가없었다 (p>.05). 앞톱니근의근활성도평균값은열린사슬운동시 70 에서 16.38%MVIC, 90 에서 20.65%MVIC, 110 에서 27.35%MVIC였고, 닫힌사슬운동시 70 에서 16.19%MVIC, 90 에서 24.54%MVIC, 110 에서 30.98%MVIC 로두운동방법모두 110 에서가장높게나왔으며각도가올라갈수록유의하게증가하였다 (p<.05)(fig 5). *p<.05. Closed kinematic chain Open kinematic chain Fig 5. Comparison of the Serratus anterior Muscle Activity according to the Shoulder Flexion Angles Ⅳ. 고찰 많은연구자들이견흉관절을안정화시키기위하여앞톱니근에관심을두고있고, 앞톱니근을선택적으로강화시킬수있는운동방법에대하여연구하고있다 (Ludewig 등, 2004, Ekstrom 등, 2003; Decker 등, 1999). 그러나이러한연구는대부분개별적운동방법자체의효과를보는연구였고닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동의효과적인근활성도를보는것은아니였다. 또한, 어 깨에직접적으로실리는무게를일정하게통제하여각도별로앞톱니근의근활성도를비교한연구는미흡한실정이다. 더욱이임상적으로어깨충돌증후군환자들에게여러가지닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동을이용한치료가널리사용되고있지만이러한운동들을쉽게이해하고응용할수있는연구는아직부족한현실이다. 따라서본연구는비슷한동작이지만다른형태의운동인벽푸쉬업플러스를닫힌사슬운동, 정적껴안기를열린사슬운동으로선택하였고실험동안어깨에실리는무게를일정하게 2 kg으로통제한다음어깨뼈를내밈및위쪽돌림시킨상태에서앞톱니근과등세모근위섬유그리고큰가슴근의근활성도를위팔굽힘각도 70, 90, 110 로나누어표면근전도분석시스템을이용하여알아보았다. 연구결과등세모근위섬유의근활성도는각도별, 운동별유의한차이가없었다 (p>.05). 비록유의한차이는없었지만등세모근위섬유의근활성도는닫힌사슬운동에서위팔굽힘을 110 했을때 5.50%MVIC, 90 했을때 6.47%MVIC, 70 했을때 6.88%MVIC로각도가내려가면서증가한반면열린사슬운동에서는 70 했을때 4.20%MVIC, 90 했을때 4,84%MVIC, 110 했을때 6.98%MVIC로각도가올라가면서증가하여서로반대의양상을띄었다. 이는닫힌사슬운동에서원위부지절의고정이어깨뼈에상대적인안정성을제공하였고열린사슬운동에서원위부지절의자유로운상태가어깨뼈에상대적불안정성을제공하여같은무게를지지할때열린사슬운동에서높은각도로갈수록등세모근위섬유가어깨뼈의불안정성을보상하기위해높은근활성도를보인것이라판단된다. 초과된등세모근위섬유의활성은비정상적인어깨뼈의운동학과연관된어깨충돌증후군이있는환자에게서보여지고, 약한앞톱니근의활성으로인해어깨뼈의움직임에서보상작용이나타난다 (Ludewig와 Cook, 2000; Lukasiewicz 등, 1999; McClure 등, 2004; Peat와 Grahame, 1977). 그러므로등세모근위섬유의비정상적인어깨뼈에보상작용이나타나는어깨충돌증후군환자의치료시초기낮은각도 (70, 90 ) 에서는열린사슬운동을적용하고위팔굽힘
7 열린사슬운동및닫힌사슬운동에서위팔굽힘각도에따른앞톱니근의근활성도비교 375 각도가올라감에따라높은각도 (110 ) 에서는닫힌사슬운동을적용시키는것이등세모근위섬유의근활성도를낮은상태로유지하면서치료할수있는효과적방법일것이다. 연구결과큰가슴근의근활성도는각도별, 운동별유의한차이가없었다 (p>.05). 큰가슴근의근활성도는닫힌사슬운동에서위팔굽힘을 70 했을때 6.55%MVIC, 90 했을때 5.64%MVIC, 110 했을때 5.70%MVIC, 그리고열린사슬운동에서 70 했을때 6.04% MVIC, 90 했을때 5.72%MVIC, 110 했을때 6.09%MVIC로비슷하게나타났다. 이결과는두가지운동방법을세가지각도에서어깨내밈과위쪽돌림을하였을때큰가슴근이어깨뼈의정상위치를유지하기위한앞톱니근에어떠한영향도미치지않는것을의미한다. 이는 Cha(2008) 가무릎을구부리고엎드린상태인네발기기자세에서손이닿은지면에대해어깨와체간이이루는각이 90 인것을중립자세라하고이상태에서몸을전방으로이동하여어깨와몸이이루는각을 75 로유지한것을전방락킹, 그리고중립자세에서후방으로몸을이동하여어깨와몸이이루는각을 105 로유지한는것을후방락킹자세로구분하여견흉관절근육의근활성도를연구한것과비교하여설명할수있다. 이연구에서도큰가슴근이네발기기자세에서다른각도자세별로유의한차이없이 (p>.05) 큰가슴근의근활성도가전방락킹자세에서 17.88%MVIC, 중립자세에서는 17.55%MVIC, 후방락킹자세에서 17.29%MVIC로나타나자세별로비슷하게나타났는데저자는이에대한설명으로비록유의한차이는보이지않았지만어깨뼈날개군의경우후방락킹자세에서 %MVIC, 중립자세에서 15.54%MVIC, 전방락킹자세에서 17.51%MVIC로순차적으로유지할때점차적으로체중이부과됨으로써어깨뼈의정상위치를유지하는것이어려워질것이고, 이를보상하기위하여큰가슴근의근활성도가증가되었다고생각된다. 하지만정상군은어깨뼈날개가보이지않고, 부하가증가하더라도어깨뼈를정상위치로유지할수있기때문에세가지자세에서큰가슴근의근활성도가비슷한것이라고생각된다 ( 차용호, 2008). 본연구에서도정상인을대상으로실험을하였고 2kg 의무게를대상자들이실험동안어깨뼈의날개없이충분히안정적으로실험을수행할수있었기때문에큰가슴근의근활성도가위팔굽힘각도에따라닫힌사슬운동을했을때와열린사슬운동을했을때유의한차이없이비슷했다고판단된다 (p>.05). 또한선행연구결과에서대상자가엎드린상태로어깨에실리는무게에상관없이자세유지동안어깨뼈의날개를보이지않고정상위치를유지할수있다면큰가슴근은비슷한근활성도를나타낸다는것을알수있었고무게를통제한본연구의결과와비교하여설명을한다면대상자가자세유지동안어깨뼈의날개를보이지않고정상위치를유지할수있다면큰가슴근은위팔굽힘각도에상관없이선자세에서도비슷한근활성도를나타낸다라고할수있다. 그러므로어깨뼈의날개가없는정상인의큰가슴근은견흉관절에서일어나는움직임에크게영향을받지않는다고할수있다. 연구결과닫힌사슬운동시앞톱니근의근활성도는각도별유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05). 앞톱니근의근활성도는위팔굽힘 110 와 90, 90 와 70, 110 와 70 에서유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05). 앞톱니근의근활성도는 70 에서 16.38%MVIC, 90 에서 20.65%MVIC, 110 에서 27.35%MVIC로 110 에서가장높았고각도가증가할수록유의하게증가하였다 (p<.05). 본연구결과는 Hardwick 등 (2006) 이벽슬라이드운동시각도에따른앞톱니근의근활성도차이를조사한연구와비교하여설명될수있다. 벽슬라이드운동은벽에기대어원위부지절인손에체중을지지하여실시한닫힌사슬운동이라할수있고, 이실험에서앞톱니근의근활성도는위팔굽힘각도가올라가면서벽슬라이드운동에서 90 일때 37.1% MVIC, 120 일때 58.3%MVIC, 140 일때 75.7%MVIC로각도가올라가면서유의하게증가하였다 (p<.05). 본연구에서도닫힌사슬운동시앞톱니근의근활성도는 70 일때 16.38%MVIC, 90 일때 20.65%MVIC, 110 일때 27.35%MVIC로각도가올라가면서유의하게증가하였다 (p<.05). 이는 Hardwick 등 (2006) 의연구결과와일치하며어깨에실리는무게를일정하게함으로서좀더세밀하게운동을적용시키고이해하는데활용될수있을것이다.
8 376 대한물리의학회지제 8 권제 3 호 연구결과열린사슬운동시앞톱니근의근활성도는각도별유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05). 앞톱니근의근활성도는 110 와 90, 90 와 70, 110 와 70 에서유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05). 앞톱니근의근활성도는 70 에서 16.19%MVIC, 90 에서 %MVIC, 110 에서 30.98%MVIC로 110 에서가장높게나왔고각도가증가할수록유의하게증가하였다 (p<.05). 본연구결과는 Weon 등 (2009) 의연구에서전방머리자세와중립머리자세에서앉은자세로 2kg 덤벨을들고등척성위팔굽힘 (30, 60, 90, 120 ) 을실시했을때어깨뼈상방회전근 ( 앞톱니근, 등세모근위섬유, 등세모근아래섬유 ) 들의근활성도차이를본것과비교하여설명될수있다. 중립머리자세에서몸을정렬하고 2kg덤벨을들고있는상태로등척성어깨굽힘을실시한것은열린사슬운동이라할수있고 2 kg의무게를준것또한무게의벡터방향은다르지만각도별로일정한무게를통제했다할수있다. 정상인을대상으로실시한이실험의결과는중립머리자세에서앞톱니근의근활성도는등척성위팔굽힘을 30 했을때약 19%MVIC, 60 했을때약 22%MVIC, 90 했을때약 39%MVIC, 120 했을때약 55%MVIC로각도가올라가면서유의하게증가하였다 (p<.05). 본연구는열린사슬운동에서머리와체간다리의정렬을바르게한후몸뒤에각도를조절할수있는기둥을설치하고기둥과대상자의손과연결한밴드의장력을 2 kg으로일정히유지하였다. 이는 Weon 등 (2009) 의연구를뒷받침하는동시에좀더세밀하게어깨에대한부하를다른방법으로조절하는데활용될수있을것이다. 연구결과앞톱니근, 등세모근위섬유, 큰가슴근의근활성도는운동별유의한차이가없었다 (p>.05). 이는세근육의근활성도가두운동을구분하는운동형태에영향을받지않는다는것을의미한다. 운동별로유의한차이는보이지않았지만두운동모두에서각도별로유의한차이가있었고두운동에서앞톱니근의근활성도평균값을비교했을때닫힌사슬운동보다열린사슬운동시 90, 110 에서더증가하였다. 이것을등세모근위섬유와앞톱니근의근활성도를함께설명한다면열린사슬운동은낮은각도 (70, 90 ) 에서등세모근위섬 유의낮은근활성도와앞톱니근의높은근활성도를보이고닫힌사슬운동은높은각도 (110 ) 에서등세모근위섬유의낮은근활성도와앞톱니근의높은근활성도를보인다고할수있다. 닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동모두에서어깨의각도에따라앞톱니근의근활성도가유의한차이가있으므로 (p<.05) 임상에서앞톱니근의약화로인한어깨뼈의날개와어깨뼈의불충분한내밈과위쪽돌림을보이는어깨충돌증후군환자의치료시어깨관절의재활프로그램선택에고려되어야할것이다. 특히등세모근위섬유의낮은근활성도와앞톱니근의높은근활성도를이끌어내기위해서낮은각도 (70, 90 ) 에서는열린사슬운동를적용하고높은각도 (110 ) 에서는닫힌사슬운동을적용하는것이더욱효과적일거라생각된다. 본실험초기어깨에실리는무게에대한통제수치를정할때 70, 90, 110 에서각운동형태에따라일정하게유지할수있는무게수치가달랐고여러번의예비실험끝에두운동모두에서피로감없이 5초씩, 5회측정을원활이수행할수있는무게인 2 kg으로설정하게되었다. 적은무게로각도별로일정히통제하는것에대한임상적인의의는어깨기능부전환자의대부분이수행시통증이덜하기때문에바닥에서실시하는운동보다는벽에서실시하는운동을보다쉽게할수있었다는것 (Hardwick 등, 2006) 에둘수있다. 본연구의제한점으로는환자에대한일반화문제와실험시어깨에실리는무게를측정한장비의정밀함의차이문제이다. 어깨통증이없는정상성인남자를대상으로하여통증이있는경우결과를예측할수없으므로어깨통증이있는환자에게일반화하기에는어려운점이있다. 그리고열린사슬운동에서 20 g까지측정할수있었던정밀한전자식매달림저울이었던것에반해닫힌사슬운동에서는어깨에실리는무게를측정할때사용한저울은눈금하나가 1 kg이었던기계식저울을사용한것이었다. 물론실험전대상자들이충분히연습을했지만당시구할수있는장비들중전자식저울은수치가일정하게유지되었을때그수치를표기하는방식으로프로그램되어있어서일정시간동안실시간무게를유지체크해야하는본실험에서는
9 열린사슬운동및닫힌사슬운동에서위팔굽힘각도에따른앞톱니근의근활성도비교 377 사용할수없었다. 연구결과두운동방법모두에서높은각도로올라갈수록앞톱니근의근활성도가유의한차이로증가했다 (p<.05). 이것은연구의가설이일부분성립하였고운동별로유의한차이를보이지않은것은 (p>.05) 2kg 이외에 1 kg, 3 kg로무게의변화를추가적으로주어연구를해보거나특정각도에서더큰무게로닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동의효과를비교해보는연구가필요할것이다. 또한향후환자를대상으로닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동을실시했을때위팔굽힘각도에따라앞톱니근과등세모근위섬유그리고큰가슴근의근활성도를비교해보는연구가필요할것이다. Ⅴ. 결론본연구의결과닫힌사슬운동과열린사슬운동모두에서어깨의각도에따라앞톱니근의근활성도에유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05). 임상에서앞톱니근의약화로인한어깨뼈의날개와어깨뼈의불충분한내밈과위쪽돌림을보이는어깨충돌증후군환자의치료시어깨관절의재활프로그램선택에고려되어야할것이다. 특히등세모근위섬유의낮은근활성도와앞톱니근의높은근활성도를이끌어내기위해서낮은각도 (70, 90 ) 에서는열린사슬운동를적용하고높은각도 (110 ) 에서는닫힌사슬운동을적용하는것이더욱효과적일것이라고생각된다. References Cha YH Comparison of the scapulothoracic muscle activities according to the type of quadruped position. Dept. of Ergonomic Therapy. The Graduate School of Health and Environment. Yonsei University. Master s thesis Davies GJ, Dickoff-Hoffman S. Neuromuscular testing and rehabilitation of the shoulder complex. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1993;18(2): Decker MJ, RA Hintermeister, KJ Faber et al. Serratus anterior muscle activity during selected rehabilitation exercises. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27(6): Ekstrom RA, Donatelli RA, Soderberg GL. Surface electromyographic analysis of exercises for the trapezius and serratus anterior muscles. J Orthop Sports Phys ther. 2003;33(5): Ellenbecker TS, Davies GJ. Closed kinetic exercise. Champaign: Human kinetics Hardwick DH, Beebe JA, McDonnell MK et al. A comparison of serratus anterior muscle activation during wall slide exercise and other traditional exercises. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36(12): Iwasaki T, Shiba N, Matsuse H et al. Improvement in knee extension strength through training by means of combined electrical stimulation and voluntary muscle contraction. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2006;209(1): Jackson DA. The treatment of scapular dysfunction in the athlete with chromic shoulder pain. Presented at the annual conference for the National Athletic Trainer's Association, Indianapolis, IN. 1995;June:15-8. Jang JW. Change of muscle activation in quadriceps femoris muscle during taking open kinetic chain exercise and closed kinetic chain exercise and closed kinetic chain exercise: on the subject of soccer players. The Graduate School of Bio-medical Sciences. Korea University. Master s thesis Kim YJ, Park RJ. The effects of closed kinetic chain exercises of unstable floor on the stability of the knee joints of patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine. 2008;3(1):11-20 Lephart SM. Scientific rationale and phydiolofical effects of closed kinetic chain in upper extremity rehabilitation. Presented at the Closed Kinetic Chain in Sports Rehabilitation. 1995;February:4-5. Ludewig PM, Cook TM. Alterations in shoulder kinematics
10 378 대한물리의학회지제 8 권제 3 호 and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement. Phys Ther. 2000;80(3): Ludewig PM, Hoff MS, Osowski EE et al Relative balance of serratus anterior and upper trapezius muscle activity during push-up exercises. Am J Sports Med. 32(2): Lukasiewicz AC, McClure P, Michener L et al. Comparison of 3-dimensional scapular position and orientation between subjects with and without shoulder impingement. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1999;29(10): McClure PW, Bialker J, Neff N et al. Shoulder function and 3-dimensional kinematics in people with shoulder impingement syndrome before and after a 6-week exercise program. Phys Ther. 2004;84(9): Peat M, Grahame R. Electromyographical analysis of soft tissue lesions affecting shoulder function. Am J Phys Med. 1977;56(5): Prentice WE, Voight ML. Techniques in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. McGraw-Hill Sahrmann S. Diagnosis and Treatment of Movement impairment Syndromes. Mosby Stone JA, Lueken JS, Partin NB et al. Closed kinetic chain rehabilitation for the glenohumeral joint. J Athl Train. 1993;28(1):34-7. Tippett SR. Closed chain exercise. Orthop Phys Ther Clin North Am. 1992;1: Weon JH, Oh JS, Cynn HS et al. Influence of forward head posture on scapular upward rotators during isometric shoulder flexion. J Bodyw Mov Ther Oct;14(4):
CASE STUDY
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