원저 Lab Med Online Vol. 2, No. 2: 87-94, April 진단면역학 혈청 PIVKA-II 측정을위한개선된효소면역측정법의효용성평가 Evaluation of a M
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1 원저 Lab Med Online Vol. 2, No. 2: 87-94, April 212 진단면역학 혈청 PIVKA-II 측정을위한개선된효소면역측정법의효용성평가 Evaluation of a Modified Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Serum PIVKA-II Measurement 박창훈 서자영 김소영 제갈태영 강은숙 Chang-Hun Park, M.D., Ja-Young Seo, M.D., So Young Kim, M.T., Tae Young Jeagal, M.T., Eun-Suk Kang, M.D. 성균관대학교의과대학삼성서울병원진단검사의학교실 Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Background: The serum des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin (protein induced by vitamin K antagonist-ii, PIVKA-II) is a useful tumor marker in addition to alpha-fetoprotein for diagnosing primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we evaluated the laboratory performance of a modified ELISA method for PIVKA-II measurement adopting an automated ELISA processor in comparison with conventional manual method and investigated its diagnostic performance in patients with HCC. Methods: The laboratory performance of modified ELISA using PIVKA-II ELISA kit (Sanko Junyaku Co., Japan) was evaluated using control materials (1, 25, 5, 1, mau/ml) and 28 patient samples according to the CLSI guidelines. In 93 HCC patients and 88 disease controls (3 chronic hepatitis and 58 liver cirrhosis), ROC curve, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were analyzed. Results: Total and within-run CVs for middle, high and very high level samples were less than 1%, while those of low level samples were over 1% (12.6% and 11.7%, respectively). The modified ELISA showed an excellent linearity (r>.99) and low carryover rate (-.14%). Although the correlation between the conventional and modified ELISAs was excellent (r=.982), there was a proportional deviation of PIVKA-II levels (y intercept:.621). With a cut-off of 3 mau/ml, the sensitivity and specificity of PIVKA-II for the diagnosis of HCC were 58% and 92%, respectively. Conclusions: PIVKA-II measurement by modified ELISA using an automated ELISA processor can improve the efficiency of laboratory in terms of turnaround time and labor intensiveness while maintaining reasonable sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of HCC. Key Words: PIVKA-II, Alpha-fetoprotein, Immunoassay, Hepatocellular carcinoma 서론 간세포암 (hepatocellular carcinoma) 은한국인에서발생하는악 성종양중에서남성에서는네번째로, 여성에서는다섯번째로빈 Corresponding author: Eun-Suk Kang, M.D. Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 5 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: , eskang@skku.edu Received: October 11, 21 Revision received: June 2, 211 Accepted: September 28, 211 This article is available from 212, Laboratory Medicine Online This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 도가높으며, 예후가불량한암의하나로완전한제거를위해수술치료를필요로하는질환이다. 미국의경우간세포암환자의 1-2% 만이진단시완전한수술적인제거가가능한것으로알려져있다 [1-3]. 따라서간세포암의발생빈도가높은위험인자를가진환자에서의조기진단이임상적으로중요하다. 초음파촬영, 전산화단층촬영및자기공명영상과같은영상진단법이간세포암의검출에유용하지만 [4, 5], 결절성간경변증에서작은크기의종양은검출이매우어려울뿐아니라진단비용도많이든다 [4, 6]. 알파태아단백 (alpha-fetoprotein, AFP) 은영상검사와더불어간암의진단에가장널리이용되어온혈청표지자이다. 그러나기존의보고들에서예민도가약 5-6% 에불과하며종양의크기가작은경우에는더낮은것으로알려져있다 [7]. 그리고알코올간염, 바이러스간염및간경변과같은양성간질환에서도증가되어특이도역시약 4-5% 로보고되어조기검출의지표로사용하기에는한계가있다 [7]. Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-ii (PIVKA- eissn
2 II) 라고도알려져있는 des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin 은 AFP와더불어간세포암의조기진단을위한유용한혈청표지자로이용되어왔다 [8, 9]. PIVKA-II는프로트롬빈의비정상적인합성과정에서생성되는물질로, 정상적으로는간에서프로트롬빈전구물질의아미노산말단 (amino terminal) 에 1개의 glutamic acid (Glu) 가비타민 K 의존 carboxylase 에의해 γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) 로변환되는과정을통해생성되나 [1] 비타민 K 결핍이있는경우에는 1개의 Glu의전부또는일부가 Gla로변환되지못하고이상프로트롬빈이혈액으로분비될수있는데이것을 PIVKA- II 라고한다 [11, 12]. 특히간문맥을침범하여진행된경우대부분의환자에서 PIVKA-II가증가됨이보고되어 [13, 14] 빠르게진행하거나나쁜예후를나타내는표지자로도유용함이제시되었다 [15]. 그이후 PIVKA-II는간세포암환자의혈청표지자로주목을받아왔으며 [12, 16] 초기방사선동위원소면역검사법이나기존의다클론항체를사용한효소면역측정법에비해단클론항체를이용하여민감도와특이도를높인효소면역측정법으로 PIVKA-II를측정하게됨으로써간세포암검출에더욱유용하게적용할수있음이보고되었다 [17]. 최근까지본원에서는 PIVKA-II를 ELISA 원리를이용한수기면역측정법 ( 이하수기법 ) 으로측정해왔다. 일반적인진단용 ELISA법과는달리 PIVKA-II 측정시에는예민도를높이기위해혈청과항체간반응시간이최소 24시간소요되며이후과정을포함하여전체검사시간은약 48시간이소요되었다. 또한검사간재현성을위해검사자의숙련도가필요할뿐아니라검사과정에인력소모가많아증가하는검사건수에대한검사의효율성에문제가제기되었다. 최근에는시약제조사인 Sanko Junyaku사에서동일한조성의시약을사용하면서반응시간및온도와같은검사조건을변경하고교반 (shaking) 조건을추가하여자동효소면역분석기 (EP-ONE, Sanko Junyaku Co., Tokyo, Japan) 에서단시간에측정이가능하도록고안된개선된효소면역측정법 ( 이하자동분석법 ) 을제시하였다. 그러나두방법간수행능이나검사값을비교한연구는없어저자들은자동분석법을이용한 PIVKA-II 검사를임상에적용하기에앞서변경된검사조건의수행능력과기존수기법과의상관성을평가하였으며, 임상검체를대상으로새로이도출한판정기준치 (cut-off) 를적용하여 AFP와함께측정된결과가간세포암의진단에유용함을확인하고자하였다. 재료및방법 1. 대상검체 8년 12월부터 2개월동안 PIVKA-II가의뢰된 28개의환자검체와농도별표준항원대조물질 (1, 25, 5, and 2, mau/ ml) 을이용하여자동분석법의수행능을평가하였으며, 본원에서 9년 3월부터 9월까지임상적및병리학적으로새로이진단된간세포암환자 93명과, 질환대조군으로는치료를받은적이없는간경변증으로진단된 58명과만성 B 혹은 C형간염및보균자 3 명을대상으로간세포암진단에서의유용성을평가하였다. 간세포암, 간경변증그리고간염환자의성비 (M:F) 는각각 1:.1, 1:.5, 1:.6이었고 (P =.12, Chi-square), 나이는각각 29-8세 ( 중간값 55세 ), 37-85세 ( 중간값 53세 ), 세 ( 중간값 51세 ) 이었다 (P =.54, T-test). 간세포암의종양이단발성인환자는 6예 (64.5%), 다발성인환자는 33예 (35.5%) 이었다. 단발성종양의장경은 3 cm 미만이 24예 (4.%) 이었고, 3 cm 이상이 36예 (6.%) 이었다. 2. 방법간동맥화학색전술실시전에혈액을채취하여혈청을즉시분리하고검사실시전까지영하 7 로보존하였다가해동하여측정하거나또는즉시측정하였다. 혈청 AFP는화학발광면역법 (AD- VIA Centaur AFP assay, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Deerfield, IL, USA) 으로측정하였다. PIVKA-II는수기법과교반기능이포함된자동효소면역분석기를이용한자동분석법으로시행하였다. 두방법에서동일하게단클론항체를포함한 ELISA 키트 (Haicatch PIVKA-II, Sanko Junyaku Co.) 를사용하였다. 검사는모두제조회사의지침대로시행되었다. 1) 수기법 (1) 항 PIVKA II 단클론항체가부착된컵에반응용해액 ( 정상토끼혈청 1% 가포함된.5 mol/l tris-aminomethane buffer) 과각농도의표준항원액 (decarboxylated prothrombin), 음성대조검체희석액 (.1 w/v% bovin albumin solution) 그리고환자검체를각각분주한다. (2) 밀봉후 wet chamber 에넣고 2-1 에서 시간반응시킨다. (3) 세정액 (.1% polyoxyethylene-sorbitan monolaurate) 으로 3 회세척후, 효소표지항체 (horseradish peroxidase conjugated anti-human prothrombin antibody) 분주후실온에서다시 1시간반응시킨다. (4) 다시 3회세척후기질액 (Oxydol) 을분주하고 1분배양후 5과 2, mau/ml 표준항원액, 음성대조검체희석액그리고검체반응컵의흡광도를 45 nm에서측정한다. (5) 계속배양을시행하여기질액주입후 6분되었을때반응정지액 (2 mmol/l sodium azide) 을분주하고 1, 25, 5 mau/ml 표준항원액, 음성대조검체희석액그리고검체반응컵의흡광도를 45 nm에서재차측정한다. (6) (4) 과정을통해측정된표준항원액 (5, 2, mau/ml) 의흡 88
3 광도에서검체희석액의흡광도를뺀값으로표준곡선을작성한다. (7) (5) 과정을통해측정된표준항원액 (1, 25, 5 mau/ml) 의흡광도에서검체희석액의흡광도를뺀값으로표준곡선을작성한다. (8) 51 mau/ml 이상 2, mau/ml 이하의검체에대해서는 (6) 과정에서작성된표준곡선을사용하고 1 mau/ml 이상 5 mau/ml 이하의범위에속한검체에대해서는 (7) 과정에서작성된표준곡선을사용하여검체의농도를산정한다. 2) 자동분석법수기법과동일한 ELISA kit 및시약을사용하였다. 검사의전체단계는수기법과유사하나자동분석법에서는표준항원액 2, mau/ml 를사용하지않고희석하여 1, mau/ml 를사용한다. (2) 과정에서 57 rpm의속도로 15분간그리고다시 36 rpm으로 15분간교반하여반응시킨다. (3) 과정에서는 4분간반응시킨다. (4) 과정에서흡광도를측정하지않고 (5) 과정에서모든표준항원액과검체희석액그리고검체의흡광도를측정한다. 전과정이 3시간이내에종료되고자동효소면역분석기에서자동으로진행된다. 3) 정밀도임의로정의한저농도 (4 mau/ml 미만 ), 중간농도 (4-9 mau/ ml), 고농도 (9-499 mau/ml), 극고농도 (5 mau/ml 이상 ) 에해당하는혼합혈청 (pooled serum) 을대상으로 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline EP5-A2를참고하여 [18] 각농도군에대해 1일동안 1일 2회, 각회당 2번씩반복측정하여검사차례내변이계수 (within-run CV) 와총변이계수 (total CV) 를구하였다. 4) 직선성 CLSI guideline EP6-A를참고하여 [19] 2, mau/ml 표준항원액을검체희석액으로 1:2로희석하여고농도 (1, mau/ml) 의물질을조제하여사용하였다. 희석액과고농도의물질을 4:, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, :4의비율로검체혼합하였고, 각각제조된농도물질을 4 회씩반복측정하여직선성을평가하였다. 6) 방법간비교저농도 (17-38 mau/ml) 52검체, 중간농도 (4-89 mau/ml) 24검체, 고농도 ( mau/ml) 22검체그리고, 극고농도 ( mau/ml) 6검체를대상으로 CLSI guideline EP9-A2를참고하여 [2] 시행하였다. 검사는수기법의결과를바탕으로농도별검체군을분류한뒤자동분석법으로 5일이상에걸쳐시행하였다. 7) AFP와 PIVKA-II의간세포암진단을위한한계점 (cut-off) 평가질환대조군으로간염과간경변증으로진단된환자를대상으로간세포암환자에대한 Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) 곡선분석을시행하였다. CLSI guideline GP1-A를참고하여 [21] ROC 곡선을분석하였고곡선아래영역 (the area under the curve, AUC) 과 95% 신뢰구간 (confidence interval, CI) 을확인하였다. AFP 와 PIVKA-II의조합은로그변환후로지스틱회귀모형을이용하여 ROC 곡선분석을시행하였다. 적절한민감도와특이도를고려하여 AFP와 PIVKA-II의간경변증과간세포암을감별하기위한한계점을확인하였고이를바탕으로 AFP와 PIVKA-II 조합시민감도와특이도를평가하였다. 8) 통계학적분석 PIVKA-II의직선성과상관성은 Pearson 상관성검사, 선형회귀모델그리고 Bland-Altman plot을이용하였다. 혈청표지자의진단및임상적특성에따른측정치간의평균은 Shapiro-Wilk 의정규성검정과 Levene의등분산검정을시행하고결과에따라독립표본 T 검정 (Independent samples T-test) 혹은 Mann-Whitney U 검정, Kruskal-Wallis 검정으로평가하였다. 유의수준은.5 미만으로정하였다. 분석통계프로그램은윈도우용 PASW Statistics 17. 과 Medcalc version 을사용하였다. ROC 곡선분석과민감도, 특이도, 양성예측도 (positive predictive value, PPV), 음성예측도 (negative predictive value, NPV) 는분석통계프로그램 R 을사용하였다. 결과 5) 검체간상호오염도고농도 (965 mau/ml, 751 mau/ml, 563 mau/ml) 와저농도 (35 mau/ml, 31 mau/ml, 29 mau/ml) 로제조한혼합혈청을이용하여검체간상호오염도 (carryover) 를평가하였다. CLSI guideline EP1-A2에따라고농도검체 4회연속측정후저농도검체를 4회연속측정하고검체간상호오염도를다음식에의하여구하였다. 1. 정밀도환자검체군을이용한 PIVKA-II의검사차례내변이계수는저농도군을제외한항목들에서는모두 1% 이내의결과를보였다. 각농도군에서검사차례내변이계수와총변이계수는저농도군에서 12.6% 와 11.7%, 중간농도군에서 7.1% 와 6.9%, 고농도군에서 6.8% 와 7.1%, 극고농도군에서 6.7% 와 6.6% 이었다 (Table 1). L1 (L3 +L4)/2 Carryover (%) = (H3 +H2)/2 (L3+L4)/
4 Table 1. Precision of serum PIVKA-II measurement by modified ELISA method 2. 직선성 검체희석액과고농도의정도관리물질을일정한비율로희석하 여측정한결과의선형회귀모델은 Fig. 1 과같았고 y=.977x+23. 수식을만족하는상관계수 (r) 는.998 로우수한직선성을보였다 (P <.1). 3. 검체간상호오염도 고농도와저농도의혼합혈청을이용하여반복측정한결과는 H1, H2, H3, H4 가각각 772 mau/ml, 735 mau/ml, 735 mau/ml, 718 mau/ml 이었고, L1, L2, L3, L4 가각각 32 mau/ml, 31 mau/ ml, 33 mau/ml, 33 mau/ml 였으며, 계산식에의한검체간상호 오염도는 -.14% 였다. 4. 수기법및자동분석법간비교 Low Middle High Very high Mean (mau/ml) SD (mau/ml) Within CV (%) Total CV (%) Measured value (mau/ml) 1, y=.977x+23. r=.998 P< , Expected value (mau/ml) Fig. 1. Linearity of PIVKA-II measurement by modified ELISA method. 저농도, 중간농도, 고농도, 극고농도검체가 5%, 23%, 21%, 6% 로 분포하는 14 개의검체로수기법과변경된자동분석법간의상관성 을평가한결과, 선형회귀모델은 Fig. 2 와같았으며 y=.621x 수식을만족하는상관계수 (r) 는.982 로우수한직선성을보였다 (P <.1). 하지만수기법에비해자동분석법을이용한측정치 는낮은소견을보여주었다 (y =.621x ) (Fig. 3). Table 2. Levels of AFP and PIVKA-II in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma patient groups LC (N=58) 5. 간세포암진단의유용성평가 HCC (N=93) Mean* SD Median Mean* SD Median AFP (ng/ml) , , PIVKA-II (mau/ml) *The mean level of AFP and PIVKA-II between patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma was significantly different (P =.18, P <.1, Independent T-test). Abbreviations: LC, liver cirrhosis; HCC, hepatocelluar carcinoma. Modified ELISA (mau/ml) y=.621x r=.982 P< Conventional ELISA (mau/ml) Fig. 2. Comparison of the PIVKA-II value between conventional and modified ELISA methods. AFP 중간값은간염환자군에서 2.9 ng/ml ( 범위 ng/ml), 간경변증환자군에서 7.7 ng/ml (1.3l-57. ng/ml), 간세포암환자 군에서 32.2 ng/ml (1.6-,. ng/ml) 이었다. 혈청 PIVKA-II 중간값은간염, 간경변증과간세포암환자군에서각각 2 mau/ml ( 범위 mau/ml), 17 mau/ml (3-92 mau/ml) 와 32 mau/ml (7-1, mau/ml) 이었다 (Table 2). 단일종괴를가진간세포암환 자에서종괴의크기에따라세군 (3 cm 미만, 3-5 cm, 5 cm 이상 ) 으로분류하여각크기에따른두검사값의유의성을비교해보았 다. 각군간비교시 PIVKA-II 값은간경변증과각간세포암군간 통계적으로유의한차를보였으며 (P =.38), 간세포암군내에서 는 3 cm 미만과 5 cm 이상군간유의한차가관찰되었으나 (P =.23) 종양크기에따른단계적군간비교에서는통계적으로유 의한차를보이지않았다 (Fig. 4A). 그러나종괴크기에따라나눈 세군을동시에비교시통계적으로유의한차를보였다 (P =.2, Kruskal-Wallis 검정 ) (Table 3). 반면 AFP 는각군간비교시간경 변증과간세포암군내에서는 3 cm 미만, 3-5 cm 군간유의한증가 를보이지않았으며 (Fig. 4B), 전체군비교시에도종양크기에따 9
5 2 35 Conventional ELISA - modified ELISA (mau/ml) SD 15.3 Mean SD -6.8 Conventional ELISA - modified ELISA (mau/ml) SD 3. Mean SD Mean of conventional ELISA and modified ELISA (mau/ml) A Mean of conventional ELISA and modified ELISA (mau/ml) B Conventional ELISA - modified ELISA (mau/ml) SD Mean SD -2.4 Conventional ELISA - modified ELISA (mau/ml) SD Mean SD Mean of conventional ELISA and modified ELISA (mau/ml) C Mean of conventional ELISA and modified ELISA (mau/ml) D Fig. 3. Bland-Altman plots of low group (A), middle group (B), high group (C), very high group (D) of serum PIVKA-II between conventional and modified ELISA methods. 른유의한차이가없었다 (P =.16, Kruskal-Wallis 검정 ) (Table 3). 단일종괴와다수종괴의존재에따른 PIVKA-II 값의분포는유의한차이가없었다 ( 결과미제시 ). 혈청 AFP와 PIVKA-II에대한 ROC 분석결과에서 AUC는각각.757 (95%CI ) 과,.81 (95%CI ) 이었다. AFP와 PIVKA-II의합시곡선아래영역은.854 (95%CI ) 이었다 (Fig. 5). 이를근거로현재널리알려진진단기준치인 AFP 2. mau/ml 와 PIVKA-II 4 mau/ml 을포함하여 PIVKA-II 값의단계적변화에따른단독및두검사를동시적용한경우의진단적민감도, 특이도, PPV, NPV를도출하였으며이를 Table 4에정리하였다. 고찰 현재간세포암의조기검출을위한혈청표지자의발견및평가 Table 3. Serum levels of biomarkers according to the size of hepatocellular carcinoma LC <3 cm* 3-5 cm* >5 cm* (N=58) (N=45) (N=21) (N=27) P value AFP Mean , (ng/ml) SD , ,325.1 Median PIVKA-II Mean (mau/ml) SD Median *Size of solitary nodule in hepatocellular carcinoma was indicated. If there were multiple nodules, the size of the largest nodule was indicated; Statistical significance based on Kruskal-Wallis test was defined, if P value was <.5. Abbreviation: LC, liver cirrhosis. 는계속되고있다. 혈청표지자로서가장이상적인것은간경변증 과같은전암성질환과달리간세포암에서만증가되는것이다. 이 91
6 5 4 Extreme values are hidden * PIVKA-II (mau/ml) 3 * * log AFP (ng/ml) * 1 LC <3 3-5 >5 Size (cm) A LC <3 3-5 >5 Size (cm) B Fig. 4. Box plots comparing serum levels of biomarkers according to the size of HCC. For AFP, the log data are presented in order to accommodate the wide range. The box refers to the 25th and 75th percentile values with a line indicating the median levels, whereas the interquartile range extends outside the box. The mean of three groups, according to different size of tumor, is significantly different for PIVKA-II (P=.2, Kruskal- Wallis test) (A) but not for AFP (P=.16, Kruskal-Wallis test) (B). Statistical significance between two different groups are indicated with symbols ( if P<.5, if P.5, Independent T test or Mann-Whitney U test). Data (box plots); Mild outliers (circles); Extreme outliers (asterisk). Sensitivity Specificity AFP PIVKA II AFP+PIVKA II Fig. 5. ROC curve evaluating cases with hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis. The area under the curve is shown with its 95% confidence intervals. 것을목표로최근발견된혈청표지자는 PIVKA-II 외에도 Glypican-3 (GP-3), Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen-1 (SCCA-1), Golgi Protein 73 (GP73), Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive AFP (AFP-L3), human hepatocyte growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1 등이있다 [22, 23]. 혈청표지자에대한평가에서기존의 Table 4. Performance of PIVKA-II according to different cut-off values and its combination with AFP in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma Marker Cut-off Sensitivity Specificity PPV NPV AFP* (ng/ml) PIVKA-II (mau/ml) AFP* and PIVKA-II *Cut-off of AFP was fixed at 2 ng/ml. Abbreviations: PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value. AFP 와 PIVKA-II 가가장유용한것으로보고되고있다 [22-24]. PIVKA-II 의측정으로가장널리쓰이고있는방법은 ELISA 를이 용한효소면역측정법으로가장민감한것으로보고되고있다 [25]. 최근간세포암조기진단을위한 PIVKA-II 의검사건수는나날이 증가하고있다. 기존의널리사용되어온수기법은최소 24 시간이 상의반응시간이필요하고반응과반응간검체및시약의세척과 분주로인해검사자의지속적인개입이불가피하다. 하지만자동 효소면역분석기를이용한자동분석법은반응시간의개선으로검 사시간이약 3 시간으로단축되었으며, 혈청검체를검사플레이트 에분주한뒤장비에장착하면전과정이자동으로처리되므로당 일검사가가능하며, 인력활용도용이하게되었다. 정밀도를살펴보 92
7 면저농도를제외한중간농도, 고농도, 극고농도군의검사차례내변이계수와총변이계수가모두 8% 미만이었다. 저농도군에서검사차례내변이계수와총변이계수는각각 12.56%, 11.65% 로 1% 이상이었으나, 저농도군은 14-2 mau/ml, 중간농도군은 mau/ml 범위로기존검사한계점이 4 mau/ml 미만인것을감안하면검사결과의임상판단에크게영향을주지않을것으로생각된다. 상관성평가에서는의뢰된검체의수기법검사의결과를바탕으로저농도검체의비율과중간농도이상의검체비율을고루선별하여검사하였다. 상관성은상관계수 (r) 에서.98 이상의결과를보여양호한상관관계를가지는것으로확인되었으나수기법에비해자동분석법을이용한측정치는저농도군에서 18.7%, 중간농도군에서 26.%, 고농도군에서 27.5%, 극고농도군에서 39.9% 정도낮은측정값을보여주었다. 본원에서의상관식은 y =.621x 로, 자동효소면역분석기를이용한단축된방법에서기존측정치보다유의하게낮은값을보인것은 PIVKA-II 검사의검출민감도가반응시간에많은영향을받음을시사하는소견이다. 그러므로아무리동일한시약을사용한다하더라도반응조건이변경되는경우에는본연구와같은체계적인평가가필요하며, 또한동일한상황에있는검사실간의비교를통해변경된조건이검사실간변이를조장하지않는안정된조건임을검증할필요가있을것으로생각된다. 현재많이쓰이는효소면역측정법을이용한경우 4 mau/ml 을진단기준치로정하고있다 [17, 26, 27]. 본원역시이를진단기준치로적용하고있으며, 예민도 45.2%, 특이도 95.5% 로, 기존보고들 [17, 26, 27] 에서민감도 53-77%, 특이도 74-92% 로보고한것에비해민감도는조금낮고, 특이도는높은결과를보였다. 본연구에서의결과를근거로 ROC 곡선분석결과, 한계점을 3 mau/ml 로새롭게설정하여적용하였을때는민감도 58%, 특이도 92% 로역시기존보고와유사한우수한결과를보였다 (Table 4). PIVKA-II 는 AFP에비해특이도가높으며, 간세포암의크기나종양의진행과관련이있는것으로보고되어 AFP과동시에사용할경우간세포암진단시유용하며종양진행의지표로도이용될수있는것으로알려져있다 [27]. 본연구에서도단일종양의경우크기와혈청 PIVKA-II 농도의증가가일부관련이있었고 AFP ( 한계점 2 ng/ ml) 와 PIVKA-II ( 한계점 3 mau/ml) 를동시에적용한경우간세포암진단의민감도 52%, 특이도 89% 의결과를얻을수있었다. 결론적으로, 동일시약을사용하나자동분석법을도입하여 PIVKA-II 검사를시행하는것은검사실의효율과임상만족도를향상시키는데효과적이었으나, 평가를통해검사방법간차이를확인하고검증하는것은중요할것으로생각되었다. 또한새롭게도출한진단기준치를적용하여 AFP과 PIVKA-II를동시측정할경우진단적성능을향상시킬수있었다. 요약 배경 : 혈청 des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin (protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-ii, PIVKA-II) 은간세포암의진단에있어 alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) 과함께이용되는유용한혈청표지자이다. 저자들은최근자동효소면역분석기를사용하여시간과과정을단순화한 PIVKA-II 측정법을기존의수기법과비교하여평가하고간세포암진단시유용성을확인하고자하였다. 방법 : 농도별표준항원 control 물질 (1, 25, 5, 1, mau/ml) 과 28개의환자검체로 PIVKA-II ELISA kit (Sanko Junyaku Co., Japan) 을사용하여 CLSI 가이드라인에따라자동분석법의성능을평가하였다. 간세포암진단의유용성평가를위해치료받지않은간세포암환자 93명과질환대조군으로간경변증환자 58명과만성간염환자 3명을대상으로 ROC 곡선분석, 간세포암진단을위한민감도, 특이도및양성예측도와음성예측도를구하였다. 결과 : 자동분석법을사용한혈청 PIVKA-II의측정시총변이계수와검사차례내변이계수는저농도군에서각각 12.6% 와 11.7% 를보인것을제외하고는모든항목에서 1% 이내의결과를보였다. 농도 1, mau/ml 까지상관계수 (r).99 이상의우수한직선성이관찰되었으며검체간상호오염도는 -.14% 였다. 수기법과자동분석법과의상관성은상관계수 (r).982 의양호한상관관계를보였으나 y 절편값이.621 로비례오차를보였다. 자동분석법으로측정된 PIVKA-II에서양성기준점을 3 mau/ml 로설정하였을때간암진단의민감도는 58% 그리고특이도는 92% 이었다. 결론 : 자동효소면역분석기를사용한 PIVKA-II 측정법은간암진단에우수한민감도와특이도를유지하면서, 검사시간을단축시켜검사실효율증대와임상적편리성을개선하는데유용할것으로생각되었다. 참고문헌 1. Wilson JF. Liver cancer on the rise. Ann Intern Med 5;142: Bosch FX, Ribes J, Díaz M, Cléries R. Primary liver cancer: worldwide incidence and trends. Gastroenterology 4;127(S):S National Cancer Informaion Center. (Updated on Dec 211). 4. Ikeda K, Saitoh S, Koida I, Arase Y, Tsubota A, Chayama K, et al. A multivariate analysis of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinogenesis: a prospective observation of 795 patients with viral and alcoholic cirrhosis. Hepatology 1993;18: Hirai K, Aoki Y, Majima Y, Abe H, Nakashima O, Kojiro M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gas- 93
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