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1 Clinical Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Volume 21 ㆍ Number 2 ㆍ October 2014 ORIGINAL ARTICLE 호흡기감염이후검출된루푸스항응고인자가혈액응고시간에미치는영향 김용현ㆍ전인상 가천대학교의학전문대학원소아과학교실 The Effect of Lupus Anticoagulant Detected in Children with Respiratory Tract Infection on in vitro Coagulation Time Yong Hyun Kim, M.D. and In-sang Jeon, M.D. Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea Background: This study was conducted in order to investigate the prevalence of lupus anticoagulant (LA) in children with respiratory tract infection and to evaluate the effect of LA on in vitro coagulation time. Methods: This study included 46 subjects, showing positivity to Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) IgM antibody and 37 subjects positive to various respiratory viruses (RV). The titer of LA and PT/aPTT were examined and investigated the effect of LA on PT/aPTT. Results: None of the subjects showed any evidence of bleeding or thrombosis during conduct of the study. Positive LA (LA titer 1.34) was significantly more frequent in MP group (39.1%) than RV group (18.9%)(P<0.05). Total prevalence of positive LA was 30.1%, among them 22.9% was low positive LA (1.34 LA<2.0) and 7.2% was high positive LA (LA 2.0). Low LA positive group showed only mild PT prolongation (13.0<PT <20 sec) and the prevalence was more frequent than LA negative group (P<0.05). However, aptt prolongation was not more frequent in low LA positive group than LA negative group (P>0.05). All subjects of high LA positive group showed severe prolongation of aptt ( 60 sec), however, severe PT prolongation ( 20 sec) was not noticed. Conclusion: The prevalence of LA was relatively high in children with respiratory tract infection, however, most of them are mildly elevated. Low LA positivity was related to the mild prolongation of PT. But high LA positivity markedly prolongs the aptt without marked prolongation of PT. Key Words: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Respiratory virus, Lupus anticoagulant, Coagulation time pissn / eissn Clin Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2014;21:65 70 Received on September 30, 2014 Revised on October 9, 2014 Accepted on October 17, 2014 Corresponding Author: In-sang Jeon Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, 774beon-gil 2, Namdong daero, Namdong-gu, Incheon , Korea Tel: Fax: isjeon@gilhospital.com 서론혈액응고시간이연장되는원인은혈액응고인자의결핍과혈액응고과정의방해로크게나누어볼수있다. 혈액응고인자결핍에의해응고시간이연장되는질환으로혈우병이대표 적으로알려져있는데이질환은가족력, 과거력과혈액응고인자검사로진단을할수있다. 혈액응고과정의방해는여러물질들에의해일어나는데그중의일부는혈액응고인자에대한항체로작용하여심각한출혈을일으키기도한다. 그러나대부분의방해제들은비특이적항체로혈액응고인자에직접작용하기보다는혈액응고과정을방해하여실험실에서시행 65
2 Yong Hyun Kim and In-sang Jeon 되는혈액응고검사에서만이상을보이며임상적으로는출혈을일으키지않는경우가대부분이다. 이러한방해제로루푸스항응고인자 (lupus anticoagulant, LA) 가대표적으로알려져있다 [1]. LA는인지질뿐만아니라인지질에부착하는단백질에특이성을갖고반응하는항인지질항체 (antiphospholipid antibody, APLA) 의하나로원래전신홍반루푸스환자에서검출되었으며시험관내응고검사인 PT/aPTT를연장시켜 LA로명명되었다. 그러나생체내에서LA는오히려혈관내피세포, 혈소판, 단핵구에작용하여조직인자와같이혈전생성에관여하는물질의분비를자극하여혈전을생성하여여러장기에허혈증과경색을일으켜임상적으로뇌졸중이나자연유산을유발하는항인지질증후군 (antiphospholipid syndrome, APS) 을일으킨다 [2,3]. LA는전신홍반루푸스를비롯한결체조직질환에서주로검출되지만비특이적으로여러질환에서도검출되는데정상인에서도상당수나타난다. 특히감염성질환에서검출이잘되어각종바이러스와세균감염이후LA가검출되는것이알려져있다 [4,5]. 성인에서는장기간지속되는 LA가 APS의원인이되기도하지만소아에서검출되는 LA는대부분이일과성으로존재하며 APS를일으키는경우는매우드물다 [6]. 임상적으로오히려 LA는인지질을첨가하고측정하는 PT와 aptt검사에서인지질을모두소비해버려응고시간을연장시켜혼란을주는경우가흔하다 [7]. 소아기에는호흡기감염이흔하게발생하는데이들감염이후에 APLA이검출된다는보고가있지만검출률은보고마다상이하며연구결과는미흡하다 [8,9]. 또한호흡기감염이후에검출되는 LA가 PT/aPTT에미치는영향에대해서도충분히알려진바가없다. 호흡기감염이후에검출되는 LA가 PT/aPTT을연장시키면출혈성질환을의심하고필요없는추가검사를하거나수술여부를결정하는데혼란을줄것으로생각된다. 본연구에서는소아호흡기감염의흔한원인균의하나인폐렴미코플라스마 (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae) 또는호흡기바이러스 (Respiratory Virus, RV) 에감염된환자에서 LA의검출률에대해알아보았다. 또한이들감염후에검출되는LA 가 PT/aPTT에미치는영향을알아보았다. 대상및방법 1) 대상본연구는가천대학교길병원의학연구윤리심의위원회의승인을받았다. 가천대학교길병원에 2012년 9월 1일부터 2012년 12월 31일사이에호흡기감염으로입원한소아환자 128명을대상으로하였고환자의보호자및대리인에게동의를얻어전향적으로연구하였다. 2) 연구방법호흡기감염증상으로입원한만 18세미만의소아환자들중혈청내항-미코플라스마 IgM 항체양성인환자를 M. pneumoniae 양성군으로, 비강내도말검체에서 RV에대한 multiplex real-time PCR 검사를시행하여양성반응이있었던환자를 RV 양성군으로하였다. 모든대상환자들에대해 PT/aPTT와 LA 검사를시행하였다. 3) 검사방법 (1) 항-미코플라스마 IgM 항체및 RV 검사 : M. pneumoniae 감염여부는혈청중에존재하는항-미코플라스마 IgM을 Coda Automated EIA Analyzer (BIO-RAD, Denmark) 를이용하여효소면역분석법으로측정하여결정하였다. RV 감염여부는비강면봉법으로얻은검사대상물에서 RNA와 DNA를추출하여 RV16 Detection (V1.1) (Seegene, Korea) 을이용하여 multiplex real-time PCR을시행하여알아보았다. (2) 혈액응고검사대상물처리및 PT/aPTT 측정 : 농도 3.2% trisodium citrate가들어있는시험관에항응고제대혈액의비율이 1:9가되게검사자의혈액을첨가한뒤원심분리하여혈장을분리하였다. 원심분리를 3,000 rpm에서 20분간충분히하여인지질이존재하는혈소판을철저하게분리시켰다. 분리된혈장을여러개로나누어시험관에넣고그중일부를택하여 PT와 aptt 검사를시행하였다. PT/aPTT 검사는 high speed centrifuges 1580R (Gyrogen, Korea) 을사용하여응고시간을측정하였다. PT의정상치는 초이며, 13초를넘으면연장, 20초이상이면심한연장으로정의하였다. aptt 의정상치는 초이며 39.5초를넘으면연장, 60초이상이면심한연장으로정의하였다. (3) LA 검사 : Dilute Russell's viper venom time 검사방법으로 LA 수치를검사하였다. 원심분리를충분히하여혈소판을제거한혈장을이용해 LAC 시약 (Russell's viper venom, 인지질, 칼슘, 폴리브렌등을포함하는동결건조품 ) 이장착된 ACL-Top (Instrumentation Laboratory, MA, USA) 장비를이용하여 LA 검사를시행하였다. 결과계산은환자의응고시간대정상인의평균응고시간비율을측정하여양성여부를결정하여 LA titer가 1.34보다낮으면음성, 1.34 이상 2.0 미만 66 Vol. 21, No. 2, October 2014
3 Lupus Anticoagulant Effect on Coagulation Time 을저양성으로판정하였다. 또한 2.0 이상인것은고양성으로정의하였다. (4) 통계처리 : 통계처리방법으로 x 2 -test로두군간의차이를알아보았다. P<0.05인경우통계학적으로유의한것으로판정하였다. 통계프로그램은 SPSS 18 system (SPSS Institute, Chicago, IL, USA) 를이용하였다. 결과 1) 대상환자의특성연구기간동안호흡기감염으로입원치료를받은환자들중연구참여에동의한128명의환자중 M. pneumoniae와 RV 검사에모두양성으로나온12명과모두음성으로나온 33명을연구대상에서제외하였다. 나머지 83명의대상자중 M. pneumoniae 검사만양성이나온환자수는 46명, RV 검사만양성으로나온환자수는 37명이었다. RV 검사에서양성으로나온바이러스는호흡기세포융합바이러스가 30명, 리노바이 러스가 4명, 아데노바이러스가 2명, 파라인플루엔자바이러스가 1명이었다 (Fig. 1). M. pneumoniae 양성군 46명의진단당시연령은 12개월에서 12세 2개월이었으며, 평균연령은 5.4±2.9세, 중간연령은 5세 4개월이었다. RV 양성군 37명의진단당시연령은 3개월에서 4세 3개월이었으며, 평균연령은 2.1±1.2세, 중간연령은 5세 3개월이었다. 전체대상환자의진단당시연령은 3개월에서 12세 2개월이었으며, 평균연령은 4±2.8세, 중간연령은 3세 4개월이었다. 대상환자의남녀비는 M. pneumoniae 양성군에서는 1:0.84, RV 양성군에서는 1:0.85였으며전체대상환자의남녀비는 1:0.84이었다 (Table 1). 2) LA 양성률 M. pneumoniae 양성군에서대상환자 46예중 16예가 LA 가저양성 (34.8%), 2예 (4.3%) 가고양성으로 18예 (39.1%) 가양성이었다. RV 양성군에서대상환자 37예중 3예가 LA가저양성 (8.1%), 4예 (10.8%) 가고양성으로 7예 (18.9%) 가양성이었다. LA 양성률은 M. pneumoniae 양성군에서 RV 양성군보 Fig. 1. Enrollment and outcomes of subjects according to the positivity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and respiratory virus. MP +, positive to Mycoplasma pneumoniae; RV +, positive to respiratory virus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus. Table 2. Positivity of lupus anticoagulant in subjects Table 1. Clinical characteristics of subjects Characteristics M : F ratio Age (years, mean±sd) MP + (n=46) 1: ±2.9 RV + (n=37) 1: ±1.2 Total (n=83) 1:0.84 4±2.8 MP +, positive to Mycoplasma pneumoniae; RV +, positive to respiratory virus. Low LA positive a), n (%) High LA positive b), n (%) Total LA positive MP + (n=46) 16 (34.8) 2 (4.3) 18 (39.1) c) RV + (n=37) 3 (8.1) 4 (10.8) 7 (18.9) c) Total (n=83) 19 (22.9) 6 (7.2) 25 (30.1) LA, lupus anticoagulant; MP +, positive to Mycoplasma pneumoniae; RV +, positive to respiratory virus. a) 1.34 LA<2.0. b) LA 2.0. c) LA positivity is significantly different between MP and RV groups (P<0.05). Clin Pediatr Hematol Oncol 67
4 Yong Hyun Kim and In-sang Jeon 다통계학적으로의미있게높았다 (P<0.05). 호흡기감염환자전체에서는 25예 (30.1%) 가양성이었다 (Table 2). 3) LA와 PT 및 aptt 연장과의관계 M. pneumoniae 양성군중 LA가저양성인 16예중PT가연장된경우는 7예 (43.8%) 였으며, 고양성인 2예는모두연장되었다. RV 양성군중 LA가저양성인 3예에서 PT가연장된경우는없었으며, 고양성인 4예에서 3예 (75.0%) 가연장되었다. 전체적으로는 LA가저양성인 19예중 7예 (36.8%) 가 PT가연장되어 LA가음성인 58예중 9예 (15.5%) 인것에비해통계학적으로유의하게많았다 (P<0.05). 또한고양성인 6예중 5예 (83.3%) 가 PT가연장되어저양성인경우에비해통계학적으로유의하게많았다 (P<0.05). M. pneumoniae 양성군중 LA가저양성인 16예에서 aptt 가연장된경우는없었으며, 고양성인 2예는모두연장되었다. RV 양성군중 LA가저양성인 3예에서 aptt가연장된경우는없었으며, 고양성인 4예에서 4예 (75.0%) 모두연장되었다. 전체적으로는 LA가저양성인 19 예에서 aptt가연장된경우는없었으며이것은 LA가음성인 58예중 4예 (6.9%) 인 것에비해통계학적으로유의한차이가없었다 (P>0.05). 그러나고양성인 6예모두 aptt가연장되어저양성인경우에비해통계학적으로유의하게많았다 (P<0.05)(Table 3, Fig. 2, 3). LA 검사에서고양성인두군전체 6예중 5예에서 PT가 20초미만으로경미하게연장되었으나 6예모두에서 aptt는 60초이상으로심각하게연장되었다 (Fig. 2, 3). 고찰출혈성질환이의심되지않으며임상적으로도특별한출혈증상없이혈액응고시간만연장되어있는경우가있다. 특히수술을앞두고시행한검사에서 PT/aPTT가연장되어수술여부를결정해야하는혈액학적자문을받게되는수가있는데, 과거력이나가족력및임상적양상을보면출혈성질환이의심되지않아추가검사를시행해야하는지혼란을준다. 출혈경향이없으면서실험실에서시행되는혈액응고시간만연장되는경우는주로혈액응고과정에영향을주는방해제들에의해일어난다. 이러한현상을일으키는방해제로 LA가대표적으로알려져있다. LA는전신홍반루푸스환자에서처음검출 Table 3. Prolongation of PT/aPTT according to LA positivity MP + (n=46) RV + (n=37) Total (n=83) LA- Low LA+ High LA+ LA- Low LA+ High LA+ LA- Low LA+ High LA+ PT Prolonged, n (%) 6/28 (21.4) aptt prolonged, n (%) 1/28 (3.6) 7/16 (43.8) 0/16 (0.0) 2/2 (100.0) 2/2 (100.0) 3/30 (10.0) 3/30 (10.0) 0/3 (0.0) 0/3 (0.0) 3/4 (75.0) 4/4 (100.0) 9/58 a) (15.5) 4/58 c) (6.9) 7/19 a),b) (36.8) 0/19 c),d) (0.0) 5/6 b) (83.3) 6/6 d) (100.0) a) Prolongation of PT in low LA positive group is significantly frequent than that of LA negative group (P<0.05). b) Prolongation of PT in high LA positive group is significantly frequent than that of low LA positive group (P<0.05). c) Prolongation of aptt in low LA positive group is not significantly frequent than that of LA negative group (P>0.05). d) Prolongation of aptt in high LA positive group is significantly frequent than that of low LA positive group (P<0.05). Fig. 2. The frequency of prolongation of PT in low and high LA positive groups is higher than LA negative group, however, there is no case of marked prolongation of PT. Fig. 3. Low LA positive group shows the same pattern of aptt with LA negative group, however, high positive group shows the marked prolongation of aptt. 68 Vol. 21, No. 2, October 2014
5 Lupus Anticoagulant Effect on Coagulation Time 되었고실험실검사에서 PT/aPTT를연장시켜 1972년에 Feinstein과 Rapaport가처음이단어를사용하였으나실제로는전신홍반루푸스이외의질환에서도상당수검출되며또한 LA가검출된다고출혈을동반하지도않아잘못된용어이나아직도일반적으로사용되고있다 [1]. APLA의하나인 LA는베타2-당단백질 I ( 2-glycoprotein I) 이나프로트롬빈등을항원으로인식하는자가항체로이들과복합체를형성하는면역글로불린이다. 한편 2-glycoprotein I이나프로트롬빈은인지질에부착을한다 [10,11]. 특히프로트롬빈과복합체를이루는 LA가혈액응고시간을연장시키는것과관련이있다. 프로트롬빈은프로트롬빈분해효소복합체에의해트롬빈으로활성화되어섬유소원을섬유소로전환시킨다. 이과정이진행되기위해서는프로트롬빈은자신의 -carboxyglutamic 구역을통해음전하를띄고있는인지질에부착하여야한다 [12]. LA는프로트롬빈의인지질에대한부착을증가시켜인위적으로인지질을첨가하여시행되는 PT/aPTT검사에서인지질을고갈시킨다. 이로인해혈액응고과정에서인지질이필요한 tenase와프로트롬빈분해효소가각각응고인자 X과프로트롬빈의활성화를정상적으로일으키지못해응고시간이연장된다 [13]. 그러나생체내에서는 APLA은특히 LA는혈관내피세포와단핵구를자극하여 E-세렉틴같은혈관부착물질과혈액응고를개시하는조직인자를분비하게하며, 혈소판도자극하여트롬복산-A2 같은혈액응고물질을분비하게한다 [2]. 또한보체계를자극하여혈전이생성되게하여 APS을유발하는것으로알려져있다 [14]. APS 는정맥및동맥에혈전이발생하는질환으로산과적으로는자연유산의원인이되며혈소판감소증이동반되기도하며드물게용혈성빈혈, 신경정신과학적합병증, 피부질환이발생한다. 이증후군은주로결체조직질환을갖고있는성인에서 APLA에의해발생하는자가면역성질환이다. 소아에서는 APLA에의해 APS가발생하는빈도는성인에비해매우낮다. APLA의하나인 LA는 APS를일으키는주된항체이나 LA는결체조직질환이외에서도검출되며정상소아에서도 % 가검출된다 [15]. 특히감염성질환에서 LA가검출되는경우가많은데이때혈전증등의합병증을동반하는경우는결체조직질환에서보다매우낮으며일과성으로검출되다가대부분이특별한치료없이소실된다. 감염이후의 APLA 검출에대한연구는주로항카디오리핀항체 (anticardiolipin antibody, ACLA) 에대한것들이다. 여러바이러스감염이후의 ACLA의검출률이 20-50% 로보고자마다다양하다 [5,16]. 세균에대한연구로는주로 M. pneumoniae 감염이후의 APLA 검출에대한것이있는데대단위로연구를시행한 Snowden 등의보고에의하면 M. pneumoniae 환자에서 ACLA IgM이 52.6%, IgG가 47.4% 검출된다고하였다 [17]. 본연구는소아감염의대부분을차지하는호흡기감염환자에서 LA의검출에대한연구로검사대상물처리나검사방법에따라검사실간차이를보여절대적으로비교하기는어렵지만 M. pneumoniae 양성군에서는 LA 검출률이 Snowden 이 M. pneumoniae 양성환자를대상으로시행한 ACLA 검출률보다조금낮은 39.1% 였다. 호흡기바이러스감염후의 LA 검출률은 18.9% 로호흡기이외의바이러스감염후에측정한 ACLA보다는낮게나왔으나 Peker 등이반복되는상기도감염소아환자를대상으로 LA 검출률이 4.8% 인것에비해높게나왔다 [5,8,16]. 본연구에서는 M. pneumoniae 양성군에서 RV 양성군보다 LA 검출률이통계학적으로의미있게나와, 세균성질환에서바이러스성질환보다 LA 검출률이높게나오는것을시사하였다. LA는실험실에서혈액응고시간을연장시키는것으로알려져있어호흡기감염이후에 LA가검출되는환자들의혈액응고시간이연장되는예가상당수있을것으로생각된다. 본연구에서 M. pneumoniae와 RV에양성이며 LA가저양성인 19 예중 7예 (36.8%) 가 PT가연장되어 LA가음성인 58예중 9예 (15.5%) 가연장된것과비교하여의미있게많았다 (P<0.05). 그러나 aptt는저양성군에서연장된경우가없었으며 LA 음성군에서는 6.9% 가연장되었으나통계학적인차이는없었다 (P>0.05). LA가 2.0 이상으로고양성인 6예에서 5예 (83.3%) 가 PT가연장되었으며 aptt는전예가연장되었다. 또한고양성군에서 PT가연장된경우는모두 20초이하로경미하게연장되었으나, aptt는모두 60초이상으로심각하게연장되었다. 이러한결과를보면호흡기감염이후에 LA가상당수검출되나대부분은 LA 수치가약간증가하며 PT를연장시키나연장정도가경미하였으며 aptt를연장시키지는않았다. 그러나 LA가 2.0 이상으로높게나오는경우 PT의연장이심하지는않았으나 aptt가 60초이상으로심각하게연장시켰다. 그러나 LA가고양성인경우는전체 83예중 6예 (7.2%) 로빈도는높지않았다. 임상적으로 PT나 aptt가경미하게연장된경우에는출혈성질환보다는일시적인현상으로생각하여추가검사나수술여부를결정하는데혼란을주지는않는다. 그러나 aptt가 60초이상크게연장된경우에는출혈성질환을의심하여추가검사를시행하는경우가많으며특히수술을준비하는과정에혼란을주기도한다 [18,19]. 그러나 aptt 가 60초이상으로심각하게연장되어있어도 LA가 2 이상이며혈장혼합검사를시행하여방해제에의한것으로판명되면 LA 에의한일시적인 aptt 연장인것을알수있다. 또한이경우 Clin Pediatr Hematol Oncol 69
6 Yong Hyun Kim and In-sang Jeon aptt가심각하게연장되어있어도임상적으로는특별한출혈증상이없는것으로알려져있는데본연구에서도출혈이나혈전증이동반된경우는한예도없었다. 이러한점을고려하면 aptt가심각하게연장되어있어도 LA가정상화되고 aptt 가정상화되는데대개 1-2개월이걸리는것으로알려져있어추후정상화되는것을관찰하면되고더이상의추가검사는필요없을것으로생각된다 [7]. 본연구에서소아기에 M. pneumoniae 감염과 RV 감염이후상당수에서 APLA의하나인 LA가검출되었으며, M. pneumoniae 감염시에 RV 감염시보다의미있게검출이많이되었다. 또한 LA 양성군에서혈액응고검사 PT/aPTT가연장된환자들이약 30% 내외였으나대부분이경미하게연장되었고소수에서심각하게 aptt가연장되었다. 그러나증례수가적어통계학적의미를두기에는한계가있어이러한사실을밝히기위해대단위연구가필요하다. 참고문헌 1. Triplett DA, Brandt JT. Lupus anticoagulants: misnomer, paradox, riddle, epiphenomenon. Hematol Pathol 1988;2: Giannakopoulos B, Passam F, Rahgozar S, Krilis SA. Current concepts on the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 2007;109: Levine JS, Branch DW, Rauch J. The antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med 2002;346: Mizumoto H, Maihara T, Hiejima E, et al. Transient antiphospholipid antibodies associated with acute infections in children: a report of three cases and a review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr 2006;165: Asherson RA, Cervera R. Antiphospholipid antibodies and infections. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62: Male C, Lechner K, Eichinger S, et al. Clinical significance of lupus anticoagulants in children. J Pediatr 1999;134: Chang EJ, Jang WJ, Tchah H, Lee JS, Jeon IS. Lupus anticoagulant titer changes in children with prolonged in vitro coagulation time by lupus anticoagulant. Clin Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2013;20: Peker E, Kavakli K, Balkan C, Karapinar D, Aydemir B. Incidence and clinical importance of lupus anticoagulant in children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infection. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2011;17: Shoenfeld Y, Blank M, Cervera R, Font J, Raschi E, Meroni PL. Infectious origin of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65: Bevers EM, Galli M, Barbui T, Comfurius P, Zwaal RF. Lupus anticoagulant IgG's (LA) are not directed to phospholipids only, but to a complex of lipid-bound human prothrombin. Thromb Haemost 1991;66: Atsumi T, Ieko M, Bertolaccini ML, et al. Association of autoantibodies against the phosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex with manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome and with the presence of lupus anticoagulant. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43: Bertolaccini ML. Antibodies to prothrombin. Lupus 2012;21: Simmelink MJ, Horbach DA, Derksen RH, et al. Complexes of anti-prothrombin antibodies and prothrombin cause lupus anticoagulant activity by competing with the binding of clotting factors for catalytic phospholipid surfaces. Br J Haematol 2001;113: Ruiz-Irastorza G, Crowther M, Branch W, Khamashta MA. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Lancet 2010;376: Burk CD, Miller L, Handler SD, Cohen AR. Preoperative history and coagulation screening in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Pediatrics 1992;89: Avcin T, Toplak N. Antiphospholipid antibodies in response to infection. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2007;9: Snowden N, Wilson PB, Longson M, Pumphrey RS. Antiphospholipid antibodies and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Postgrad Med J 1990;66: Asaf T, Reuveni H, Yermiahu T, et al. The need for routine pre-operative coagulation screening tests (prothrombin time PT/partial thromboplastin time PTT) for healthy children undergoing elective tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2001;61: Houry S, Georgeac C, Hay JM, Fingerhut A, Boudet MJ. A prospective multicenter evaluation of preoperative hemostatic screening tests. The French Associations for Surgical Research. Am J Surg 1995;170: Vol. 21, No. 2, October 2014
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Clinical Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Volume 20 ㆍ Number ㆍ April 203 ORIGINAL ARTICLE 응고검사가연장된소아에서루프스항응고인자의역가변화 장은재 ㆍ장우정 ㆍ차한 ㆍ이지성 2 ㆍ전인상 가천대학교의학전문대학원 소아과학교실, 2 산부인과학교실 Lupus Anticoagulant Titer Changes
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