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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 18, No. 3 pp , ISSN / eissn 온도스트레스영향을고려한전동차보조전원장치의신뢰성분석 박남철 1*, 송중호 2 1 서울과학기술대학교철도안전학과, 2 서울과학기술대학교전기정보공학과 Reliability Analysis of EMU Static Inverters considering Influence of Temperature Stress Factor Nam-Chul Park 1*, Joong-Ho Song 2 1 Department of Railway Safety, Seoul National University of Science and Technology 2 Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology 요약본논문은서울도시철도공사유피스내전동차관리고장데이타 (BOM) 을통해지속적으로관리된데이터를활용하여노후철도차량부품의신뢰성분석을하고개선방안을제시하고자하였다. 분석대상인서울도시철도공사 7호선 2차분보조전원장치 (Static Inverter) 는객실내각종서비스장치에전원을공급하여직접적으로승객만족도에영향을주는핵심적인장치이다. 경영정보시스템의장기간에걸친필드데이타를바탕으로고장의패턴을분석하기위해운용환경스트레스인자를고려한통계 신뢰성분석을하였다. 보조전원장치 (Static Inverter) 의하절기집중고장현상과관련하여고장과온도스트레스인자와의상관성에대해통계적분석을하였고 IGBT 인버터의수명분석을통하여수리전 후의온도스트레스인자의영향을분석해보았다. 그리고전동차부하량과외기온도의두변수를고려한최적운행조건을분석하여고장다수발생조건과의냉각용량차이가발생함을확인할수있었고, 이러한분석을바탕으로최적의운행을위한냉각용량차이를줄일수있는방안을제시하였다. Abstract Based on the data accumulated through EMU fault management, this paper examines the reliability of old railway car parts and proposes measurements to improve safety. Subway Line 7 of the Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation, auxiliary power unit (Static Inverter) of the EMU second version is a core equipment to supply power to various room-service units in cars and make an effect directly on passenger satisfaction. To analyze the pattern of failure throughout the field data over a long period of time, this analysis of statistics and reliability considers the operating environment and stress factors. This statistical analysis presents the correlation between failure and the temperature stress factors related to frequent failure occurring intensively in summer. In addition, throughout the analysis of the life of the IGBT inverter, the effect of the temperature stress factor was observed before and after the repair. As a result of an analysis of the optimal operating conditions considering two variations of EMU, such as variable load and outside temperature, a difference in the cooling capacity between the optimal operating conditions and frequent failure conditions was observed. Based on this analysis, this paper suggests a way to minimize cooling capacity difference for the optimal operational conditions. Keywords : analysis of optimal operating condition, analysis of statistics and reliability, cooling capacity difference, correlation, stress factors 이연구는서울과학기술대학교교내학술연구비 ( 일부 ) 지원으로수행되었음. * Corresponding Author : Nam-Chul Park(Seoul National University of Science and Technology) Tel: pnc93@hanmail.net Received November 7, 2016 Accepted March 10, 2017 Revised January 16, 2017 Published March 31,

2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 3 호, 서론 운영조건을위한개선방안을연구하고자한다. 최근들어철도차량의내구연한규제가없어지고기대수명제에대한규제완화가이루어지고있는현실에서노후화되는철도차량의유지보수의중요성이더욱더커지고있다. 장기간의사용으로철도차량의신뢰성은운용환경이라는스트레스인자에지속적으로영향을받아부품별로그특성을나타내게된다. 환경인자들과고장과의상관성분석을통해주요스트레스인자를밝히는것이중요하다. 신영주는계전기의수명특성을가속수명시험에의해산출하고, 계전기의수명특성에맞는수명분포및가속모델을도출해내기위한가속수명시험을실시하였다.[1] 김세겸은전동차에사용되는계전기의환경조건분석을통하여사용환경을고려한환경등급분류에따라수명가중치를부여하여고장발생이력에따른수명예측값에계전기환경이고려된새로운수명예측값을산출하였다.[2] 김일온은부하변동에따른철도차량용보조전원장치역률향상에관한연구를하였다.[3] 신동준은도시철도전동차의인버터냉각을위한밀폐식히트펌프냉각시스템성능평가에관한연구를하였다.[4] 본논문은서울도시철도공사유피스내전동차관리고장데이타 (BOM) 을통해지속적으로축적된필드데이타를활용하였다. 신뢰성에영향을주는운용환경인자와상관관계및다구찌기법를이용한최적운행조건을분석하였다. 또한 SIV 인버터의 MTTF와 MTBF를산출하고 Survial Function비교를통한신뢰도를분석하였다. 이러한분석을바탕으로철도차량노후화구성품의최적의 2. SIV 인버터의신뢰성분석 2.1 보조전원장치 (SIV) 의고장 SIV 인버터고장현황본논문의신뢰성분석의대상은 7호선 2차분 SIV( 보조전원장치 ) 이고분석기간은 2001년 1월 1일부터 2015 년 12월31일까지 15년간이다. Table. 1은 IGBT소손으로인한 SIV 인버터고장의집계를보이고있다. 특징적인현상은 SIV 인버터고장건수가계절별편차를보이고있음을알수있다. 특히 5월에서 9월까지의고장건수가전체고장건수의 71% 를차지하고있다 SIV인버터고장과외기온도와의상관관계이번장에서는주위온도와의상관성을통계적분석으로알아본다. 고장발생과주위온도의상관분석을위해전동차고장데이타외에기상청외기온도데이터를추가로이용하였다. Fig. 1는외기온도에따른고장발생빈도를히스토그램으로보이고있다. 분석을위해통계 신뢰성분석프로그램인미니탭을사용하였다. 외기온도의범위는 -5 ~ 35 이고 Fig. 2에서그고장분포를보면 15 ~ 35 에서전체고장의 80% 를차지하고있음을알수있다. Table 1. SIV inverter failure aggregate due to the IGBT breakdown Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

3 온도스트레스영향을고려한전동차보조전원장치의신뢰성분석 Table 2. Outside temperature interval and frequency failure. Outside temperature( ) Failure frequency 31 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -1 4 Fig. 1. Failure frequency histograms 상관분석을위해 Table. 2에서변수는인버터고장빈도와외기온도를두개의변수로하였다. 외기온도는 4 주위온도냉각용량단위로온도구간을정하여해당온도구간의고장빈도를집계하여상관계수를구하고그상관계수에대한가설검정을하여상관관계의유무에대해검정하였다. Fig. 3의산점도에서외기온도와고장빈도에대한표본상관계수는 0.811으로비교적강한양의상관을보이고있다. Fig. 3. A scatter plot of failure frequency Fig. 2. Failure distribution 495

4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 3 호, 2017 두변수사이의상관관계의유무에대해유의수준 5% 에서미니탭을이용하여가설검정해보면다음과같다. 귀무가설 대립가설 ( 두변수간에는 상관관계가존재하지않는다.) ( 두변수간에는 상관관계가존재한다. 이때검정통계량은 이고, 자유도가 인 t-분포를따를때미니탭의검정결과를보면 P-value ( 유의확률 ) 가 0.004로유의수준 0.05보다작으므로귀무가설 를기각한다. 즉두변수간에는유의수준 0.05 기준으로상관계수가 0.811인양의상관관계가존재한다고볼수있다.[6] 2.2 스트레스인자분석 앞장에서는 SIV 인버터고장에대해외기온도만을분석하였으나이번장에서는부하량과외기온도두변수를동시에고려하여가장안정적인운행조건을찾아보고이를바탕으로두변수의상대적변화가고장에미치는영향을분석해본다. 부하량과외기온도두변수를동시에고려한최적의운행조건을분석하기위해다구찌기법을이용한다. SIV 인버터고장과온도스트레스인자간의관계는계량정특성망소문제로고장에영향을주는인자를식 (1) 의인버터냉각용량설계식을이용해구분하면 Table. 3과같고이에따른실험배치는 Table. 4와같다.[5] IGBT - Junction 온도 ( 정격운전시설계치 ) = 40( ) ( /W) 495(W) + (1) = (W) = 110.8( ) 125( ) 여기서 0.107( /W): 냉각 Fin의열저항값 ( /W) ( 설계치 ) 495(W): IGBT turn on 및 switching 손실 ( 정격운전시 ) 40( ): 주위온도 ( ) : 냉각 Fin과 IGBT-Junction간의온도상승 1) 제어인자 1 부하량 (1/2 냉방, FULL 냉방, 1/3 난방, 3/3 난방, 냉난방OFF) 2 : 냉각 Fin과 IGBT- Junction간의온도상승 ( 단, 여기서는조건변화없음 ) Table 3. Factors classification Factors classification Control factor Noise factor symbol Affecting factor range level 1 level 2 level 3 level 4 level 5 A Load Full Heating, 1/3 Heating, Full Cooling, 1/2 Cooling, Heating & Cooling OFF Full Heating 1/3 Heating Heating & Cooling OFF 1/2 Cooling Full Cooling B * * * * * * Outside temperature -5 ~35 Table 4. Experimental arrangement Experiment No. Inside array Outside array A B

5 온도스트레스영향을고려한전동차보조전원장치의신뢰성분석 2) 잡음인자 : 외기온도 ( 주위온도 ) 현재서울도시철도공사전동차자동온도조절장치온도셋팅치는다음과같다. 객실난방온도셋트치 : 18 이상난방OFF 객실냉방온도셋트치 : 23 이하냉방OFF 외기온도에따른부하량변화를세분화해보면, 구간은 3/3 난방 구간은 1/3 난방, 구간은냉난방OFF 구간은 1/2 냉방 구간은 FULL 냉방외기온도 ( 변화량 5 단위 ) -2 ~ 3, 3 ~ 8, 8 ~ 13, 13 ~ 18, 18 ~ 23, 23 ~ 28, 28 ~ 33 미니탭을이용한분석결과 Fig. 4에서최적수준은 SN 비가 로가장큰 A2를보이고있다. 즉, 1/3 난방부하에외기온도 8 ~ 13 구간에서최적의운행조건을보이고있다. 이는고장다수발생구간인 FULL 냉방부하에외기온도 28 ~ 33 구간과비교하면 FULL 냉방과 1/3 난방의부하량의차이와 20 외기온도차만큼의냉각용량차이가고장발생빈도차이를발생시킨다고생각해볼수있다. 장이 13 이하구간의 4.48배가발생하고있다. 이는하절기에는냉방부하량과외기온도가동반상승하여냉각용량마진이줄어든반면, 동절기에는난방부하량이증가함에도불구하고외기온도의하락으로전체냉각용량마진이안정된상태로유지된결과로볼수있다. 2.3 MTTF 와 MTBF 의분포관계 IGBT 인버터의수명분포는서울도시철도공사 2000 년 1월부터 2015년 12월까지의필드데이타 ( 관측정시중단데이터 ) 를미니탭을이용하여분석하였다. 초기고장과반복된고장의평균수명비교분석을한다. 과연고장수리후평균수명의차이가있는지알아보기위해서 MTTF(Mean time to failure) 와 MTBF(Mean time between failures) 를비교한다. 최적의수명분포는 Anderson-Darling 값이 MTTF 는 , MTBF는 로모두와이블분포를따르고있음을알수있다. 선정된와이블분포를통해 PDF(Probability Density Function), Survival Function, Hazard Function을분석해보면 Fig. 5와같다. MTTF 와 MTBF 를비교해보면다음과같다. Table 5. Comparison of MTTF, MTBF MTTF MTBF Shape parameter Scale parameter Mean time MTTF에비해 MTBF가 Scale parameter와평균수명이줄었음을알수있다. 즉초기고장까지의수명에비해고장수리후사용수명이작다는의미는반복고장이일어난다고볼수있다. ( 여기서 Shape parameter는 로, 와이블분포함수는 < 1 감마분포 = 1 지수분포 = 2 로그정규분포 = 3.5 ( 거의근사적으로 ) 정규분포를따른 Fig. 4. Main effect plot for SN ratios 위분석결과를바탕으로외기온도 13 이상구간과이하구간을나누어고장발생빈도를비교해보면전체고장의 81% 가 13 이상구간에서발생하고있는데고 다. Scale parameter 는 로특성수명을나타낸다. Location parameter는최소수명으로본논문에서는영업시작기준으로 =0으로한다. d(km) 는수명거리를나타내는변수이다.) 497

6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 3 호, 2017 다시정리하면 (5) PDF(Probability Density Function) 는 고장률함수는 (2) (3) (4) Fig. 6은 Survival Function을비교하여초기고장과반복고장의신뢰도차이를보여주고있다. Survival function 은 수리후평균수명이짧아졌다는의미는수명을단축시키는스트레스인자의영향이이전보다는커지고, 지속적으로스트레스상태에있다는것으로생각해볼수있다. IGBT 인버터의온도스트레스인자에대한주요변수는식 (1) 의인버터냉각성능계산식에서보듯크게두가지로나눌수있다. 전동차부하에의한내부손실과주위온도가그것이다. 전동차부하에의한내부손실은 IGBT turn on 및 switching 손실을말하며주위온도는히트싱 (6) (7) Fig. 5. Distribution overview plot for MTTF, MTBF 498

7 온도스트레스영향을고려한전동차보조전원장치의신뢰성분석 크처럼외부공기와열교환부품의냉각용량을말한다. 결국이러한냉각용량마진을최대한확보하거나늘리는것이핵심사항으로 IGBT 스위칭주파수대역을적정수준으로내림으로써 IGBT의스위칭손실이줄어들어히트싱크의냉각용량마진을확보하거나인버터박스에추가로냉각팬또는방열판을설치하여열교환능력확대를통하여고장발생확률을낮춤으로써신뢰성향상을고려해볼수있다. Fig. 6. Survival function comparison for MTTF, MTBF 고장까지의수명에비해고장수리후사용수명이작다는의미는온도스트레스인자의영향이이전보다는커지고지속적으로스트레스상태에있다는것으로생각해볼수있다. IGBT 인버터의온도스트레스에대한개선안으로 IGBT 스위칭주파수조정을통한손실감소와냉각팬또는방열판추가설치를제안하였다. 이는냉각용량설계에서내부발열과외부공기와의열교환문제를동시에고려한제안으로다구찌분석에서알수있듯이최적운행조건과고장다수발생조건의냉각용량차이를줄여추가마진확보를통한고장발생확률적감소를기대한다. 그러나 IGBT 스위칭주파수조정은적정스위칭주파수대역을선정시왜율과소음증가에대한고려가필요하며이에대한연구가필요하다. 최근가변스위칭주파수에대한연구가활발히진행되고있다. 평소쾌적한운영환경에서온도스트레스에대한이상징후가나타날때스위칭주파수를자동으로낮춤으로써자기방호기능을갖추도록하는연구도노후철도차량운영관리에도움이될것으로기대된다. 3. 결론 IGBT소손으로인한 SIV 인버터고장과온도스트레스인자와의상관성을분석을통하여외기온도와 SIV 인버터고장빈도의상관관계가검정통계량 이고, 자유도가 n-2인 t-분포를따를때유의수준 0.05에서 P-value( 유의확률 ) 가 0.004으로상관계수가 0.811인양의상관관계가존재함을알수있었다. SIV 인버터의최적운행조건을다구찌기법을통하여 SN 비가 로가장큰 1/3 난방부하에외기온도 8 ~ 13 구간임을알수있었다. 이는고장다수발생구간인 FULL 냉방, 외기온도 28 ~ 33 구간과비교하면 FULL 냉방과 1/3 난방의부하량의차이와 20 외기온도차만큼의냉각용량차이가있음을알수있었다. IGBT 인버터수명분포의 MTTF 와 MTBF 비교분석을통해초기고장과고장수리후수명의차이가있는지산출해보았는데 MTTF는 1,280,498km이고 MTBF는 1,118,328km으로 MTTF에비해 MTBF가 Scale parameter와평균수명이줄었음을알수있다. 즉초기 References [1] Young-Ju, Shin, "A Study on Accelerated Life Test(ALT) for Relay by Apply to a Complex Stress", Department of Industrial Engineering Graduate School, Cheongju University, [2] Se-Kyum, Kim, "A Study on Effective Maintenance by Considering Environmental Conditions for the Relays of AREX'S EMU", Department of Rolling Stock System Engineering Graduate School of Railway, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, [3] Il-On, Kim, "A Study on The Improvement and Analysis for Power Factor Characteristics of Rolling Stock Auxiliary Power Supply according to the Load Changes", Department of Rolling Stock System Engineering Graduate School of Railway, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, [4] Dong-Jun, Shin, "A Study on Performance Analysis of the Heat-pump System for the Cooling of the Inverter of a Metro EMU", Department of Railway System Graduate School of Railway, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, [5] Rotem Co. Ltd, "Handbook of Inverter design", [6] Hyun-Ju, Park,"Learning to Minitab Basic Statistics", Jireh Tech, [7] Rudolph Frederick Stapelberg, "Handbook of Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety in Engineering Design", Springer,

8 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 3 호, 2017 [8] Euy-Hyun Cho, Jeong-Kyu, Hui-Don Seo, "The Accelerated Life Test of 2.5 Inch Hard Disk In The Environment of PC using", Journal of Digital Contents Society, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp , Feb DOI: 박남철 (Nam-Chul Park) [ 준회원 ] 2000 년 2 월 : 명지대학교전기전자공학부 ( 공학사 ) 2015 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 서울과학기술대학교철도전문대학원철도안전학과석사과정 2001 년 6 월 ~ 현재 : 서울도시철도공사 < 관심분야 > 철도 RAMS 신뢰성이론 송중호 (Joong-Ho Song) [ 정회원 ] 1980 년 2 월 : 서울대학교전기공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1982 년 2 월 : 서울대학교전기공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1993 년 8 월 : 한국과학기술원전기및전자공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1985 년 3 월 ~ 2002 년 8 월 : 한국과학기술원책임연구원 2002 년 9 월 ~ 현재 : 서울과학기술대학교전기정보공학과교수 < 관심분야 > 전력전자, 전동기제어, 전력품질 500

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