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1 Original Articles Journal of Korean Epilepsy Society Journal of Korean Epilepsy Society 14(1):11-16, 2010 ISSN Received May 3, 2010 Accepted June 3, 2010 간질환자의피로와 C- 반응성단백과의관계 고신대학교의과대학신경과학교실 The Relationship Between Fatigue and C-Reactive Protein in Epilepsy Patients KwangSoo Kim, MD Department of Neurology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea Purpose: Fatigue is a frequent symptom of epilepsy, and is commonly reported as a side effect of many antiepileptic drugs. The aim of this study is to determine the rate of fatigue in epilepsy patients and its relation to C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen and homocysteine levels. Methods: Subjects were 39 epilepsy patients who were receiving antiepileptic drugs, and controls were composed of age- and sex-matched 20 healthy person. Fatigue was evaluated by using Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). The plasma CRP, fibrinogen, and homocysteine levels were measured by turbidimetric immunoassay, scattered light detection method, and chemiluminescence immunoassay respectively. Univariate regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between fatigue and CRP, fibrinogen, and homocysteine. Results: In patients with epilepsy the mean score of FSS was 4.54±1.69, and the rate of fatigue was 66.7%. When compared with normal controls, the mean CRP level of epilepsy patients was significantly elevated (p<0.01). Fatigue was significantly correlated with elevated serum CRP level in epilepsy patients (p<0.05). However, associations between fatigue and fibrinogen and homocysteine were not statistically significant. Conclusions: These findings suggest that fatigue in epilepsy patients may be correlated with elevated serum CRP level. Keywords: Fatigue; CRP; Fibrinogen; Homocysteine; Epilepsy 서론 피로란정신적, 신체적으로지친상태로전신의힘이다빠져버린느낌을의미하며, 자발적인활동을시작하거나지속하는데어려움이있는상태이다. 1 전인구의 10~25% 가피로를가지고있다. 2,3 간질환자에서피로의유병률은 44% 로일반인구에비하여더흔하다. 4 간질환자의피로는발작, 우울증, 발작간기간질양활동, 항간질약등과관계가있으며, 5 피로는발작의유발요인이되기도한다. 5 또한피로는간질 환자의삶의질을떨어뜨리는원인이된다. 4 C-반응성단백 (CRP) 은전신성염증에감수성이높은급성기반응성단백이다. CRP의증가는뇌졸중과관상동맥심장질환의독립적인위험인자이고, 6,7 뇌졸중의예후인자이고, 8 인지기능의감퇴와관계가있으며, 9 피로의예측인자이다. 10 뇌의염증은신경세포의흥분성을증가시켜발작을일으키며, 간질발생에중요한역할을한다. 11 섬유소원 (fibrinogen) 역시급성기반응성단백으로염증성활동증가의표지자이다. 12 섬유소원의증가는초기와반복성심혈관질환의독립적인예측인자로 Address for correspondence: KwangSoo Kim, MD Department of Neurology, Kosin University College of Medicine, 34 Amnam-dong, Seo-gu, Busan , Korea Tel: , Fax: , nekim@ns.kosinmed.or.kr * This study was supported by a grant of Kosin University College of Medicine (2009). Journal of Korean Epilepsy Society Vol. 14 No. 1,

2 서동맥경화증과혈전증발생을촉진한다. 13 호모시스테인은메티오닌 (methionine) 대사과정동안만들어지는아미노산이다. 호모시스테인의거의반은엽산, 비타민 B2, 비타민 B12 등이보조인자로작용하는재메틸화과정을거쳐메티오닌으로되며, 나머지반은비타민 B6 의존성효소인 cystathionine beta synthase에의하여황전환과정을통하여시스테인의합성에이용된다. 호모시스테인의대사에필요한엽산, 비타민 B12, 비타민 B6 등과같은비타민의섭취결핍과 cystathionine beta synthase의결핍은고호모시스테인혈증과호모시스틴뇨증을초래한다. 호모시스테인은혈관의평활근세포의성장을촉진하여동맥경화증을유도하고신경독작용을가지고있다. 호모시테인은뇌졸중, 알쯔하이머병, 간질, 우울증, 외상후스트레스증후군등여러신경정신과적질환들에서증가한다 고용량의호모시스테인은동물실험에서간질발작을유발시킨다. 16 호모시스테인에의한발작은 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) 수용체의자극, 반응성산소종 (reactive oxygen species) 의과생산, 세포자멸사등의기전을통하여흥분성독성신경세포의죽음을초래한다. 19,20 호모시스테인은염증인자인 CRP와밀접한상관관계를가지고있다. 21,22 증가된호모시스테인은산화성스트레스과정을통하여염증을증가시키고, 8,22 염증으로인한산화성스트레스는혈장호모시스테인의증가에기여한다. 23 그리고지속적인염증성자극은엽산의요구를증가시켜호모시스테인의증가를초래할수있다. 간질환자들에서흔한증상인피로가염증혹은호모시스테인의증가와관계가있다면피로로인하여간질발작이더악화될수있다. 그러므로본연구는간질환자에서피로의정도를알아보고, 피로와 CRP, 섬유소원및호모시스테인과의상관관계를평가하고자하였다. 대상과방법 1. 대상 섬유소원및호모시스테인농도의측정을위해정맥혈을채취하여원심분리후혈장은 -20 o C에서냉동보관하였다. 환자군은의무기록을통하여첫발작의시작시기, 발작양상, 발작빈도, 기존에투여중인항간질약개수와투여기간, 뇌 MRI 소견, 뇌파소견, 치료에의한발작조절여부등을조사하였다. 1) 피로평가피로는 Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) 을이용하여측정하였다. 24 FSS는만성질환에의한피로상태를결정하고수량화할수있는척도로 9가지항목으로구성되어있다. 9가지항목은나는피로할때의욕이저하된다, 운동을하면피로하다, 나는쉽게피로해진다, 피로함은나의신체활동을방해한다, 피로함은나에게많은문제를일으킨다, 피로함으로인해신체활동을지속하기어렵다, 피로함은특정업무나책무를수행하는것을방해한다, 피로함은나를가장무력하게하는세가지증상에꼽힌다, 피로함은나의직업, 가족, 사회활동에방해가된다등이다. FSS는각질문항목에동의하는정도에따라 1점에서 7점을부여하는방식으로구성되어있는리커트척도 (Likert scale) 이다. 1점은강하게동의하지않음을, 7점은강하게동의함을표시한다. 평균 FSS 점수가 4.1점이상을피로가있는경우로정하였으며, 4점이하는피로가없는경우로정하였다. 2) C-반응성단백측정혈장 CRP의정량은자동화학분석기인 ADVIA 1650 (Bayer HealthCare Ltd., NY, USA) 을이용하여면역비탁법 (Turbidimetric immunoassay, TIA) 으로측정하였다. 면역비탁법은 Siemens사의 Turbiquant 시약을사용하여 Turbitimer로측정한다. Turbiquant 는토끼에인 CRP를접종하여얻은항인 CRP 항체용액이다. 면역비탁법에의한 CRP 측정은환자의혈장 50 μl를반응쿠벳의밑바닥에분주한후 Turbiquant 시약 500 μl를첨가하여항원-항체반응속도가최대에이르는시간을측정하여계산한다. 혈장 CRP치의정상범위는 0~1 mg/dl이다. 연구대상은발작의유형에관계없이간질로진단받고 6개월이상추적관찰중인청소년기이상의간질환자를대상으로하였으며, 대조군은환자군에포함된대상과성별및연령을맞춘내과적신경과적정신과적장애를가지지않은건강한사람으로하였다. 환자군중급성증후성발작환자와감염혹은기타만성질환을동반한환자등은제외하였다. 3) 섬유소원측정혈장섬유소원의정량은 Sysmex CA-1500 (Dade Behring Inc., Deerfield, USA) 기기를이용하여산란광검출법 (Scattered Light Detection Method) 으로측정하였다. 시약은 Thrombin reagent (Dade Behring Inc., Deerfield, USA) 을사용하였다. 혈장섬유소원치의정상범위는 150~400 mg/dl이다. 2. 방법 환자군과대조군에서피로의정도를평가하고, 혈장 CRP, 4) 호모시스테인측정혈장호모시스테인치의정량은 ADVIA Centaur XP Immunoassay System (Bayer HealthCare Ltd., NY, USA) 을이용하여화학발광 12 대한간질학회지제 14 권제 1 호, 2010

3 간질환자의피로와 C- 반응성단백과의관계 면역측정법 (Chemiluminescence immunoassay, CLIA) 으로측정하였다. 자동화학발광면역분석기는직접화학발광을이용한경쟁적억제방법을기본으로한다. S-andenosyl-L-Homocysteine hydrolase와 dithiothreitol (DTT) 의존재하에 37 o C에서 30분간항온반응을하는동안환자의혈장내호모시스테인은검체의결합단백으로부터분리되어 S-adenosyl-homocysteine (SAH) 로전환된다. 전처리된검체와 alkaline phosphatase-labesed anti-sah 항체가 37 o C에서 30분간 (1 cycle) 항온반응하면서항원-항체경합반응을진행한다. 비반응물질은원심세척을통해제거되고기질 (substrate) 을분주한다. 화학발광기질은 alkaline phosphatase 존재하에 5분간발광반응을진행하며반응의발광정도는 Luminometer로측정하여검체농도로연산된다. 혈장호모시스테인치의정상범위는 4~15.4 μmol/l이다. 3. 통계분석환자군과대조군간피로도, CRP, 섬유소원, 호모시스테인등을서로비교하였다. 그리고환자군에서피로도와각각 CRP, 섬유소원, 호모시스테인등과의상관관계를평가하였다. SPSS (version 12.0) 를이용하여통계분석을하였다. 환자군과대조군간피로도, CRP, 섬유소원, 호모시스테인등의비교는 t-test를이용하였고, 피로와 CRP, 섬유소원, 호모시스테인등과의상관관계는일도량회귀분석 (univariate regression analysis) 으로평가하였다. 통계적유의수준은 p<0.05로하였다. 결과 1. 임상적특징 간질환자 39명의임상적특징은 Table 1과같다. 여자가 22 명 (56.4%), 남자가 17명 (43.6%) 으로이들의연령분포는 15~68 세로평균 38.3±15.0세였다. 정상대조군 20명은여자가 11명, 남자가 9명으로이들의연령분포는 15~66세였고, 평균 38.9±15.5 세로환자군과비교하여통계학적차이는없었다. 환자군에서간질성발작이처음나타난평균나이는 27.0±16.6세였으며, 간질의유병기간은평균 141.9±136.3개월이었다. 최근 6개월동안발작의빈도는발작이없었던환자가 13명 (33.3%), 월 1회미만이 18명 (46.2%), 월 1회이상이 8명 (20.5%) 등이었다. 발작의유형은국소발작이 33명 (84.6%), 전신발작이 6명 (15.4%) 이었고, 발작의원인을모르는경우가 35.9%, 발작원인이잠재성혹은증후성인경우가 64.1% 였다. 발작의임상양상과뇌파검사로확인한발작발생부위는측두엽 28.2%, 전두엽 15.4%, 두정엽 7.7% 등이었고, 다발성인경우가 33.3%, 발작발생부위를알수없었던경우가 15.4% 등이었다. 뇌파검사에서간 Table 1. Clinical characteristics of patients with epilepsy (n=39) Characteristics Number of patients (%) Age (yr) (mean±sd) 38.3±15.0 Gender (female/male) 22/17 Age at onset of epilepsy (yr) (mean±sd) 27.0±16.6 Duration of epilepsy (mon) (mean±sd) 141.9±136.3 Seizure frequency during preceding 6 months Seizure-free 13 (33.3) <1/month 18 (46.2) 1/month 8 (20.5) Seizure type Partial 33 (84.6) Generalized 6 (15.4) Cause of seizure Idiopathic 14 (35.9) Cryptogenic or symptomatic 25 (64.1) Localization of seizure focus Frontal lobe 6 (15.4) Temporal lobe 11 (28.2) Parietal lobe 3 (7.7) Multiple foci 13 (33.3) Unknown 6 (15.4) EEG finding Normal 10 (25.6) Slow wave 18 (46.2) Spike 11 (28.2) Brain MRI finding Normal 25 (64.1) Abnormal 14 (35.9) Number of antiepileptic drugs 1 11 (28.2) 2 14 (35.9) 3 14 (35.9) Mean FSS (mean±sd) 4.54± (33.3) >4 26 (66.7) EEG, electroencephalography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale 헐적인국소혹은전신서파를보였던경우가 18명 (46.2%) 으로가장흔하였으며, 간질양극파활동을보였던환자는 11명 (28.2%), 정상뇌파소견을보였던환자는 10명 (25.6%) 이었다. 뇌자기공명영상에서정상소견이 25명 (64.1%), 해마경화를포함한이전뇌병변을보였던경우가 14명 (35.9%) 이었다. 복용하고있는항간질약의개수는 1개인환자가 11명 (28.2%), 2 개인환자가 14명 (35.9%), 3개이상인환자가 14명이었다. Journal of Korean Epilepsy Society Vol. 14 No. 1,

4 Table 2. Comparison of serum CRP, fibrinogen and homocysteine levels Between epilepsy patients and normal controls Epilepsy Patients (n=39) Normal Controls (n=20) p-value CRP (mg/dl) 0.47± ± Fibrinogen (mg/dl) ± ± Homocysteine (μmol/l) 11.65± ± CRP, C-reactive protein CRP (mg/dl) Fibrinogen (mg/dl) Mean FSS Figure 1. Relationship between mean FSS and serum CRP levels in patients with epilepsy. R 2 =0.122, P<0.05. FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale; CRP, C-reactive protein. Mean FSS Figure 2. Relationship between mean FSS and serum fibrinogen levels in patients with epilepsy. R 2 =0.026, P= FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale. 간질환자군중평균 FSS가 4.1 이상으로피로를가진환자가 26명 (66.7%) 이었고, 평균 FSS가 4 이하로피로가없었던환자는 13명 (33.3%) 으로이들의평균 FSS는 4.54±1.69였다. 대조군의평균 FSS는 2.88±1.08로환자군의평균 FSS가유의하게높았다 (p<0.01). 2. 환자군과대조군간 C- 반응성단백, 섬유소원및호모시스테인혈장치의비교 환자군의평균 CRP는 0.47±0.66 mg/dl였고, 대조군은 0.14±0.22 mg/dl로환자군의 CRP가대조군에비하여유의하게높았다 (p<0.01). 그러나환자군의평균섬유소원은 ± mg/dl 로대조군 ± mg/dl와비교하여두간에유의한차이가없었다. 그리고평균호모시스테인치도환자군 11.65±4.12 μmol/l, 대조군 9.99±3.87 μmol/l로두군간에유의한차이가없었다 (Table 2). 3. 환자군에서피로와 C- 반응성단백, 섬유소원및호모시스테인과의관계 간질환자군에서피로의정도와 CRP, 섬유소원및호모시스테인의혈장치와의상관관계를각각알아보았는데, 피로의정도가심할수록 CRP 혈장치가유의하게증가하였다 (p<0.05). Homocysteine (micromol/l) Mean FSS Figure 3. Relationship between mean FSS and serum homocysteine levels in epilepsy patients. R 2 =0.010, P= FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale. 그러나섬유소원과호모시스테인혈장치는피로의정도와유의한상관관계를보이지않았다 (Figure 1, 2, 3). 고찰 본연구는간질환자들은피로를흔하게가지고있으며, 간질환자의피로는혈장내 CRP의증가와관계가있음을보였다. 피로는자발적인활동을시작하거나지속하는데어려움이있는상태로말초성피로 (peripheral fatigue) 와중추성피로 (central fatigue) 로나눌수있다. 1 신경근접합부의전달장애 14 대한간질학회지제 14 권제 1 호, 2010

5 간질환자의피로와 C- 반응성단백과의관계 와대사성질환등에서나타나는근육수축력을지속시킬수없는상태의근육피로를 말초성피로 라고하며, 중추신경계, 말초신경계및자율신경계에영향을미치는질환들에서볼수있는피로를 중추성피로 라고한다. 1 중추성피로의주된특징은진력의과도한지각과육체적및정신적활동을지속하게하는지구력의제한성등이다. 중추성피로의병리생리에기저핵, 시상, 변연계, 및전전두엽피질을서로연결하는경로의활동과정을차단하는대사성및구조성병변이관련되어있다. 1 간질발작은특정뇌신경세포의비정상적인과도한전기적활동이전체뇌로퍼져가면서나타난다. 이러한비정상적인신경세포의활동이간질환자의정상적인인지과정과행동에심각한영향을미칠수있다. 간질자체와함께항간질약과사회의태도와환자자신의열등의식등심리사회적요인또한간질환자의인지장애와행동장애를초래한다. 피로의유병률은전인구의 10~25% 로알려져있으며, 2,3 노인층에서는약 50% 가피로를호소한다. 25 간질환자의피로는대부분항간질약들의부작용으로흔히보고된다. 발작, 우울증, 발작간기간질양활동, 간질약등이간질에서피로를일으키는원인이된다. 5 또한피로는발작의유발요인이되기도한다. 5 피로는간질환자의삶의질에심각한장해를주기도한다. 4 간질환자들의 42.4~44% 가피로를가질정도로흔하다. 4,26 본연구는간질환자들중 66.7% 가피로를가지고있어서이전의보고들 4,26 과비교하여더흔하였다. 이러한결과는피로를평가할수있는검사법과평가기준이다른보고들과차이가있기때문이거나, 우울증혹은불안증등다른심리적인행동장애요인을배제하지않았기때문으로생각된다. CRP와섬유소원은급성기반응성단백으로전신성염증의감수성이높은생화학적표지자이다. CRP의증가는뇌졸중과관상심장질환의독립적인위험인자이고, 6,7 뇌졸중의심한정도와관계가있고예후지표로이용되며, 8 또한인지기능의감퇴와관계가있다. 9 만성피로증후군환자들에서혈장 CRP치가증가되어있으며, 27,28 염증과정의활성화가피로를유발한다. 28 CRP는피로가없는여성과비교하여피로를가진여성에서유의하게증가되어있으며, 여성에서피로의독립적인예측인자이다. 10 간질의임상증례와동물실험모델에서유발된발작후에염증전구성 cytokine의생성과같은염증과정이뇌에나타나고, 뇌의염증은신경세포의흥분성을증가시키고발작의발생과간질발생과정에중요한역할을한다. 11,29,30 더욱이항염증치료는실험모델과간질의임상증례에서발작을줄인다. 11 본연구는간질환자들에서혈장 CRP 농도가정상대조군에비해서유의하게증가되어있었으며, CRP 증가는피로의정도와유의한상관관계를보였다. CRP 증가로인하여피로도가증가하였는지혹은피로로인하여혈장내 CRP가증가하였는지에대하여더연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 본연 구의제한점은최근경련발작의발생시점을고려하지않았으며, CRP 값을검사할당시에피곤을유발할수있는인자여부를고려하지않았고, CRP치는한번만검사하였다는점등이다. 급성기염증의표지자중하나인섬유소원은간질환자들에서정상대조군과비교하여유의한증가가없었으며간질환자의피로와도유의한상관관계를보이지않았다. 그러므로간질환자의피로예측인자로 CRP가섬유소원보다더예민한표지자로생각된다. 호모시스테인은 B 비타민군에속하는 cobalamin, vitamin B6, folate 등이관여하는메티오닌 (methionine) 의대사를통해만들어지는아미노산이다. 호모시스테인은재메틸화 (remethylation) 와황전환 (transsulfuration) 의 2가지경로중하나를통해대사된다. 재메틸화과정에서호모시스테인은 methionine synthase 에의해메티오닌으로재합성되며, 이과정에서비타민 B12 (cobalamin) 가보조인자로, N5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate가메틸기공여자로작용하고 N5,N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 가촉매로작용한다. 메티오닌이충분하거나시스테인 (cysteine) 합성이필요할때, 호모시스테인은황전환작용의경로로들어간다. 이과정에서호모시스테인은세린 (serine) 과작용하여비타민 B6-의존적효소인 cystathionine beta-synthase 에의해 cystathionine으로전환되고, cystathionine은 gammacystathionase에의해 glutathione의전구물질인시스테인과 alphaketobutyrate로가수분해되며시스테인은최종적으로황산염 (sulfate) 으로전환되어소변으로배설된다. 16 호모시스테인의대사에필요한엽산, 비타민 B12, 비타민 B6 등과같은비타민의섭취결핍은고호모시스테인혈증을초래할수있다. 호모시스테인은자가산화 (auto-oxidation) 를통해 homocystine, mixed disulfides, homocysteine thiolactone 등을생성하고, 자가산화과정에서 superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, thiol free radical 등을포함한활성산소족이생성된다. 산화스트레스는뇌신경세포에손상을일으켜간질발작을초래할수있다. 호모시스테인은 glutamate 결합부위에대한촉진제로서의기능과 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) 수용체의 glycine 결합부위에길항제로서의기능을가지고있다. 뇌졸중과같은 glycine의농도가증가된환경에서호모시스테인은 NMDA 수용체의과자극을통한신경독작용을가진다. 고호모시테인혈증의유병률은일반인구중 5~10% 정도된다. 14 그러나뇌졸중, 알쯔하이머병, 간질, 우울증, 외상후스트레스증후군등여러신경정신과적질환들에서유의한증가를보인다 ,18 항간질약은혈중엽산치를감소시키고, 항엽산특성과비타민 B6, B2 등과같은영양소의결핍등으로인하여혈장호모시스테인을증가시킨다 고용량의호모시스테인은동물실험에서간질발작을유발시킨다. 16 또한고호모시스테인혈증은간질환자에서발작조절을어렵게한다. 32 장기간항간질약을 Journal of Korean Epilepsy Society Vol. 14 No. 1,

6 복용하고있는간질환자에서혈장호모시스테인치의증가는동맥경화증을초래하여허혈성뇌졸중의위험인자가될뿐아니라이로인하여간질발작의발생을증가시킬수있다. 본연구는간질환자의혈장내호모시스테인농도가대조군과비교하여차이가없었으며간질환자의피로와도유의한상관관계를보이지않았다. 이번연구를요약하면간질환자에서혈장 CRP치가증가되어있으며 CRP 농도증가는간질환자의피로와유의한상관관계를보였다. 혈장 CRP치는간질환자의피로도를예민하게예측할수있는표지자로이용될수있을것이다. REFERENCES 1. Chaudhuri A, Behan PO. Fatigue in neurological disorders. Lancet 2004;363: Chen MK. The epidemiology of self-perceived fatigue among adults. Prev Med 1986;15: Hyyppa MT, Lindholm T, Lehtinen V, Puukka P. Self-perceived fatigue and cortisol secretion in a community sample. J Psychosom Res 1993;37: Ettinger AB, Weisbrot DM, Krupp LB, Coyle PK, Jandorf L, Devinsky O. Fatigue and depression in epilepsy. J Epilepsy 1998;11: Frucht MM, Quigg M, Schwaner C, Fountain NB. Distribution of seizure precipitants among epilepsy syndromes. Epilepsia 2000; 41: Morrow DA, Ridker PM. C-reactive protein, inflammation and coronary risk. Med Clin North Am 2000;84: Koenig W, Sud M, Frohlich M, et al. C-reactive protein, a sensitive marker of systemic inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged men. Results from the MONICA-Augsburg cohort study Circulation 1999;99: Youssef MYZ, Mojiminiyi OA, Abdella NA. Plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein and total homocysteine in relation to the severity and risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. Transl Res 2007;150: Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, et al. Serum C-reactive protein and cognitive function in healthy elderly Italian community dwellers. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005;60: Valentine RJ, McAuley E, Vieira VJ, et al. Sex differences in the relationship between obesity, C-reactive protein, physical activity, depression, sleep quality and fatigue in older adults. Brain Behav Immun 2009;23: Vezzani A, Granata T. Brain inflammation in epilepsy: experimental and clinical evidence. Epilepsia 2005;46: Nolsom AR. Epidemiology of fibrinogen. Eur Heart J 1995;6: Lowe GD, Wood DA, Douglas JT, et al. Relationships of plasma viscosity, coagulation and fibrinolysis to coronary risk factors and angina. Thromb Haemost 1991;65: Refsum H, Ueland PM, Nygard O, Vollset SE. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. Annu Rev Med 1998;49: Bottiglieri T, Laundy M, Crellin R, Toone BK, Carney MW, Reynolds EH. Homocysteine, folate, methylation, and monoamine metabolism in depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;69: Diaz-Arrastia R. Homocysteine and neurologic disease. Arch Neurol 2000;57: Ha SW, Kim KS. Relationship between serum levels of homocysteine and folate and seizure severity in patients with idiopathic epilepsy. J Korean Epilep Soc 2008;12: Levine J, Timinsky I, Vishne T, et al. Elevated serum homocysteine levels in male patients with PTSD. Depress Anxiety 2008;25:E154-E Kubova H, Folbergrova J, Mares P. Seizures induced by homocysteine in rats during ontogenesis. Epilepsia 1995;36: Suhara T, Fukuo K, Yasuda O, et al. Homocysteine enhances endothelial apoptosis via upregulation of Fas-mediated pathways. Hypertension 2004;43: Rohde LE, Hennekens CH, Ridker PM. Survey of C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk factors in apparently healthy men. Am J Cardiol 1999;84: Ventura E, Durant R, Jaussent A, et al. Homocysteine and inflammation as main determinants of oxidative stress in the elderly. Free Radic Biol Med 2009;46: Gori AM, Corsi AM, Fedi S, et al. A proinflammatory state is associated with hyperhomocysteinemia in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82: Krupp LB, LaRocca NG, Muir-Nash J, Steinberg AD. The Fatigue Severity Scale. Application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Neurol 1989; 46: Wick JY, LaFleur J. Fatigue: implications for the elderly. Consult Pharm 2007;22: Soyuer F, Erdogan F, Senol V, Arman F. The relationship between fatigue and depression, and event-related potentials in epileptics. Epilepsy Behav 2006;8: Spence VA, Kennedy G, Belch JJF, Hill A, Khan F. Low-grade inflammation and arterial wave reflection in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Sci 2008;114: Raison CL, Lin JMS, Reeves WC. Association of peripheral inflammatory markers with chronic fatigue in a population-based sample. Brain Behav Immun 2009;23: Vezzani A. Inflammation and epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr 2005;5: Choi J, Koh S. Role of brain inflammation in epileptogenesis. Yonsei Med J 2008;49: Kishi T, Fujita N, Eguchi T, Ueda K. Mechanism for reduction of serum folate by antiepileptic drugs during prolonged therapy. J Neurol Sci 1997;145: Sener U, Zorlu Y, Karaguzel O, Ozdamar O, Coker I, Topbas M. Effects of common anti-epileptic drug monotherapy on serum levels of homocysteine, vitamin B12, folic acid and vitamin B6. Seizure 2006;15: Elliott JO, Jacobson MP, Haneef Z. Cardiovascular risk factors and homocysteine in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2007;76: 대한간질학회지제 14 권제 1 호, 2010

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