대한방사선의학회지 1994 :31(1) :69-73 기관지천식환자에서고해상 CT 를이용한 기관지확장제투여후의폐기도의반응도평가 1 김양수 김영구 송인섭 김대순 최윤선 김건상 최병휘 2 김종효 3 목적 : 기관지천식환자에서기관지확장약제투여후기도의반응도를평가하기위함. 대상및

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1 대한방사선의학회지 1994 :31(1) :69-73 기관지천식환자에서고해상 CT 를이용한 기관지확장제투여후의폐기도의반응도평가 1 김양수 김영구 송인섭 김대순 최윤선 김건상 최병휘 2 김종효 3 목적 : 기관지천식환자에서기관지확장약제투여후기도의반응도를평가하기위함. 대상및방법 : 임상소견및기관지수축유발검사에서천식으로인정되는 16 명의환자를대상으로 기관지이완약제 (Salbutamol su lfate ; ) 를흘입시키기전후에 High-resolution CT 를시행하 여기관지 130개 ( 환자 1 인당평균 8.13 개 ) 의약제투여전후의면적변화를측정하였고약제투여전 후의폐기능검사상 1 초간노력성호기량의변화와비교하였다. 결 과 : 전체 16 명의환자에서기관지이완약제투여후늘어난기관지면적의평균치는상폐야에서 는 105.7%, 하폐야에서는 84.3%, 전체폐에서는 95.4% 였고약제투여전기관지의면적이가장작은 군에서가장큰군보다더민감하게늘어났다. 한편폐기능검사상 1 초간노력성호기량의증가는 16 명 의환자에서평균 2 1.7% 였으며약제투여후증가된기관지면적의증가정도와 1 초간노력성호기량의 증가정도간에는통계학적으로유의한상관관계는없었다 (r= ). 결 론 : 천식환자에서고해상 CT 를이용하여직접적이며비침습적으로기관지확장약제투여전후 의면적의변화를측정하여폐기도의반응도를평가할수있었다. 기관지단면의변화를 HRCT 를이용하여측정하고폐기 서 료응 - 능검사상의 FEV1 치의변화와비교분석하여보았다. 기관지천식은여러자극에의하여폐기도의가역적수 대상및방법 축을동반하는과반응을특정으로하는질환으로폐기도의 반응도는곧이질환의병태생리를반영한다 (1, 2). 따라서 대 상 천식환자에서기도의반응도를평가하는것은이질환의진단및치료효과의판정에필수적이라하겠다. 폐기도의반응도를평가하기위해서폐기능검사상의 1 초간노력성호기량 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second : FEV1) 을측정하는방법이널리사용되어지고있으나이는전체기도의총체적변화만을간접적으로나타낸다는제한점이있고 최근본병원을내원한기관지천식환자중기관지수축유발검사상 20% 이상 FEV1 치가감소하고천식약제를복용한적이없거나최소 3일이상중단한환자중검사당일측정한 FEV1 치가예상치의 80% 이하인 16명을대상으로하였으며남자가 10명, 여자가 6명이었고환자의나이는 19세에서 64세까지평균 42.6세였다. 기관지조영술은직접기관지를볼수있으나비교적침습 적이고기관지의일차원적인직경만을알수있다는단점 이있어왔다. 따라서최근실험동물을이용하여기관지수 축유발검사후 HRCT 를이용하여직접적으로기관지의 이차원적인면적변화를측정한연구들이보고되고있다 (3, 4). 하지만실제인체에서시행한보고는아직없기에저자 들은천식환자를대상으로하여기관지확장제흡입전후에 1 중앙대학교의과대학방사선과학교실 2 중앙대학교의과대학내과학교실 3 서울대학교의과대학방사선학교실영상전승실 이논문은 1993 년도중앙문화연구원연구비보조로이루어진것임 이논문은 년 1 월 25 일접수하여 1994 년 5 월 12 일에채택되었음 님 t:l~ c> 1=1 폐기능검사는기관지확장제흡입전후에실시하여 FEV1 치를측정하였고사용된기종은 Autospiro 298 (Chest Co. Japan) 이다. HRCT 는 SCT-5000T CT(Shi madzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) 를이용하여 120KVp, 160 내지 200mA 의조건에서절편두께와절편간격을각각 2mm, 주사시간 2 초로하여되도록다수의측정가능한크 기의기관지가원형에가깝게주사되도록폐문부위, 폐첨 부및횡경막직상부를제외하고상폐야에서는기관분기 부 (carina) 상방 3-5 cm 부위부터하폐야에서는횡경막상 방 2-4cm 부위부터 5-10 절편씩을최대흡기시에주사하

2 대한밤사선의학회지 1994 : 31 ( 1) : 여고해상 a l gorit hm으로재구성하여약세홉업전후에시행하였다. 약제흡입후폐기능검사와 HRCT는사용된약제가최대효과에도달되는시간이 15분, 반감기가 3-8 시간인점을감안하여약제흡입후각각 20분및 30-50분사이에시행하였다. 기관지확장제는 salbutamol sulfate(ventoline<l}, Glaxo Korea Co.) respirator solution 0.5 ml를생리식염수 2 ml에혼합하여 (1.25mg / ml) 분무기 (Periinhalier boy, Paul Ritav. Peri -Werk GmBH Co. West Germany) 를이용하여 1 분당 15 리터의압축공기와함께약 5 분에걸쳐지속적으로분무흡입시켰다. 약제투여전후의 HRCT 사진에서측정하고자하는기관지의동일한절편을선택하기위해서는혈관과기관지의분지양상을지표로삼아각환자당그분지양상이가장동일한절편을상하폐야에서각각한절편씩을택해서 (Fig. 1) 기관지의단면이원행또는원형에가까운난원 행이면서기관지벽의전장이다그려지는기관지를선택했다. 기관지면적은일단현상된 HRCT 펼름을 film scan ner(tz-3x : Truvel Co. Chatsworth CA, U. S. A.) 를 l 용하여디지탈영상을 personal computer monitor(ibm PC /486 DX33) 에지l 생 (MS -Window 3.1 환경하에서동작 ) 하여측정하였으며측정방법은 semi -automatic(seed ed) region growing method를이용하여기관지의내강에한점을지정하면자동적으로지정된점이인접화소가주어진 gr ay scale uni t ( toler ance) 이내일경우같은집단으로인식하여확장되면서 tolerance이상차이가나는기관지의내벽에서정지하여확장된영역내의화소의크기를합하여측정되었으며모든영상에서 CT영상에표시된눈금자를이용하여 ca libration을한후측정하였다 (F ig. 2). 자료의통계처리및분석은 SAS PC program(version 6.08) 을이용하였고 P earson correlation coefficient와 Fig. 1. Selection of the same level for measurement of bronchial luminal areas Vascular branching patterns were used as a landmark for th e selection of the same level. pre{a) and post-inhalation{b) images (arrows: bronchi to be measured) a b Fig. 2. Measurement of bronchial luminal area by semi.automatic reg ion growing method. Three bronchi on left image{arrow heads) were selected for measurement and corresponding areas on right image were shaded with gray color (arrows)

3 김앙수외 기관지천식환자에서고해상 C T 를이용한기관지확장제투여후의폐기도의반응도평가 paired t - test 를시행하였다. 결 면척을측정한기관지의수는 1 6 명의환자에서총 1307n 로환자 1 명당평균 8.l 3 7 n 이며상폐야에서 62 개, 하폐야에 서 68 개였다. 약제투여전의기관지의면적은최소 0.16 mm2, 최대 15.39mm 2, 평균 2.96 :t 2.40 mm 2 이었으며약 제투여후에는각각 0.86mm 2, 21.5mm 2 빛 5.07 :t 3.78 mm 2 이였다. 약제투여후증가된기관지면적의정도는상 폐야에서는 :t 128.2%, 하폐야에서는 84.3 :t 69.0%, 전체 1 307n 의기관지에서는평균 95.4 :t 103.3% 였다. 기 관지의면적을사분위수 (quantile) 에의거하여크기별로 4 분하였을때기관지의면적이가장작은군 (group A) 에 서가장큰군 (group D) 보다민감하게증가하였다 ( Table 1). 한편폐기능검사상 FEV1 치는약제흡입전에전체 16 명의환자에서평균 ml 에서약제흡입후 ml 로 446.9ml(21.7 % ) 가증가하였다. 약제투여전후에증가 한 FEV1 치의정도와기관지면적의증가간에는통계학적 과 으로유의한상관관계는없었다 (r= ). 고 기관지천식의최근의정의는첫째, 임상적으로는가변 적인기도폐색의증상을보이고둘째, 병태생리학적으로 는기도의과민성이존재하고셋째, 병리학적으로는기도 의염증성반응을보이는질환으로정의되는바 (5) 가변적 기도폐색을야기시키는기도의반응도의평가는이질환 의진단빛치료에대한반응의평가에필수적이라하겠다. 폐기도의반응도를알기위해서기관지수축제를이용한 유발검사와기관지이완제투여후반응을보는방법이있 는데전자는환자의증상을유발시킬수있으며폐기능이 섬하게감소된경우에는위험할수있으므로후자의방법 이적합하며종래의폐기능검사에의한폐기도의반응도 평가는폐기도의총체적인변화만을간접적으로알수있 Table 1. Percentage 01 Changes in Airway Area according t the Bronchial Size group areas 01 degrees 01 increased bronchi(m m') lum in al areas(%) A 1.35 ) A (n=29) :t B 1.35 :::; B ( 2.23 (n=36) 66.9 :t 51.5 C 2.23 :::; C ( 3.72 (n=32) 80.5 :t 55.3 D 3.72 ( D (n =33) 63.8 :t 43.3 * Groupi ng with quanti les 01 bronchi by size * n : num ber 01 bronchi * degrees 01 increased lum inal areas: mean :t standard deviation 찰 다는단점이있다 (3). 최근고해상 CT 의개발로폐실질의보다미세한해부학 적구조에대한해상도가증가하여 (6, 7, 8, 9) 여 n 까지도해상할수있게되어 (1 0) HRCT 를이용하여정 상기관지및기관지질환에서해부학적분석에대한보고 가있었고 (1 1, 12) 실험동물을대상으로 histamine을이용 한기관지수축유발검사후 HRCT 로기관지단면의면적 변화를측정하여기관지의반응을평가한보고들이있었 다 ( 3, 4). 그러나현재까지인체에서기관지이완제투여 후기관지면적의변화를측정한보고가없으므로본연구 결과와비교분석이곤란하며통일개체에서기관지에따 라그면적의증가정도가차이가나는것은분무약제의 비균등한분포에기인할수있고기관지내의국소적인 histamine 수용체의분포의차이및기관지평활근의국 소적분포의차이에도기인할가능성이있다고보고된바 있다 (3, 4, 13, 14). HRCT 상측정할기관지의선택의제한점으로는기관지 가원형및난원형으로보이는것만측정이가능하고주사 방향과평행으로주행할경우측정이곤란하다는제한점 이있고기관지이완제의투여전후의측정하고자하는기 관지의동일한절편을정하는데도이완제투여후폐의 용적이증가하는정도가폐문에가까운중앙부와말초부 가다르기때문에지표로삼은혈관과기관지의분지양상 이가장통일한절편을취하지만완벽하게동일하기는어 렵다는제한점이있다. 한편기관지이완약제투여전후에증가한 FEV1 치와 기관지면적간에통계학적인상관관계가없는것은 FEV1 치가전체폐기도의총체적변화를나타낸데비해기관지 면적의변화에서는측정한기관지의크기및숫자에제한 이있기때문으로생각된다. 기관지의크기멸에따른증가 정도의차이에서보면 (Tab l e 1) 중간의두군간에는유의 한차이가없지만가장작은군에서와가장큰군간에는 가장작은군에서더민감하게늘어난것을알수있었다. 그러나통계학적신뢰도를높이기위해서는보다많은기 관지를대상으로한연구가뒤따라야할것으로생각된다. 한편기관지면적의측정에대한기술적인변에대해알 아보면본실험에 사용된 X -ray film scanner 는 line CCD camera 방식의 X 선필름전용의스캐너언 Truvel 사 (Chatsworth CA, U. S. A.) 의 TZ-3X 모델로 gray level 빛최대 3600 pixels / line 의해상도를지원한다. 본연구에서는필름영상을디지탈화할경우발생할수있 는정보의손실을막기위하여 slice 당 900 x 900 에서 1200 x 1200 의해상도를유지하도록 scan 하였다. 한편영역의측정방법에는영역간의경계선을검출하는 방법인 edge detection method 와서로비슷한성질을가 진화소들끼리집단을형성해나강으로써영역을구분측 정하는 region growing m e thod 가있는데후자의경우대 상물의대조도가뚜렷할경우전자보다시행이간단하며 대상물내의한점을지정 (seed point) 함으로써측정이이

4 대한방사선의학회지 1994 ; 31 ( 1) : 루어지므로사용자의칸여도를최소화할수있다. 실험동 물을이용한기관지의반응도를평가한이전의보고들 ( 3, 4 ) 에서는전자의방법을택했으나본실험에서는측정하 고자하는기관지내강과기관지내벽간의대조도가뚜렷 하므로사용자의간여도를최소화하기위하여후자의방 법을택하였다. 결론적으로 HR C T 로 film scanner 와 semiautomatic r egion growing me thod 의도움으로기관지의면적을비 침습적이며직접적으로측정할수있있고따라서 HRCT 는기관지천식환자에서기관지확장제투여후폐기도의 반응도를평가하는데도움을주었다. 숭 L I 그 고 C 그 L!:" 헌 computed tom og raph y. Am Rev Respir Dis : 한용철잉상호흘기학 2판서울일조각, 1990 : Zerhouni EA, Naidich DP, Stitik FP, Khouri NF, Siegelman SS. Computed tomography 01 the pulmonary parenchyma 11. Interstitial disease. J Thorac Imaging 1985; 1 : Webb WR. High-resolution CT 01 the lung parenmchyma Radiol C/in North Am 1989 ; 27 : Klein J, Gamsu G. High resolution computed tomography 01 diffuse lung disease Invest Radio/1989 ; Mathieson JR, Mayo JR, Staples CA, M li er NL. Chronic diffuse inliltrative lung disease: comparison 01 diagnostic accuracy 01 CT and chest radiography. Radiology 1989 ; 171 : Murata K, Itoh H, Todo G, et al. Centrilobular disease 01 the lung : demonstration by high-resolution CT and path logic correlation. Radiology 1986; 161 : Naidich DP, Zinn WL, Ettenger NA, McCauley 01, Garay SM. Basilar segmental bronchi: thin-section CT evalu- 1. American Thoracic Society Board 01 Directors. Standards lor ation. Radiology 1988 ; 169:11-16 the diagnosis and care 01 patients with chronic obstructiv pul- 12. Lee KS, Bae WK, Lee BH, Kim IY, Choi EW, Lee BH. monary disease(copd) and asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis Bronchovascular anatomy 01 the upper lobes : evaluation 1987; 136 : with thin-section CT. Radiology 1991 ; 181 : Clough JB, Holgate ST. The natural history 01 bronchial 13. Hirshman CA, Downes H. Airway responses to methhyperresponsiveness. Clin Rev Allergy 1989;7 : acholine and histamine in basenji greyhounds and other 3. Christian JH, Robert HB, Wayne M, Jonathan ML, Carol AH, purebred dogs. Respir Physio/1986 ; 63 : El ias AZ. Assessment 01 p비 monary airway reactivity with 14. Osborne ML, Evans TW, Sommerhoff CP, et al. Hypotonic high-resolution CT. Radiology 1991 ; 181 : and isotonic aerosols increased bronchial reactivity in 4. Robert JB, Christian JH, Carol AH, Elias AZ, Wayne M. In basenji-greyhound dogs. Am Rev Respir Dis_ 1987; 135 vivo measurements 01 airway reactivity using high-resolution

5 김앙수외 기관지천식환자에서고해상 CT 를이용한기관지확장제투여후의폐기도의반응도평가 Journa l of the Korean Radiological Society, 1994 ; 31 ( 1) : Assessment of Pulmonary Airway Reactivity using High-Resolution CT after Administration of Bronchodilator in Patients with Bronchial Asthma Yang SOO Kim, M.D., Young Goo Kim, M.D., In Sup Sqng, M.D., Dae Soon Kim, M.D., Youn Sun Choi, M.D., Kun Sang Kim, M.D., Byoung Whui Choi, M.D.', Jong Hyo Kim, M.S.2 Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Chung Ang University 1 Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Ang University 21maging Processing Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Purpose: The purpose of th is study is to assess the pulmonary airway reactivity in asthmatic patients di rectly and noninvasively by using high-resolution CT(HRCT). Mateirals and Methods: 130 bronchial luminal areas were measured by HRCT in 16 asthmatic patients before and after inhalation of bronchodilator (Salbutamol sulfate). The change of bronchial luminal area on HRCT was analyzed and correlated with the change of forced expiratory volume in 1 second(fev1) on pulmonary function test in each patien t. Results: The mean percentage of increase in luminal areas of the 130 bronch i after bronchodilator inhalation was 95.4 :t %. The group with the smallest luminal areas (Iesser than 1.35mm 2 ) was more sensitively increased in area than the group with the largest areas (equal or larger than 3.72 mm2) ; % versus 63.5 %. The mean percentage of increase in FEV1 was 21.7% and there was no statistically significant correlation between the increased degrees of luminal areas and that of FEV1 (r= -0.04) Conclusion: We can measure the bronchial luminal area directly and noninvasively with HRCT and can als estimate the degree of airway reactivity in asthmatic patient by measuring of the changes of bronchial luminal areas after administration of bronchodilator Index Words: Lung, CT Lung, disease Lung, bronchial asthma Address reprint requests to : Yang 800 K im, M.D., Depart ment of Radiology, College of Medicine, Chung Ang University , 3-ka, H angang-ro, Yongsan -ku, 8eoul, Kor ea. Tel Fax 거

6 필 턱 헤엄치고있는금붕어 MR irr.aging 조건 1. Siemens Magnetom 1.0T 42SP 2. FISP 3D 3. Flip angle TR 35 msec 5. TE 10 msec 6. Slice thickness 0.8mm 7. Matrix 512 x 512 제공 : 연세대학교의과대학영동세브란스병원 진단방사선과정태섭 필턱의원고를모집합니다. 방사선의학또는영상과관계가있는사진또는그림으로서 독자들에게흥미를줄수있는내용이어야하며설명과함께한 페지단위가되어야합니다. 학회지의짝수페지에게재되기때 문에두페지이상인경우에는독립적으로도가치가있어야합니 다. 게재여부는대한방사선의학회지편집위원회에서결정하며 게재료는학회에서부담합니다

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<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770> 대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실

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