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1 Journal of Breast Cancer ISSN J Breast Cancer 2008; September 11 (3): ORIGINAL ARTICLE 유방암에서수술전유방자기공명영상의역할및의의 진준우ㆍ염차경 2 ㆍ구민영ㆍ문병인ㆍ최국진ㆍ최혜영 1 이화여자대학교의학전문대학원외과학교실 1 영상의학과교실, 2 강북삼성병원외과 The Role and Significance of Preoperative Breast MRI in the Setting of Breast Cancer Jun Woo Jin, Cha Kyong Yom 2, Min Young Koo, Byung In Moon, Kook Jin Choi, Hye Young Choi 1 Departments of General Surgery and 1 Radiolology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul; 2 Department of General Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea Purpose: Accurate preoperative assessment of breast cancer is important to determine the extent of disease and the plan for surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in breast cancer patients. Methods: Between January 2001 and October 2007, 457 consecutive patients who had undergone surgical treatment for breast cancer were retrospectively studied. We compared 303 patients from the non-preoperative MRI group (group A) to 154 patients from the preoperative MRI group (group B). The impact of preoperative MRI was evaluated for each patient with regard to changes in therapeutic intervention. Results: MRI alone revealed 17 new lesions. The results of the MRI led to a change in 9.1% of the planned surgical procedures. Tumor size was more accurately defined in patients undergoing MRI than in those undergoing ultrasound imaging. Conclusion: Breast MRI could be recommended as a preoperative diagnostic procedure in patients allocated to receive breast conservation surgery, because MRI may reveal unsuspected multifocal or multicentric tumors or carcinoma infiltrations and may result in changes in therapy. Key Words : Magnetic resonance imaging, Breast cancer, Surgery, Size 중심단어 : 자기공명영상, 유방암, 수술, 크기 서 유방암의수술방법을결정하는인자로병변의크기와위치, 병변과유방크기의비율, 종양의조직학적분화도, 환자의선호도등이있으나의심되는병변의크기와다발성여부에대해정확히진단하는것이가장중요하다.(1) 유방암에서다발성병변은 7-63% 정도로비교적많은비중을차지하고있으며진행성유방암에서는수술전항암화학요법으로 60% 이상에서만족할만한병 책임저자 : 문병인 서울시양천구목동 911-1, 이화여자대학교의학전문대학원목동병원외과 Tel: , Fax: mbit@ewha.ac.kr 접수일 : 2008 년 7 월 7 일게재승인일 : 2008 년 9 월 12 일 론 소의크기감소로유방보존술을가능하게한다는보고가있다.(2) 이에유방암의수술전정확한병기판정은수술방법을결정하는데있어매우중요하고유방보존술후재수술을감소시키고유방암의재발률을낮추는데있어중요하다.(3-5) 유방암의수술전검사로는유방 X선촬영술, 유방초음파검사와함께유방자기공명영상 (Magentic Resonance Imaging, MRI) 등이시행되고있다. 유방 MRI 는높은민감도로인해사용이증가하고있으나특이도가낮고, 비용이많이들고, 유방의관상피내암 (Ductal carcinoma in situ, DCIS) 에서는민감도가낮다. 그러나최근에는관상피내암에서민감도가크게향상되고유방 MRI 가병변의다발성, 유관으로의침윤, 병변의정확한범위의파악에있어높은정확도를보여수술방법의변화와국소재발을낮추는데중요한것으로보고되고있다.(6-8) 본연구에서는수술전검사로서유방 MRI 146
2 Preoperative Breast MRI in Breast Cancer 147 가수술방법에미치는영향과유용성에대해알아보고자한다. 방 본병원에서는 1994 년 5월부터 MRI (1994년 5월부터 2004년 6월까지 Signa Advantage System 1.5 테슬라 [GE, Milwaukee, USA], 2004년 7월부터 Avanto 1.5 테슬라 [Simmens, Erlaangen, Germany]) 를유방암환자에적용하였으며, 2001년 1월부터 2007년 12월까지이화여자대학교목동병원외과에서유방암진단하에수술을시행한환자중침윤성유방암으로확진된 457 명의환자를대상으로후향적으로조사하였다. 유방 MRI 가수술방법에미치는영향을알아보기위해수술전유방 MRI 를시행하지않은환자군 (A) 과시행한환자군 (B) 으로나누어각군간의수술방법, 재발률 ( 원격전이및국소재발 ) 을비교하였고, 유방 MRI 검사에서만새롭게발견된병변으로인해서수술방법 법 Table 1. Clinical characteristics of patients Group A (n=303) Group B (n=154) p-value Age (±10.13) (±11.69) T-Stage T T T T4 6 1 Lymph node Negative Positive Histologic grading G G G Hormone receptor status ER(+) and/or PR(+) ER(-) and PR(-) HER2/neu Negative Positive Triple test (ER/PR/HER2) Negative Positive Group A=patients without preoperative MRI; Group B=patients with preoperative MRI; G1=well differentiated; G2=moderated differentiated; G3=undifferentiated; ER=estrogen receptor; PR=progesterone receptor; Triple test, positive=er(+) or PR(+) or HER2/neu(+), negative=er(-) and PR(-) and HER2/neu(-). 이바뀐경우와수술후병리조직학적소견을조사하였다. 그리고유방 MRI 의병변의크기에대한정확도를알아보기위해서유방 MRI 와유방초음파에서진단된각각의병변의크기와조직학적검사에서확인된실제병변의크기의차이를비교하였고, 다발성병변인경우가장큰병변의크기를사용하였다. 유방 MRI 에서새롭게발견된병변이 category 4 (BI-RADS) 인경우는수술전또는수술중새로운병변에대한조직검사를시행하였다. 수술방법의변화는유방 MRI 검사전유방보존술을계획하였으나유방절제술로바뀐경우나, 유방보존술에서처음계획했던범위보다더넓게시행한경우를포함하였다. 첫진단시원격전이가있거나수술후첫 3개월이내의국소재발및원격전이된환자는제외하였다. 추적관찰은수술후 6개월마다유방 X선촬영술과유방초음파를시행하였고, 국소재발이의심된환자는초음파유도하에서조직생검으로확진하였다. 유방 MRI 는조영제투여후얻은병변의영상과병변부에서시간에따른조영제증감곡선을종합하여 1인의영상의학과전문의가병변의다발성과유두의유관침윤등을판독하였다. 모든통계분석은 SPSS (version 12.0, SPSS Ins, Chicago, USA) 를사용하여 t-test, chi-square test 를통해임상적인차이를비교하였으며 p값이 0.05 이하인경우를통계학적유의성이있는것으로간주하였다. 또한선형회귀분석은 R 2 가 1에가까울수록예측도가정확한것으로간주하였다. 1. 임상적특징 결 모든환자는여성이었고, 두군간의나이, T병기, 림프절전이, 호르몬수용체여부는유의한차이가없었다 (Table 1). 수술방법은유방 MRI를시행하지않은 A군 (n=303) 은유방절제술 131 예 과 Table 2. Operation methods and recurrence rate Group A (n=303) Group B (n=154) p-value Mean follow-up period (±18.07) 11.4 (±9.23) (months) Operation methods MRM 131 (41.5%) 85 (42.1%) BCS 172 (58.5%) 69 (57.9%) Recurrence and metastasis Local recurrence 17 4 Regional recurrence 2 1 Distant metastasis 15 3 Total 34 (11.2%) 8 (5.2%) Group A=patients without preoperative MRI; Group B=patients with preoperative MRI; MRM=modified radical mastectomy; BCS=breast conserving surgery.
3 148 Jun Woo Jin, et al. (43.2%), 유방보존술 172 예 (56.8%) 를시행하였으며, 유방 MRI 를시행한 B군 (n=154) 에서는유방절제술 69 예 (44.8%), 유방보존술 85예 (55.2%) 를시행하여, 두군간의유의한차이는없었다 (p=0.749). 재발률은전체 (n=457) 환자중 42명 (9.2%) 이재발하였고, 이중국소재발이 21 명이었으며, 구역재발이 3명, 전신재발이 18 명이었고, 전신재발은폐전이 8명, 간전이 8명, 골전이 2명이었다. 환자군에따른재발률은 A군이평균추적기간 (± 18.07) 개월에 11.2% (34명) 이었고, B군은평균추적기간 11.4 (± 9.23) 개월에 5.2% (8명) 로수술전유방 MRI를시행한 B군에서재발률이더낮았다 (p=0.035) (Table 2). 그러나이러한차이는추적기간의차이가있기때문에단정적이지는못하다고할수있다. 방절제술로전환했고, 1예는섬유낭종으로진단되어유방보존술을시행했다. 나머지 3예는수술중동결절편검사를시행하여서, 2예는섬유화로진단되어유방보존술을시행했고, 1예는침습성유방암으로진단되어유방절제술로전환하였다. 이상으로유방 MRI 를시행한환자중악성으로의심되는새로운병변으로인해수술방법이바뀐경우는 14 예 (9.1%) 에서있었고, 이중 13 예에서유방보존술에서유방절제술로전환되었으며, 1예에서는주병변과근거리에위치한병변으로확인되어절제범위를확대하여유방보존술을시행하였다 (Fig 1). 이중수술후병리조직학적소견 New lesions (17) 2. MRI 소견 1) 유방 MRI 에서확인된새로운병변과수술방법의변화유방 X선촬영술, 유방초음파검사, 유방 MRI 를모두시행한환자는 154 명으로이중에서다른검사에서는보이지않았으나유방 MRI 에서만악성으로의심되는병변이 17 예 (11%) 있었고, 그중 5예 (29.4%) 는주병소와떨어져있는단발성병변이었으며, 5예 (29.4%) 는유두의유관침윤이의심되는소견이었고, 7예 (41.2%) 는다발성병변이었다. 이들 17 예중 category 5인경우는 12예였고, category 4인경우는 5예였다. Category 5인경우는조직검사를시행하지않았으며, 11 예에서유방절제술로전환하였고, 1예에서보다광범위한유방보존술로전환하였다. Category 4인 5예에서는모두수술전또는수술중조직검사를시행하였다. 조직검사를시행한결과는 2예에서는유방초음파유도하에서수술전조직생검을시행하여, 1예는침습성유방암으로확인되어유 BCS with further wide resection (1) Invasive ductal carcinoma (11) Category 5 (12) MRM (13) Malignancy (2) Fibrocystic change (3) Category 4 (5) Benign (3) BCS (3) Fibrosis (2) fibrocystic change (1) Fig 1. Seventeen new lesions diagnosed by MRI have been managed as follows. MRM=modified radical mastectomy; BCS=breast conserving surgery. *The figures in parentheses mean the number of cases Sono MRI Patho Patho Fig 2. Regression graph shows the predicted tumor size by sonography and MRI versus histological size. Tumor size was more accurately defined in MRI (R 2 =0.589) than sonography (R 2 =0.411).
4 Preoperative Breast MRI in Breast Cancer 149 에서양성으로확인되어불필요한수술적확대가 3예 (1.9%) 에서있었다. 2) 유방초음파와유방 MRI 에서병변의크기에대한예측도병변크기의정확성은최종조직검사에서확인된병변의크기와유방초음파와유방 MRI 에서측정된각각의병변크기의차이와선형회귀분석으로비교하였다. 유방초음파에서크기의오차는 0.336±0.91 cm, 결정계수 (p<0.001) 이었고, 유방 MRI 에서크기의오차는 0.062±0.72 cm, 결정계수 (p<0.001) 로유방 MRI 에서측정된종양의크기가유방초음파에비해더정확하였다 (p=0.007) (Fig 2). 고찰유방암의수술방법은유방의크기혹은종양의크기, 주위조직으로의침윤, 림프절전이같은여러인자에의해달라질수있어수술전종양의크기나범위, 다발성여부의정확한진단은수술방법의결정과국소재발의위험성을낮추는데있어매우중요하다.(1,3-6) 최근유방암의관심도가높아지고유방암에대한선별검사가증가하면서유방암의조기진단율이높아지고, 유방보존술의적응증이되는환자가많아지고있다. 유방암의수술전검사로유방 X선촬영술, 유방초음파등이널리사용되어왔으나, 최근에는민감도가높은유방 MRI 가많이이용되고있다. 유방 X선촬영술은 35 세이하의젊은여성이나, 치밀유방혹은수술후변형된유방에서민감도와특이도가떨어지며, 종양의크기나다발성에대해저평가하는경향이있고, 촉지되는유방종양의 5-15% 는유방 X선촬영술로진단이되지않는다.(9,10) 유방초음파검사는종양의크기나진단에비교적높은정확도를보이나종양의다발성, 양측성유방암, 유관내전이를진단하는데는제한점이있고, 검사자의능력에따라정확도가다양하게나타난다는단점이있다.(10) 이에비해유방 MRI 는영상대조도가뛰어나고해부학적평가가용이하고방사선노출의위험이없으며양측유방을동시에검사할수있는장점이있어최근널리이용되고있다.(9) 유방 MRI 의민감도, 특이도및정확도는각각 93%, 65%, 85% 로유방 X선촬영술의 86%, 32%, 72% 와유방초음파의 75%, 80%, 76% 에비해우수한성적을보여주고있다.(10,11) 유방 MRI 검사는다발성병변의진단의정확도가 96% 인반면유방 X선촬영술은 28.6%, 유방초음파는 26.5% 정도로보고되고있으며, 유방 MRI 에서만새롭게발견되는병변이 37% 나된다는보고도있다.(11-15) 이처럼유방 MRI 검사는수술전병소의정확한크기와범위를파악하고, 유방암의수술방법의결정에있어매우중요한역할을한다. Fisher 등 (1) 은수술전유방 MRI 를시행한 463명의환자중 14.3% 의환자에서수술방법이바뀌었다고보고했고, Bedrosian 등 (3) 은유방 MRI를시행한 267명중 16% 에서유방절제술로바뀌었고, 그로인해 10-20% 가량국소재발을감소시키는데기여했다고보고했다. Buxant 등 (16) 은수술전 105 명의환자에서유방 MRI 를시행했고, 17.1% 에서수술방법이바뀌었다고보고하였다. Kang 등 (17) 은유방 MRI 시행후 5.6% 에서수술방법이바뀌었고, 1예에서반대측유방암이진단되어양측유방절제술을시행함으로써, 유방 MRI 의유용성에대해보고한바있다. 본연구에서도유방 MRI를시행한 154 명중 17명 (11%) 의환자에서유방 X선촬영술이나유방초음파검사에서진단되지않은새로운병소가발견되었고, 이중 14 명 (9.1%) 에서수술방법이전환되었다. Shelfout 등 (10) 은이러한유방 MRI 검사에서새로운병소나다발성병변으로진단된환자들의특성은 41-55세의젊은나이, 5 cm 이상의큰병변, 치밀한유방조직등이고조직학적분화도, 에스트로겐수용체와는관계가없다고보고하였으나, 본연구에서는연령과병변의크기와도유의한관계가없었다. 유방 MRI의위양성도는 3.5-7% 정도인데 (2) Shelfout 등 (10) 은 204명중유방 MRI 검사에서 6명의양성병소와 6명의종양크기의과대평가로불필요한수술범위의확대가 12 예있었다고보고하였다. 본연구에서는수술방법이전환된 14 명중 3명은수술후조직검사에서양성종양으로진단되어불필요한수술범위의확대가 3예 (1.9%) 에서있었다. 유방 MRI에서섬유화나염증성조직, 비정형과증식 (atypical hyperplasia), 섬유선종등이유방암처럼보일수있어, 새로운병변이나다발성병변으로발견되더라도생검으로조직검사를시행한후수술방법을결정하는것이불필요한수술범위의확대를감소시킬수있을것이다.(13,16,19) 그리고 Fisher 등 (20) 은유방 MRI를시행한환자군이평균추적기간 40 개월동안의재발률이 1.2% 로유방 MRI 를시행하지않은환자군의추적기간 41 개월동안의재발률 6.8% 보다낮은것으로보고한바있다. 본연구에서도유방 MRI 를시행한환자군에서재발률이 5.5% 로시행하지않은환자군 11.2% 보다통계적으로유의하게낮은결과를보였으나 (p=0.035) 유방 MRI 검사는건강보험에서인정되기시작한 2005년 1월이후대부분시행되어졌기때문에평균추적기간이시행한군이 11.4 개월 (±9.23) 로시행하지않은군 (±18.07) 개월보다훨씬짧고, 재발에영향을미칠수있는여러인자로인해단순비교는어려울것으로생각되며, 보다전향적이고장기간에걸친추적관찰의연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 수술방법의결정에중요한인자인병변크기의정확성은유방 MRI 에서더정확하게진단되어수술범위를결정하는데도움이되었다. 유방 MRI 검사는수술전병소의정확한범위나크기, 다발성병소등을진단하여환자에게적절한수술방법을결정하는데있어도움이되고, 재발및
5 150 Jun Woo Jin, et al. 전이의위험성을감소시킬수있을것으로생각되나아직충분한자료가축적되어있지않아앞으로장기적인추적관찰이필요할것이다. 결론수술전유방 MRI 의시행은미발견병소나다발성병소등을진단하여수술방법결정에영향을미칠수있다. 그러나유방 MRI 는다소높은위양성률로인하여새롭게진단된병소나다발성병변은유방 X선촬영술이나유방초음파같은타검사와함께신중하게분석하고, 병리조직학적소견을참조하여수술방법을결정하는것이불필요한수술범위의확대를감소시킬수있을것이다. 참고문헌 1. Fischer U, Kopka L, Grabbe E. Breast carcinoma: effect of preoperative contrast-enhanced MR Imaging on the therapeutic approach. Radiology 1999;213: Martincich L, Montemurro F, Cirillo S, Mara V, Derosa G, Ponzone R, et al. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the prediction of tumor response in patients with locally advanced breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemo-therapy. Radilo Med (Torino) 2003;106: Bedrosian I, Mick R, Orel SG, Schnall M, Reynolds C, Spitz F, et al. Changes in the surgical management of patients with breast carcinoma based on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer 2003; 98: Faverly DR, Hendiriks JH, Holland R. Breast carcinomas of limited extent: frequency, radiologic-pathologic characteristics, and surgical margin requirements. Cancer 2001;91: Esserman L, Nola H, Yassa L, Barclay J, Frankel S, Sickles E. Utility of magnetic resonance imaging in the management of breast cancer: evidence for improved preoperative staging. J Clin Oncol 1999;17: Gatzemeier W, Liersch T, Stylianou A, Buttler A, Becker H, Fischer U. Preoperative MR mammography in breast carcinoma. Effect on operative treatment from the surgical viewpoint. Chirurg 1999;70: Kim DY, Moon WK, Cho N, Ko ES, Yang SK, Park JS, et al. MRI of the breast for the detection and assessment of the size of ductal carcinoma in situ. Korean J Radiol 2007;8: Chung A, Saouaf R, Scharre K, Phillips E. The impact of MRI on the treatment of DCIS. Am Surg 2005;71: Cha ES. Magnetic resonance findings of breast diseases. J Korean Breast Cancer Soc 2003;6: Schelfout K, Vangoethem M, Kersschot E, Colpaert C, Schelfout AM, Leyman P, et al. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging of breast lesions and effect on treatment. Eur J Surg Oncol 2004;30: Hollingsworth AB, Stough RG. Preoperative breast MRI for locoregional staging. J Okia State Med Assoc 2006;99: Pavic D, Koomen MA, Kuzmiak CM, Lee YH, Pisano ED. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis and management of breast cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2004;3: Bilimoria KY, Cambic A, Hansen NM, Bethke KP. Evaluating the impact of preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging on the surgical management of newly diagnosed breast cancers. Arch Surg 2007;142: Dao TN, Lamont JP, Knox SM. Clinical utility of breast magnetic resonance imaging in patients presenting with primary breast cancer. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2007;20: Braun M, Polcher M, Schrading S, Zivanovic O, Kowalski T, Flucke U, et al. Influence of preoperative MRI on the surgical managementof patients with operable breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 111: Buxant F, Scuotto F, Hottat N, Noel JC, Simon P. Does preoperative magnetic resonance imaging modify breast cancer surgery? Acta Chir Belg 2007;107: Kang HJ, Lee JS, Kim HL, Song BJ, Kim JS, Oh SJ, et al. The clinical significance of preoperative MRI for determination of surgery in breast cancer. J Breast Cancer 2006;9: Anastassiades O, Iakovou E, Stavridou N, Gogas J, Karameris A. Multicentricity in breast cancer. A study of 366 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 1993;99: Berg WA, Gutierrez L, Nessavier MS, Carter WB, Bhargavan M, Lewis RS, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of mammography, clinical examination, US, and MR imaging in preoperative assessment of breast cancer. Radiology 2004;233: Fisher U, Zachariae O, Baum F, Heyden D, Funke M, Liersch T. The influence of preoperative MRI of the breasts on recurrence rate in patients with breast cancer. Eur Radiol 2004;14:
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