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1 대한응급의학회지제 25 권제 4 호 Volume 25, Number 4, August, 2014 원 저 Imaging 국내의과대학학생의확장한외상환자선별초음파검사 (efast) 의수행능력에대한평가와고찰 동국대학교일산병원응급의학과 전두정 도한호 이승철 이정훈 서준석 박성호 김희영 The Assessment and Consideration about Feasibility of efast Exam in Medical School Students in Korea Doojung Jun, M.D., Hanho Doh, M.D., Seungchul Lee, M.D., Junghun Lee, M.D., Junseok Seo, M.D., Sungho Park, M.D., Heeyoung Kim, M.D. Purpose: Emergency physicians usually perform ultrasound exams for patients with multiple injuries. Extended focused assessment with sonography for trauma (efast) can reveal injuries from chest to the abdomen immediately. However, in Korea, the curriculums of medical schools do not currently include efast. We have devised a study to assess the feasibility of the efast exam in medical school students. Methods: This study was conducted in students in their fifth year out of six years of medical school, over 11 weeks. Four Emergency Medicine specialists trained the students over 4 hours, tested the students, and conducted a questionnaire. Results: Average age of students was 25.9±2.6 years, and 24 were male and 20 were female. Mean success rate of 17 components on the efast exam was 95.9% (94.6%- 97.4%). The success rate of transverse view of aorta, transverse view of bladder, lung sliding sign, and sea-shore sign of both anterior chest walls was 100%, scanning the spleen and attaching the probe to a body surface were 75%, 86.3%. Total time consumption was 449.0±22.2 seconds. The questionnaires showed that the efast exam for the splenorenal recess, spleen, and left upper quadrant lung was difficult. 책임저자 : 도한호경기도고양시일산동구식사동 814 동국대학교의과대학일산병원응급의학과 Tel: 031) , Fax: 031) erdohh@naver.com 접수일 : 2013년 12월 16일, 1차교정일 : 2013년 12월 17일게재승인일 : 2014년 6월 23일 416 Conclusion: We found that medical students in Korea could perform the efast exam by themselves after 4 hours education. In the future, these findings can be helpful in development of an efast education program for medical students. Key Words: Ultrasonography, Education, Medical students Department of Emergency Medicine, Dongguk University Medical Center Ilsan Hospital, Koyang, Korea Article Summary What is already known in the previous study Emergency physicians usually perform ultrasound exams for patients with multiple injuries. Extended focused assessment with sonography for trauma (efast) can reveal injuries from chest to the abdomen immediately. However, in Korea, the curriculums of medical schools do not currently include efast. What is new in the current study We found that medical students in Korea could perform the efast exam by themselves after 4 hours education. In the future, these findings can be helpful in development of an efast education program for medical students. 서 초음파검사는장비의발전과더불어그편의성과신속성, 또한비침습적이라는장점이크게부각되어다양한분야에서활용되고있다. 최근에는영상의학을전공하지않은임상의사들도의사결정및다양한술기의시행을위하여초음파검사를사용하는빈도가늘어나고있다 1,2). 이렇듯, 임상의사들이환자를진료하면서초음파검사를직접시행하는경우가점차많아지고있으며외국의경우이러한초음파교육이졸업이전의의과대학학생들에게도이루어져야한다는의견들이제시되고있다 3,4). 특히응급실에서외 론

2 전두정외 : 국내의과대학학생의확장한외상환자선별초음파검사 (efast) 의수행능력에대한평가와고찰 / 417 상환자를대상으로하는실시간의침상옆초음파검사는많은결정적인정보들을신속하게제공해주기때문에응급의학과의사들의임상적판단에큰도움이된다. 초음파를이용한외상환자평가의대표적인지침은외상환자선별초음파검사 (focused assessment with sonography for trauma; FAST) 를들수있는데이는 1999년국제합의회의를통해기본적으로심장주위, 간주위, 비장주위, 골반강에서삼출액저류를확인하도록권고하고있다 5). 그이후 FAST는기흉이나혈흉에대한평가가포함된확장된외상환자선별초음파검사 (extended FAST; efast) 형태로발전하여외상환자의초기평가에활용되고있다 6). 이러한 efast 검사를이용하여다발성외상환자를평가하기위해서는반드시교육이필요하지만현재국내의의과대학교육과정에는초음파의원리와초음파영상에대한설명만있을뿐실제로초음파검사를시행하는과정은포함되어있지않다. 또한졸업후전공의수련과정에서소수의전공과를제외하면교육을받을수있는기회가드물기때문에학생들은초음파를습득하기어려운술기로생각하는경우가많다. 최근외국에서는의과대학재학생들에게초음파검사를교육한결과해부학적지식이나신체검진방법에대한이해도가증가하는효과를보였으며, 학생들이부분적이지만초음파검사를시행할수있고그결과를판독할수있었다는보고들이있다 3,7). 해외에서는이미초음파검사가현실적인학부교육의목표로까지고려되고있지만아직까지국내에서는이에대한연구나시도가이루어지지않고있다. 이에저자들은 efast 교육을받은의대생들이실제로초음파검사를성공적으로시행할수있는지를확인하기위하여조사를시행하였다. 대상과방법 1. 연구대상과자료의수집이연구의대상은 2011년 3월 1일부터 2011년 5월 14 일까지총 11주동안본원응급실로임상실습을나온 6년제의과대학의 5학년학생들이다. 저자들은이들학생들에게응급의학과임상실습중에 efast를교육한후평가및설문으로조사했던자료를본원의임상시험윤리위원회의승인후후향적으로분석하여단면조사연구 (cross sectional study) 를시행하였다. 2. 교육과정및초음파검사의내용 1) 교육과정교육은 2년이상의복부초음파검사의경험이있는 4명 의응급의학과전문의가시행하였다. 이들중 efast에대하여 3년이상, 100례이상을시행한경험이있는 1명의전문의가책임강사를맡아서이론교육을전담하였으며처음 5차례의실습교육도시행하였다. 그외 3명의전문의들은최소 2회이상의이론및실습교육을참관한후책임강사의감독하에 2회의실습강의와교육후평가에참여하였다. 실습교육의장소와초음파는동일하게유지하였으며남성모의환자를이용하여실습과평가가이루어졌다. 초음파교육과정은총 4시간으로교육은 2시간의이론교육과 2시간의실습교육으로이루어졌다. 이론교육은동영상을포함한슬라이드강의로이루어졌다. 기본적인초음파의원리, 초음파기계의조작방법에대하여 30분동안설명하였고, 다음 1시간동안복부의해부학과정상초음파소견및 efast의각각의검사항목들에대하여교육하였으며, 마지막 30분동안은 efast의정상소견과비정상소견을비교하는교육을시행하였다. 실습교육은 4시간이상금식한표준체형의남성모의환자를대상으로이루어졌다. 첫한시간동안은 4명의학생이각각 15분동안실습강사와함께모의환자에게 efast 검사를시행하였으며본인의교육이끝나도침상곁에서다른학생들의검사를 3차례관찰하도록하였다. 다음한시간은학생들이주도하여 efast 검사를연습하였고강사는질문에만답변하였다. 초음파기기는 SONOACE 8 (Samsung Medison, Co., Ltd. KOREA) 을사용하였고초음파탐촉자는곡선형의 2~8 MHz (C2-8, Samsung Medison, Co., Ltd. KOREA) 를사용하였다. 2) 초음파교육내용저자들은학생들에게신체의 13부위에서 17개항목을초음파로검사하는방법을교육하였다. 학생들에게교육한초음파검사는기존의 efast 검사에하복부와복부대동맥의검사를추가한수정된 efast 검사이며, 검사의순서는다음과같다. 먼저 Kirkpatrick 등 8) 이제안한양측전흉부의 2번째늑간의정중쇄골선위치에서흉막미끄러짐을확인하고이후 Volpicelli 등 9) 이권고한후방액와선과 4~5번째늑간의교차점에서흉막삼출의여부를확인한다. 그리고심장막삼출액의유무를확인하고복강내저류를확인하기위하여간후면, 우측간-신장경계, 비장, 좌측비장-신장경계, 양측결장옆고랑 (paracolic gutter) 과방광주변을검사한후마지막으로복부대동맥을검사한다 (Fig. 3). 획득한영상은정지영상으로저장하는것을원칙으로하였으며, 폐미끄러짐 (lung sliding) 현상은 M형초음파를이용하여기록하였다. 3. 평가방법과설문조사교육이끝난후각학생에대한초음파수행도평가와설

3 418 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 25 권제 4 호 2014 문조사가이루어졌다. 학생들은실습교육당시배정받은모의환자를제외하고다른남성모의환자를무작위로배정받아 efast 검사를시행하였다. 학생들이교육받은 17종류의영상을적절히획득하였는지의여부는미리정해진지침에따라평가하였고, 이때소요된시간을측정하였다. 정해진영상을확보하고이에대해설명을할수있는경우를성공으로인정하였으며, 2분내에영상을확보하지못하거나해부학적인구조를설명하지못하는경우실패로간주하였다. 초음파기계의조작에대해 time gain compensation (TGC) 의조절, 초음파투과깊이의조절, 정지영상의사용, M형초음파의사용, 탐촉자의밀착방법의 5가지항목을평가하였다. 저자들은학생들이검사를시행하기전 TGC 조절버튼을가장낮은상태로, 초음파투과의깊이를 5 cm로설정한채로학생들이이를조작하여검사에적합한상태를맞추는지를확인하였다. 정지영상의사용은초음파화면을멈추고영상으로되감아서적절한영상을확보할수있는지여부를확인하였고, 흉막의미끄러짐을기록할때 M형초음파의사용의적절성을평가하였다. 탐촉자의밀착도는 efast에서확보한영상의좌-우측에서허상이보이지않고조직의영상이확보된다면밀착되어있는것으로판단하였다. 설문조사는 efast 실행평가가끝난후에시행하였다. 학생들에게 efast에서검사하는 17개종류의영상검사항목들과 5가지초음파조작에대한난이도를조사하였다. 난이도에대한설문지답변은리커드 6점척도 (0= 매우어렵다, 5= 매우쉽다 ) 로측정하였다. 학생들이초음파검사를시행한모의환자들의체질량지수와허리둘레도확인하여기록하였다. 4. 자료의수집주요결과변수로 efast의 17개항목의검사성공률과초음파조작과연관된 5개항목에서장애발생여부를확인하였다. 부가적인결과변수로 efast의항목별소요시간을분석하였고설문조사에서파악한검사항목별난이도와초음파조작의난이도를분석하였다. 5. 통계적분석통계분석은 SPSS version 18.0 (IBM, Inc., Armonk, NY, USA) 을이용하였다. 연속변수는평균과표준오차로명목변수는빈도수와백분율 (%) 로표기하였으며, efast 의평균성공률은 95% 신뢰구간으로표시하였다. 난이도에대한설문조사결과는중앙값과사분위값으로표시하였으며이를쉬움과어려움의두군으로분류하여모식화하였다. 학생들의나이와성별, 모의환자의체형에따라성 공률과소요시간의차이가발생하는지를확인하기위하여다변량분석을시행하였으며비율검정을통하여기존의연구결과와성공률을비교하였다. 유의수준이 5% 미만인경우를통계적으로유의하다고판단하였다. 결 44명의학생들은 4시간의초음파교육을모두이수하였고교육후 efast 수행에대한평가를받았다. 연구에포함된학생들은남자 24명, 여자 20명이었으며평균나이는 25.9±2.6세였다. 학생들중 2명이 FAST의개념을들어본적이있다고대답하였으나교육은모두가받은적이없다고답하였다. 학생들이검사한표준환자들의체질량지수는 21.7±0.3 kg/m 2, 허리둘레는 30.5±0.2인치였다 (Table 1). 17개항목에대한 efast 검사의성공률의평균은 95.9% (94.6%~97.4%) 로나타났다. 각항목별로는대동맥의가로영상확인과방광의가로영상확인, 양측의폐미끄러짐, 양측에서 M형초음파로해안선징후를확인하는 6가지항목에서 100.0% 의성공률을보였으며, 비장을확인하는데 75.0% 로가장낮은성공률을보였다. 초음파조작에대한 5가지항목에서는탐촉자의밀착방법에서 86.3% 로비교적낮은성공률을보였으나 TGC 조절, 초음파투과깊이의조절에서 95.4%, 정지영상의사용, M형초음파의사용에서 100% 성공률을보였다 (Table 2). 학생들이표준환자에게시행한 17가지항목의 efast 검사의총소요시간은 449.0±22.2초로나타났는데간콩팥오목을확인하는데 44.6±3.5초로가장긴시간이소요되었으며, 해안선징후를확인하는데 13.7±1.1초로가장짧은 Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the students and standard patients. Characteristics 과 Value Age (Years) 25.9±2.6 Gender Male 24 (54.5%)0 Female 20 (45.5%)0 Awareness of FAST/eFAST Yes 02 (04.5%)0 No 42 (95.5%)0 Training of FAST/eFAST Yes 00 (00.0%)0 No 44 (100.0%) Standard patients BMI (kg/m 2 ) 21.7±0.3 Waist (inches) 30.5±0.2 FAST: focused assessment with sonography for trauma, efast: extended focused assessment with sonography for trauma, BMI: body mass index

4 전두정외 : 국내의과대학학생의확장한외상환자선별초음파검사 (efast) 의수행능력에대한평가와고찰 / 419 Table 2. The success rate of 17 components in efast exam and 5 components in machine control. Components Success Fail Regions of efast Right lung sliding 44 (100.0%) 00 (00.0%) Left lung sliding 44 (100.0%) 00 (00.0%) Right lung seashore sign 44 (100.0%) 00 (00.0%) Left lung seashore sign 44 (100.0%) 00 (00.0%) Right upper quadrant lung view 43 (097.7%) 01 (02.3%) Left upper quadrant lung view 42 (095.5%) 02 (04.5%) Pericardium 40 (090.9%) 04 (09.1%) Liver posterior dome 42 (095.5%) 02 (04.5%) Hepatorenal recess 43 (097.7%) 01 (02.3%) Spleen, longitudinal view 33 (075.0%) 11 (25.0%) Splenorenal recess 43 (097.7%) 01 (02.3%) Right paracolic gutter 39 (088.6%) 05 (11.4%) Left paracolic gutter 43 (097.7%) 01 (02.3%) Perivesical view, longitudinal 42 (095.5%) 02 (04.5%) Perivesical view, transverse 44 (100.0%) 00 (00.0%) Aorta, longitudinal 43 (097.7%) 01 (02.3%) Aorta, transverse 44 (100.0%) 00 (00.0%) Machine control Probe attachment 38 (086.4)% 06 (13.6)% Freeze with rewind 44 (100.0%) 00 (00.0%) M-mode control 44 (100.0%) 00 (00.0%) Depth control 42 (095.5%) 02 (04.5%) TGC control 42 (095.5%) 02 (04.5%) TGC: Time Gain Compensation Fig. 1. Time consumption for 17 components of efast exam. This picture show the Time consumption for 17 components of efast exam. Vertical lines mean range of standard error of each component, and horrizontal lines in the center present average time. The numbers besides means the seconds consumpted.

5 420 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 25 권제 4 호 2014 시간이소요되었다 (Fig. 1). 성공여부와소요시간은학생들의나이와성별, 표준환자의체질량지수에따른유의한차이가없었다. 교육후에학생들응답한 efast의 17개항목의난이도는비장콩팥오목의확인과비장의장축확인, 좌측횡경막상부의측-후부폐부확인에서어렵다는대답이많은반면에간상부후면의관찰, 방광의가로와세로영상의확인, 좌측및우측결장옆고랑의확인, 대동맥의가로와세로영상의확인, 양측의폐미끄러짐에대한검사는대부분쉽다고답했다. 또한초음파조작에대한 5가지항목의난이도에대한설문에서 TGC 조절, 초음파투과깊이의조절, M형초음파의사용은대부분쉽다고대답했으나탐촉자를밀착시키기는것은어렵다고대답한학생들이많았다 (Table 3, Fig. 2). 고 저자들이국내의일개의과대학 5학년학생들을교육한후평가한 17개항목의 efast 검사성공률은 95.9% 로나타났으며검사항목별로소요시간과난이도의차이를확인할수있었다. 저자들이연구에서검사성공률은 95.9% 로, 이는 Gogalniceanu 등 7) 이 25명의의대생에게 FAST Table 3. The difficulties of 17 components in efast exam and 5 components in machine control. Regions 찰 Median (IQR) Right lung sliding 4 (3, 4) Left lung sliding 4 (3, 4) Right lung seashore sign 4 (3, 4) Left lung seashore sign 4 (3, 4) Right upper quadrant lung view 3 (2, 3) Left upper quadrant lung view 2 (2, 3) Pericardium 3 (2, 4) Liver posterior dome 3 (3, 4) Hepatorenal recess 3 (2, 3) Spleen, longitudinal view 0.2 (1, 2.7) Splenorenal recess 2 (2, 3) Right paracolic gutter 3.5 (3, 4)0. Left paracolic gutter 3.5 (3, 4)0. Perivesical view, longitudinal 4 (3, 4) Perivesical view, transverse 4 (3, 5) Aorta, longitudinal 4 (3, 4) Aorta, transverse 4 (3, 4) Probe attachment 2 (2, 3) Freeze with rewind 4 (3, 4) M-mode control 0.4 (4, 4.8) Depth control 4 (4, 5) TGC control 0.3 (2.3, 4) TGC: Time Gain Compensation, IQR: interquartile range 를교육후확인한 86.0% 의성공률이나, Heegaard 등 10) 이응급구조사 104명에게 FAST 교육후확인한성공률 92.3% 와비슷하거나높았다. 이번연구에서초음파성공률이 95% 이하로나타난부분은심장막주변, 비장의장축검사, 우측결장옆고랑의검사였는데이들중비장의장축검사의성공률이 75% 로가장낮았으며소요된시간도가장길었다. 응급의학과의사들에게 FAST를교육할때에도비장이나비장-신장경계를관찰하는데어려움을호소하는경우가흔한데, 이는비장은늑골에가려져있어서그전장을관찰하려면늑골사이로그주행방향에맞추어탐촉자를조작하여야하기때문이다. 이러한술기는단기간의교육만으로충분히익숙해지기가어렵다. 이번연구에서두번째로성공률이낮았던부분은우측의결장옆고랑의확인이었다. 우측결장옆고랑주위에는장내공기가있어서초음파의투과를방해하고시야를확보하기어려운경우가있는데이때는점진적인압박을통하여공기를밀어내면서영상을확보하여야한다. 세번째로성공률이낮았던부분은심장막주변을관찰하기위한흉골하초음파검사였다. 영상의확보를위해서는흉골아래에서탐촉자를적절히기울여서접촉시킨채로압력을가하는데이때간을초음파매개로잡으면영상확보가유리하다. 저자들의연구에서학생들은이러한검사방법들에대하여교육을받았으나 4시간동안의강의와실습으로는충분한경험을축적하기어려웠다고생각한다. 향후 efast에대한교육과정을개발한다면이러한성공률이낮은부분을보완할수있는교육과정을설계할필요가있다. 반면에저자들은높은성공률을보인 efast 항목들을주목할필요가있다고생각한다. Heegaard 등 10) 은단기교육을받은응급구조사들이복부대동맥류 (abdominal aortic aneurysm) 을확인하기위한복부대동맥의초음파검사에서정상대동맥을확인하는데 100% 성공하였다고보고하였다. 저자들의연구에서는학생들이대동맥의가로스캔과방광의가로스캔을시행하는데모두성공하였을뿐만아니라, 양측앞가슴에서흉막의미끄러짐을확인하는검사와이를 M형초음파로기록하는해변징후의확인에도모두가성공하였다. 또한우측흉곽의측후면에서흉막삼출을확인하는검사와간-신장경계, 비장-신장경계, 좌측결장옆고랑, 대동맥의세로스캔검사에서도 44명중에서 1명을제외하고모두성공하였다. 특히이번연구를통하여학생들이앞가슴에서폐미끄러짐이나측후면가슴에서흉막삼출을확인하는초음파검사를쉽게시행할수있다는점을확인한것은시사하는바가크다. Harberkorn 등 11) 은검사위치에서지방층이증가할수록초음파영상의질이떨어진다고보고하였는데이에비추어보면저자들의연구에서정상체형의모의환자를대상으로한검사성공률은실제비만한환자를대상으로하는경우성공률이상당히낮아질가능성이있다. 하지만비만환자의경우에도

6 전두정외 : 국내의과대학학생의확장한외상환자선별초음파검사 (efast) 의수행능력에대한평가와고찰 / 421 앞가슴에서흉막까지공간이나, 흉곽의측후면에서흉막까지공간은복부에비하여지방질의침착이적고또한초음파가투과하는거리가상대적으로얕다. 그러므로학생들이높은성공률은보인폐초음파검사는비만한환자를포함한실제환자들을대상으로시행하였을때도성공률이높을것이라고생각한다. 교육후에학생들이응답한난이도에대한설문조사결과로비장의장축을검사하는항목이어려웠다는답변이가장많았는데이는성공률도가장낮았던부분이다. 하지만양측측후부흉곽에서흉막삼출을확인하는검사는성공률높았던것에비하여어렵다고대답한학생들이많았다. 저자들의병원에서는측후부의흉곽에서흉막삼출을검사할때탐촉자를침상과환자의등사이에넣고하늘방향으로들어올리면서이를최대한등쪽에밀착을시키는 검사자세를취하게하는데이러한지침이다른위치의검사에비하여다소복잡하게느껴져수행하기어려웠다는응답이있었다. 반면 efast 항목에서폐미끄러짐의관찰, 간후면의관찰, 양측결장옆고랑의관찰, 방광의장축및단축관찰, 대동맥의장축및단축의관찰은쉽다고대답한학생들이많았다. efast 검사를시행하는데필요한 5가지초음파조작법중에서는탐촉자를환부에접촉시키는것이어려웠다는대답이가장많았는데이역시평가에서가장낮은성공률을보인항목이었다 (Fig. 3). 이연구는국내의의과대학교육과정을이수한학생들이 efast 초음파수행이가능함을처음으로확인하였다는점에서의의가있다고생각한다. 그리고이번연구에서는 efast 검사항목과초음파조작방법각각에대하여수행능력을평가하고난이도를조사하였는데, 이러한접근을 Fig. 2. The difficulties of 17 components in efast exam and 5 components in machine control. This picture is schematization of the questionnaire s result about difficulties of 17 components in efast exam and 5 components in machine control. The degree of difficulty was bisected to easy and difficult. Score 0~2 classified to difficult and score 3~5 classified to easy. The dark gray on the left were the number of students who answered difficult and the light gray on the right were the number of students who answered easy. TGC: Time Gain Compensation

7 422 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 25 권제 4 호 2014 통하여단기간의교육을통하여쉽게습득할수있는항목과그렇지않은항목을구분하고자시도했던점도기존의연구들과의차이점으로들수있다. 하지만이번연구는다음의몇가지제한점을가진다. 첫번째로, 연구에참가한학생의숫자가 44명으로적은수였고한개의의과대학의학생들만을대상으로하였다는점에서연구결과를일반화하기에는어려움이있다. 두번째로저자들은학생들이초음파를시행할수있는지여부와시행에장애가발생하는요인에대해서만조사하였기때문에이번연구를통하여 efast 교육의효과를파악할수는없었다. 초음파의교육효과를확인하기위한후속연구에서는교육전후의지식 의평가가포함되어야할것이다. 세번째제한점으로, 학생들이 efast 이상소견을직접관찰하지못하였다는점이다. 학생들은슬라이드강의를통하여비정상소견을교육받았지만, 교육후평가는정상모의환자에게 efast 검사를시행하여정상적인해부학구조를획득하는것을목표로하였기때문에실제로학생들이비정상소견을파악하고판독하는능력은평가할수가없었다. 보다높은교육효과를기대하기위해서는이러한부분을보완하여시뮬레이션교육이필요할것이다. 마지막제한점으로학생들은통제된모의환자만을대상으로초음파를시행하였다는점이다. 모의환자들은과체중이나비만한이가없었고 4시간 B A Fig. 3. Sequences and anatomical references of modified efast exam for education. 1: Right lung sliding, recorded as M-mode 2: Left lung sliding, recorded as M-mode 3: Right upper quadrant lung view 4: Left upper quadrant lung view 5: Pericardium 6: Liver posterior dome 7: Hepatorenal recess 8: Spleen, longitudinal view 9: Splenorenal recess 10: Right paracolic gutter 11: Left paracolic gutter 12: Perivesical view, longitudinal 13: Perivesical view, transverse 14: Aorta, longitudinal 15: Aorta, transverse This picture shows sequences and anatomical references of modified efast exam during education. The number in the box and blue square means the sequence of exam and direction of the probe. C

8 전두정외 : 국내의과대학학생의확장한외상환자선별초음파검사 (efast) 의수행능력에대한평가와고찰 / 423 이상의금식을하였기때문에학생들은실제환자들을대상으로하는것보다쉽게영상을얻을수있었을것이다. 향후 efast 검사의교육효과를확인하기위한연구에서는이러한제한점들을보완할필요하다고생각한다. 결 저자들은 2시간의이론교육과 2시간의실습교육을받은본과 3학년의의대생들이 17개의 efast의항목을성공적으로스캔할수있음을확인하였다. 이번연구를통하여확인한항목별성공률과난이도는향후 efast 교육과정을개발할때중요한기초자료로활용될수있을것이다. 론 참고문헌 01. Wigmore TJ, Smythe JF, Hacking MB, Raobaikady R, MacCallum NS. Effect of the implementation of NICE guidelines for ultrasound guidance on the complication rates associated with central venous catheter placement in patients presenting for routine surgery in a tertiary referral centre. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99: Wright SA, Bell AL. Enhancement of undergraduate rheumatology teaching through the use of musculoskeletal ultrasound. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47: Arger PH, Schultz SM, Sehgal CM, Cary TW, Aronchick J. Teaching Medical Students Diagnostic Sonography. J Ultrasound Med. 2005;24: Mircea PA, Badea R, Fodor D, Buzoianu AD. Using ultrasonography as a teaching support tool in undergraduate medical education - time to reach a decision. Med Ultrason. 2012;14: Eric L, Lee S. Trauma: A Comprehensive Emergency Medicine Approach: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS; p Körner M, Krötz MM, Degenhart C, Pfeifer KJ, Reiser MF, Linsenmaier U. Current Role of Emergency US in Patients with Major Trauma. Radiographics. 2008;28: Gogalniceanu P, Sheena Y, Kashef E, Purkayastha S, Darzi A, Paraskeva P. Is Basic Emergency Ultrasound Traning Feasible as Part of Standard Undergraduate Medical Education. J Surg Educ. 2010;67: Kirkpatrick AW, Sirois M, Laupland KB, Liu D, Rowan K, Ball CG, et al. Hand-Held Thoracic Sonography for Detecting Post-Traumatic Pneumothoraces: The Extended Focused Assessment With Sonography For Trauma (EFAST). J Trauma. 2004;57: Volpicelli G, Elbarbary M, Blaivas M, Lichtenstein DA, Mathis G, Kirkpatrick AW, et al. International evidence based recommendations for point of care lung ultrasound. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38: Heegaard W, Hildebrandt D, Spear D, Chason K, Nelson B, Ho J. Prehospital ultrasound by paramedics: results of field trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17: Haberkorn U, Layer G, Rudat V, Zuna I, Lorenz A, van Kaick G. Ultrasound Image Properties influenced by abdominal wall thickness and composition. J Clin Ultrasound. 1993;21:423-9.

9 424 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 25 권제 4 호 2014 Appendix No ( 연월일 - No) 성명성별 / 나이 FAST/eFAST 의개념에대하여들어본적이있는가? 예아니오 FAST/eFAST 에대한교육을받은적이있는가? 예아니오 다음의 Target view를확인하는데얼마나어려움이있었는가? 6점척도 (0: 매우어렵다, 5: 매우쉽다 ) 이유 01 Right lung sliding Right lung sea-shore sign Left lung sliding Left lung sea-shore sign Pleural view (RUQ) Pleural view (LUQ) Peri-cardial (subcostal) Liver post. Capsule Hepato-renal recess Spleen Spleno-renal recess Right paracolic gutter Left paracolic gutter Peri-vesical (longitudinal) Peri-vesical (tranverse) Abdomen aorta (longitudinal) Abdomen aorta (transverse) 다음의초음파기계의기능을조작하는데얼마나어려움이있었는가? 6점척도 (0: 매우어렵다, 5: 매우쉽다 ) 이유 01 TGC 조절 Depth 조절 M-mode 사용 정지영상사용 탐촉자의밀착도

10 전두정외 : 국내의과대학학생의확장한외상환자선별초음파검사 (efast) 의수행능력에대한평가와고찰 / 425 학생 ID: 학생이름 : 나이 / 성별 : / 교육일시 :.. 평가자 : 표준환자정보 : 체중 : kg, 키 : cm, 허리둘레 : ( ) cm (inch), BMI: 조작방법 TGC 조절 근위부와원위부의영상이비슷한 gain을가지도록 TGC 버튼을조작할수있는가? 투과깊이조절 목적하는구조물이화면의중앙에나타날수있도록상황에따라깊이를조절할수 있는가? M-Mode 사용 움직임을관찰할구조물을화면가운데에고정하고흔들림없이 M-mode 스캔을 할수있는가? 정지영상사용 화면을정지시키고트랙볼을이용하여되감아서원하는정지영상을확보할수있는가? 탐촉자의접촉 검사영상의좌우측에영상이확보되는가? 검사화면의 2/3이상에서영상이확보되 면성공으로판단한다. 스캔방법과영상판정 Lung sliding, Right 쇄골정중앙선과 2~3번째늑골사이가만나는점에서탐촉자가피부에수직이되도록세로방향으로스캔한다. Lung sliding, Left 화면의중앙에흉막이보이고그좌우로늑골의단면이보이는영상을확보한후흉막의미끄러짐을관찰한다. Sea-shore sign, Right 폐미끄러짐을관찰하는위치에서 M-mode 검사를시행한다. Sea-shore sign, Left 흉막을경계로움직임이없는상부는선으로보이고, 하부의공기가움직이는부분은모래사장처럼흩어진에코를보인다. Pleural view, RUQ 4~5번째늑골간과후측액와선과만나는위치에서탐촉자를세로방향으로스캔하며이때접촉면을하늘방향으로들어올린다. Pleural view, LUQ 화면의중앙에흉막이보이고그좌우로늑골의단면이보이는영상을확보한후흉막의삼출이있는지확인한다. Peri-cardial view 흉골하에서가로스캔을시행하며이때탐촉자의방향을좌측어깨방향으로약간돌리면서검사한다. 간을소리창으로좌실실과우심실전체를관찰할수있는지확인하고심낭삼출여부를확인한다. Liver posterior capsule view 우상복부와흉곽경계의가운데지점에서경계면에평행하도록우측어깨방향으로충분히돌려서스캔한다. 간의후면이초음파화면의아래쪽에관찰될수있도록깊이조절을시행하는지확인한다. Hepato-renal recess view 우측늑골의하방에서후방액와선과만나는지점에서세로스캔을한다. 이때간-신장경계면은신장의장축을기준으로상부에서하부까지전체를 2/3이상을확인할수있어야한다. Spleen view 좌측늑골의하방에서후방액와선과만나는지점보다한두개윗쪽의늑골간에서세로스캔을한다. 이때비장의장축을기준으로 2/3이상을확인할수있어야한다. Spleno-renal recess view 좌측늑골의하방에서후방액와선과만나는지점에서세로스캔을한다. 이때비장-신장경계면은신장의장축을기준으로상부에서하부까지전체를 80% 이상을확인할수있어야한다. Paracolic gutter view, Right 하복부의상전장골극 (ASIS) 높이에서내측에서외측으로가로스캔을한다. Paracolic gutter view, Left 복막이안으로접히는부분을확인한다.

11 426 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 25 권제 4 호 2014 Peri-vesical view, Transverse 치골의상방하복부의중앙선에서가로스캔을하다가치골직상부에서환자의머리쪽으로탐촉자를기울인다. (Tilting) 방광의전장을관찰할수있어야한다. Peri-vesical view, Longitudinal 치골의상방하복부의중앙선에서세로스캔을하다가치골직상부에서환자의머리쪽으로탐촉자를기울인다. (Rocking) 방광의전장을관찰할수있어야한다. Abdominal aorta view, Transverse 명치에서배꼽하방까지몸의정중선을따라가로로스캔한다. 고에코로나타나는척추체의전방에원형의단면의지름을확인하고배꼽을지나면서이분화되는것을확인한다. Abdominal aorta view, Longitudinal 명치에서배꼽하방까지몸의정중선을따라세로로스캔한다. 복부대동맥이긴튜브모양으로나타나는것을확인한다.

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