원저 Lab Med Online Vol. 5, No. 3: , July 진단유전학 디스트로핀유전자에새로이발견된불연속적엑손중복을보이는 Duchenne 형근디스트로피환자 5

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "원저 Lab Med Online Vol. 5, No. 3: , July 진단유전학 디스트로핀유전자에새로이발견된불연속적엑손중복을보이는 Duchenne 형근디스트로피환자 5"

Transcription

1 원저 Lab Med Online Vol. 5, No. 3: , July 2015 진단유전학 디스트로핀유전자에새로이발견된불연속적엑손중복을보이는 Duchenne 형근디스트로피환자 5 예 Novel Non-contiguous Duplications in the DMD Gene in Five Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 임정훈 1 조선미 1 유내 1 이경아 1,2 John Hoon Rim, M.D. 1, Sun-Mi Cho, M.D. 1, Nae Yu, M.D. 1, Kyung-A Lee, M.D. 1,2 연세대학교의과대학진단검사의학교실 1, 연세대학교의과대학신경근육병재활연구소 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine 1, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Rehabilitation 2, Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Background: Muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in the DMD gene. Muscular dystrophy is classified into 2 types; Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), which has severe clinical symptoms, and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), which has much milder clinical symptoms. Phenotypic progression to either DMD or BMD can be predicted by analyzing mutations in DMD by using the reading frame rule. Methods: Of 88 patients with mutations in DMD, which were detected using Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification DMD test kit (MRC-Holland, The Netherlands), medical records of 5 patients with non-contiguous duplications were reviewed. These rare non-contiguous duplications in DMD were compared with those reported previously. Results: We identified 3 novel non-contiguous duplications in DMD that included exons 2-7 and 45-51, exons 5-37 and 50-59, and exons and The 5 patients with these non-contiguous duplications showed the phenotypic features of DMD. Especially, duplication of exons and was observed in a family, i.e., 2 DMD-affected brothers and their carrier mother. Conclusions: Prediction of phenotypes associated with complex non-contiguous duplications by using the reading frame rule is difficult because the duplications affect the expression of DMD together. Because most patients with non-contiguous duplications showed the phenotypic features of DMD, the reading frame rule should be interpreted cautiously. This study provides important insights on the non-contiguous duplications in DMD for understanding genotype-phenotype correlations and for developing dystrophin for therapeutic purposes. Key Words: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, DMD gene, Non-contiguous duplication, Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) 서론 근디스트로피 ( 근이영양증, muscular dystrophy) 는디스트로핀 (dystrophin, DMD) 유전자의돌연변이로인해발병하는질환으로 [1], 듀센형 (Duchenne muscular dystrophy, DMD) 은유년기에하 Corresponding author: Kyung-A Lee Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: , KAL1119@yuhs.ac Received: September 5, 2014 Revision received: December 3, 2014 Accepted: February 13, 2015 This article is available from , Laboratory Medicine Online This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 지근위부의근력저하로독립보행이어려워지며, 대부분 30대이전에호흡부전이나심부전으로사망하게되는중증형이고, 베커형 (Becker muscular dystrophy, BMD) 은 DMD보다증상이경미하여상대적으로늦은나이에발현되며, 진행양상이완만하다 [2]. 따라서 DMD/BMD가의심되는환자에게 DMD 유전자검사는진단및예후예측에필수적인역할을한다 [3]. DMD 유전자의돌연변이종류로는결손 (deletion) 이전체환자의 55-65% 로가장흔하며 [4], 중복 (duplication) 은약 5-10% [5], 나머지 20-30% 는점돌연변이 (point mutation), 미세결손 (microdeletion), 미세삽입 (microinsertion) 등이있다 [6]. 이러한 DMD 유전자돌연변이를검출하는유전자검사법으로는다중중합효소연쇄반응 (multiplex PCR), 정량서던블롯 (quantitative Southern blotting), 형광제자리부합법 (FISH), 직접염기서열분석 (sequence analysis) 등이있는데, 최근 Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) 방법이 DMD/BMD 환자및여성보인자진단에우선 eissn

2 적으로추천되고있다 [7, 8]. DMD와 BMD에서는유전자돌연변이의종류및부위를바탕으로임상양상의차이와중증도예측이가능하다. Monaco 등은비교적간단하게표현형을예측할수있는해독틀법칙 (reading frame rule) 을제시하였고, 이는현재까지결과분석에유용하게사용되고있다 [9]. 기본원리는결손또는중복부위가 mrna의번역해독틀 (translational reading frame) 을이동시킬경우 (out-offrame) 에는전사가조기에종식하게되는등디스트로핀단백질의형성에문제가발생하여증상이심한 DMD가발현하게되지만, 반대로번역해독틀이보존 (in-frame) 되는결손, 중복의경우에는분자량이작거나비정상적인단백질이생성되어증상이경미한 BMD가발현한다는것이다. 이해독틀법칙은현재까지주요한 Leiden 근디스트로피돌연변이데이터베이스 ( nl/) 와비교하였을때, 92% 의정확도를보이며, 특히 RNA 발현까지고려하면정확도가 99.5% 까지높아진다 [10]. DMD 유전자의결손돌연변이의경우에는해독틀법칙결과와임상경과와의상관성이정립되어있지만, 중복돌연변이의경우에는결손에비해 RNA 수준의변화를예측하기어려운경우가많음에도불구하고해독틀법칙결과와임상적인상관성에대한보고는현재까지많지않다 [11]. 특히단일부위의중복이아닌불연속적엑손부위들의중복에대한연구는매우드문실정이다. 본연구는 MLPA 방법을사용하여진단된 DMD 유전자변이중불연속적엑손중복에의한근디스트로피증례들을보고하고, 환자들의질병양상과유전자변이결과와의상관성에대해고찰하고자한다. 증례및방법 1. 증례 2007 년 8 월부터 2011 년 7 월까지단일대학병원에서 DMD/BMD 진단을위해시행한 MLPA 검사결과중양성환자는총 88명이었다. 이중연속적부위의결손돌연변이는 67명 (76.1%), 연속적부위의중복돌연변이는 15명 (17.0%) 이었다. 이외점돌연변이를보인환자 1명을제외하고, 기존데이터베이스에보고되어있지않으며, 불연속적으로두부위에서중복돌연변이를보인 5명의환자에대해임상증상및검사결과를후향적으로분석하였다. 2. MLPA 검사방법환자의말초혈액으로부터 QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (QIA- GEN Inc, Hildern, Germany) 를이용하여 DNA를추출하였다. MLPA는 MLPA DMD test kit (MRC-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) 를이용하였다. 환자의 DNA를프로브혼합물 034 (DMD 엑손 1-10, 21-30, 41-50, 61-70), 035 (DMD 엑손 11-20, 31-40, 51-60, 71-79) 와교잡하여결합시킨후 PCR 증폭을하였으며, PCR 반응은 95ºC에서 30초, 60ºC에서 30초, 72ºC에서 1분씩 35회증폭하고, 마지막에 72ºC에서 20분간항온시켰다. PCR 증폭산물은 Applied Biosystems 3,500 L system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) 으로분석하였다. DMD 유전자변이의분석은 Softgenetics MLPA 프로그램 (GeneMarker 1.70) 을이용하여매실험에서의대조군반응과비교하여분석하였으며, 상대적인최댓값이 0.75 이하이면결손, 1.3 이상이면중복으로보았다. 결과 각환자의임상소견 (Table 1) 및 MLPA 검사결과는다음과같다. 환자 1은 18세남자환자로보행장애를평가하기위해 3세에시행한근육조직검사상근디스트로피로진단되었다. 이후상지및하지근력약화로독립적인보행이어려워지며호흡재활이필요한상태가되어임상적으로 DMD 진단을받았으며, 확정적진단을위해시행한 MLPA 검사상 DMD 유전자엑손 2-7 부위와엑손 Table 1. Clinical features of the 5 patients examined in this study Patient Sex Symptoms of onset/age 1* Male Gait disturbance/ 3 yr old 2* Male Delayed development/ 5 yr old 3 Male Delayed language development/ 4 yr old 4 Male Delayed language development/ 2 yr old 5 Female Lower limb weakness/ 24 yr old Age at the last follow-up Ambulation Cardiac involvement Scoliosis Chronic respiratory rehabilitation Creatine kinase (U/L) 20 yr old Impossible Normal Yes Yes 3, yr old Impossible Dilated cardiomyopathy Yes Yes 1, yr old Impossible Normal Yes Yes 1, yr old Impossible Mild cardiomyopathy Yes Yes 1, yr old Possible Normal No Yes 1,350 *Family study was not performed; Family members; Level of creatine kinase was measured at the time of diagnosis

3 부위의불연속적중복이관찰되었다 (Fig. 1). 각각의중복은모두독립적으로 in-frame으로예측되었다. 환자 2는 5세에발달지연으로시행한근전도검사에서근디스트로피를진단받았으며, 10세부터독립적인일상생활이어려워휠체어에서생활하였다. 이후 20세에호흡약화로호흡재활이필요하여정확한진단을위해 MLPA 검사를시행하였다. 임상적으로 DMD가의심되어시행한검사결과상 DMD 유전자엑손 5-37 부위와엑손 부위가중복되었다. 이후주기적인통원재활치료를시행하였으나척주측만증 (scoliosis) 이진행되며확장형심근병증 (dilated cardiomyopathy) 소견이관찰되었다. 또한골다공증소견도보여전반적으로질병이진행되는양상이관찰되었다. 각각의중복은모두독립적으로 in-frame으로예측되었다. 환자 3과환자 4는형제이며언어발달지연으로타병원을방문하여시행한근육조직검사상근육병 (myopathy) 을진단받은후특별한치료없이지내다가각각 9세, 7세부터하지근육약화로인해자발적인생활이불가능할정도로질병이진행되어 6년후근디스 트로피의확정적진단을위해유전자검사를시행하였다. MLPA 검사상환자 3과환자 4에서모두 DMD 유전자의엑손 부위와엑손 부위의불연속적중복이관찰되었다. 환자 3과환자 4의어머니인환자 5는 24세에둘째아들 ( 환자 4) 을출산한후부터하지근력약화가시작되었으며 gower 증후가나타나고익상견갑골증 (winged scapula) 을보여근디스트로피로진단되었다. 환자 5에서도역시 MLPA 검사상 DMD 유전자엑손 부위와엑손 부위가중복된양상이관찰되어한가계내형제와어머니에서동일한불연속적엑손의중복이검출되었다. 각각의중복은 in-frame, out-of-frame 중복으로예측되었다. 고찰 현재까지 DMD 유전자두부위의불연속적중복에대한증례들은 5개연구에서 8명의환자가보고되었고드물게세부위에대한불연속적중복에대한증례보고도있다 (Table 2) [12]. Fig. 1. Results of MLPA analysis for patient 1 (non-contiguous duplication of exons 2-7 and 45-51)

4 Table 2. A summary of the identified non-contiguous duplications in DMD Patient Phenotype Frame of the first duplication Frame of the second duplication Country Reference P1 DMD Exon 2-7/In frame Exon 45-51/In frame Korea This study P2 DMD Exon 5-37/In frame Exon 50-59/In frame Korea This study P3* DMD Exon 52-53/In frame Exon 56-61/Out of frame Korea This study P4* DMD Exon 52-53/In frame Exon 56-61/Out of frame Korea This study P5* DMD carrier Exon 52-53/In frame Exon 56-61/Out of frame Korea This study p1 DMD Exon 45-48/In frame Exon 54-55/In frame Germany Neurogenetics (2005) p2 NA Exon 5-19/Out of frame Exon 38-41/In frame Multicenter Human Mutation (2006) p3 NA Exon 45-55/In frame Exon 65-79/Out of frame Multicenter Human Mutation (2006) p4 DMD Exon 45-48/In frame Exon 55-63/Out of frame Japan Journal of Human Genetics (2008) p5 DMD Exon 2-7/In frame Exon 50-55/In frame Spain Journal of Neurogenetics (2008) p6 DMD Exon 2-7/In frame Exon 50-55/In frame Spain Journal of Neurogenetics (2008) p7 DMD carrier Exon 2-7/In frame Exon 50-55/In frame Spain Journal of Neurogenetics (2008) p8 IMD Exon 1/Undetermined Exon 42-43/Out of frame Mexico Journal of Genetics (2014) *, Family members. Abbreviations: DMD, Duchenne muscular dystrophy; IMD, intermediate muscular dystrophy; NA, not available. 불연속적중복의첫보고로서 2005년에 Janssen 등 [13] 이발표한 14명의 DMD 유전자중복또는결손환자들중 1명에서엑손 부위와엑손 부위의중복이관찰되었으며, 각부분의중복은 in-frame으로예측되지만, 환자는 DMD의표현형을나타냈다. 본연구에서나타난환자 1, 환자 2의경우도임상적으로 DMD 표현형을나타내는공통점을보였다. 환자 3, 환자 4, 환자 5는가족관계로공통적으로엑손 부위와엑손 부위가중복된양상을보였으며각각의중복은 in-frame, out-of-frame으로예측되어있다. 그외환자 1과환자 2 에서발견되었던엑손 2-7 부위의중복과엑손 부위의중복, 엑손 5-37 부위의중복과엑손 부위의중복은모두독립적으로 in-frame으로예측되어있다. 각각의중복은 in-frame 중복으로경미한증상을나타내는 BMD로예측되지만, 불연속적으로중복이조합되는대부분의증례들이임상증상이심한 DMD로진행하였다. 불연속적인중복의경우복합적인유전자재배열이동반될수있기때문에일반적인해독틀법칙에의한통상적인표현형예측이어려울수있다. 최근보고된 Lopez-Hernandez 등 [12] 의연구에서는엑손 1 부위와엑손 부위의불연속적중복이관찰된 14세남자환자증례가보고되었는데, 엑손 부위의독립적인중복은 out-of-frame으로 DMD가예측되지만, 해독틀법칙의예외적인경우로 DMD와 BMD의중간 (intermediate) 중증도의표현형을보였음을밝혀, 본증례에서불연속적 in-frame 중복이중증 DMD와연관되었던것과는대조적으로이질적인임상양상을보였다. 본증례와이전보고들을종합하여 DMD 유전자에서불연속적중복이호발하는부위를살펴보면, 대부분엑손 부위의중복을포함하고있다. DMD 유전자결손은민감점 (hot spot) 을가지 고있다 [10]. DMD 유전자결손의민감점은엑손 2-20 부위와엑손 부위로이두부위가결손의 50-70% 를차지하는것으로알려져있으며, 특히엑손 부위가가장높은빈도를보인다 [14]. 하지만아직까지중복에대한민감점은특별히없으며, 기존데이터베이스를바탕으로분석해보면엑손 2 부위가가장흔하게중복이관찰되는부위라고할수있다 [15]. 그러나본증례들에서는한명의환자에서만엑손 2 부위의중복이관찰되었다. 불연속적엑손중복의경우발생기전이다양하며, 이에대한여러가지가설들이제시되고있다 [12,16,17]. 우선, 불연속적중복은환자어머니의감수분열 (meiosis) 단계에서새로운 (de novo) 유전자재배열을통해중복이일어날수있는데, 환자 3, 환자 4, 환자 5 의가족처럼어머니가보인자로서다음세대에돌연변이가그대로전달되는경우이다. 어머니는보인자로서증상이나타나지않거나 [17], 본증례처럼경미한증상이나타날수있다. 기전으로서자매염색분체 (sister chromatid) 간의불균형적인교차로인한가능성이보고된바있으며 [18], 유사한기전이 Charcot-Marie-Tooth병 1A 형의원인유전자인 HNPP의발병과정에서보고되었다 [19]. 감수분열단계에서불연속적엑손중복이재발할위험도를 DMD 유전자변이의위치에따라예측하는것도가능하다 [20]. 또다른기전으로, 체세포분열 (mitosis) 과정에서이중고리 (double-loop) 가발생함으로써하나의연속적인엑손중복이일어난후중복내에서일부결손이일어나는과정을통해불연속적엑손중복이발생할수있다 [17]. 이는 B형혈우병의특정돌연변이발생과정과유사하다 [21]. 실제로 DMD 유전자 MLPA 검사에서섞임증 (mosaicism) 이관찰되는경우가이러한기전과연관되어있다. DMD 유전자에서다양한불연속적엑손중복이가능한원인은 DMD 유전자가인체유전자중가장큰유전자이기때문에 [10] 상 124

5 대적으로복잡한재배열 (rearrangement) 에취약하기때문이다. 특히전사 (transcription) 와복제 (replication) 과정에관여하는인자들이충돌할수있는가능성이높아지며 [22], 감수분열과정에영향을주어다양한조합의불연속적엑손중복을새롭게 (de novo) 발생시킬수있다. mrna 및단백질단계에서분석해보면, DMD 유전자의엑손중기능적인역할을하는엑손부위의중복이표현형과연관되어있다. DMD 유전자 mrna 단계의안정성 (stability) 에따라중복된엑손의단백질발현여부가달라질수있으며 [12], 이는해독틀법칙의중요한인자로생각되고있다. 디스트로핀단백질은크게액틴결합부위 (actin-binding domain), 중앙막대부위 (central rod domain), 시스테인이풍부한부위 (cysteine-rich domain) 와 C-말단부위 (C-terminal domain) 로나눌수있으며, 4개의경첩부위 (hinge region) 에의해연결되어있다 [23]. 이중제3경첩부위 (H3) 에결손또는중복이있는경우임상증상이경미하여대부분 BMD로진행된다고보고되어있다 [10]. 하지만본연구에서나타난 3가지양상의불연속적중복의경우모두공통적으로제3경첩부위에서절단점 (breakpoint) 이발생하였음에도불구하고임상증상이심각한 DMD로진행되었다. 이는추가적으로액틴결합부위또는중앙막대부위에절단점이발생함으로인해경미한증상이나타날수있는가능성이상쇄되었다고해석할수있다 (dominant negative effect). 결론적으로 DMD 유전자의불연속적엑손중복은각각의중복이상호복합적으로작용하여유전자발현에영향을줄수있기때문에해독틀법칙에의한표현형예측이어렵다. 또한환자증례마다표현형과분자유전학적검사결과와의연관성에대한개별적인해석이매우중요하며, 이는다른가족에대한유전상담측면에서도중요하다. 본연구의증례분석결과대부분중증표현형을발현하는경우가많았다. 불연속적엑손중복은유전형-표현형상관성에대한연구및유전자치료목적의디스트로핀을개발하는데있어중요성을가지므로향후더많은증례를통한병태생리학적연구가이루어져야할것이다. 요약 배경 : 근디스트로피는 DMD 유전자의돌연변이로인해발병하는성염색체열성유전질환으로심한임상양상을나타내는 DMD와경미한임상양상을나타내는 BMD가있다. DMD 유전자의돌연변이를검출하여분석결과를바탕으로해독틀법칙을적용하면 DMD 또는 BMD로진행하는표현형예측이가능하다. 방법 : DMD/BMD 진단을위한 MLPA DMD test kit (MRC-Holland, The Netherlands) 를사용하여검출한돌연변이양성환자총 88명 중 DMD 유전자의불연속적엑손중복이나타난 5예의의무기록을분석하였다. 비교적드물게발생하는두부위의불연속적엑손중복돌연변이 5예의유전자검사결과및임상표현형을이전보고되었던불연속적엑손중복돌연변이증례들과비교분석하였다. 결과 : 본연구에서기존보고된바없는세가지형태의불연속적엑손중복돌연변이가관찰되었으며, 각각 DMD 유전자엑손 2-7 부위와엑손 부위, 엑손 5-37 부위와엑손 부위, 엑손 부위와엑손 부위의중복이었다. 본연구에서제시된 DMD 유전자의불연속적엑손중복 5예는모두 DMD 표현형을나타냈다. 결론 : DMD 유전자의불연속적엑손중복돌연변이에서각각의중복이상호복합적으로작용하여유전자발현에영향을주기때문에일반적인해독틀법칙에의한표현형예측이어렵다. 대부분의불연속적엑손중복돌연변이는 DMD 표현형을나타냈으며, 이에대한분별력있는해독틀법칙적용이필요하다. 본증례고찰은근디스트로피의유전형-표현형예측또는치료목적의디스트로핀개발과관련한기전연구에있어중요할것으로생각된다. 감사의글 본연구는보건복지부보건의료연구개발사업의지원에의하여이루어진것임 (A120030). REFERENCES 1. Emery AE. Population frequencies of inherited neuromuscular diseases--a world survey. Neuromuscul Disord 1991;1: Forrest SM, Cross GS, Flint T, Speer A, Robson KJ, Davies KE. Further studies of gene deletions that cause Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. Genomics 1988;2: Prior TW and Bridgeman SJ. Experience and strategy for the molecular testing of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Mol Diagn 2005;7: Koenig M, Hoffman EP, Bertelson CJ, Monaco AP, Feener C, Kunkel LM. Complete cloning of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) cdna and preliminary genomic organization of the DMD gene in normal and affected individuals. Cell 1987;50: Hu XY, Ray PN, Murphy EG, Thompson MW, Worton RG. Duplicational mutation at the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus: its frequency, distribution, origin, and phenotypegenotype correlation. Am J Hum Genet 1990;46: Roberts RG, Bobrow M, Bentley DR. Point mutations in the dystrophin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:

6 7. Lai KK, Lo IF, Tong TM, Cheng LY, Lam ST. Detecting exon deletions and duplications of the DMD gene using Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA). Clin Biochem 2006;39: Gatta V, Scarciolla O, Gaspari AR, Palka C, De Angelis MV, Di Muzio A, et al. Identification of deletions and duplications of the DMD gene in affected males and carrier females by multiple ligation probe amplification (MLPA). Hum Genet 2005;117: Monaco AP, Bertelson CJ, Liechti-Gallati S, Moser H, Kunkel LM. An explanation for the phenotypic differences between patients bearing partial deletions of the DMD locus. Genomics 1988;2: Aartsma-Rus A, Van Deutekom JC, Fokkema IF, Van Ommen GJ, Den Dunnen JT. Entries in the Leiden Duchenne muscular dystrophy mutation database: an overview of mutation types and paradoxical cases that confirm the reading-frame rule. Muscle Nerve 2006;34: Tuffery-Giraud S, Béroud C, Leturcq F, Yaou RB, Hamroun D, Michel- Calemard L, et al. Genotype-phenotype analysis in 2,405 patients with a dystrophinopathy using the UMD-DMD database: a model of nationwide knowledgebase. Hum Mutat 2009;30: López-Hernández LB, Gómez-Díaz B, Bahena-Martínez E, Neri-Gómez T, Camacho-Molina A, Ruano-Calderón LA, et al. A novel noncontiguous duplication in the DMD gene escapes the reading-frame rule. J Genet 2014;93: Janssen B, Hartmann C, Scholz V, Jauch A, Zschocke J. MLPA analysis for the detection of deletions, duplications and complex rearrangements in the dystrophin gene: potential and pitfalls. Neurogenetics 2005;6: Imoto N, Arinami T, Hamano K, Matsumura K, Yamada H, Hamaguchi H, et al. Topographic pattern of the rearrangement of the dystrophin gene in Japanese Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Hum Genet 1993;92: White SJ, Aartsma-Rus A, Flanigan KM, Weiss RB, Kneppers AL, Lalic T, et al. Duplications in the DMD gene. Hum Mutat 2006;27: Zhang Z, Takeshima Y, Awano H, Nishiyama A, Okizuka Y, Yagi M, et al. Tandem duplications of two separate fragments of the dystrophin gene in a patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Hum Genet 2008;53: Fenollar-Cortés M, Gallego-Merlo J, Trujillo-Tiebas MJ, Lorda-Sánchez I, Ayuso C. Two non-contiguous duplications in the DMD gene in a Spanish family. J Neurogenet 2008;22: Hu XY, Ray PN, Worton RG. Mechanisms of tandem duplication in the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene include both homologous and nonhomologous intrachromosomal recombination. EMBO J 1991;10: Lopes J, Tardieu S, Silander K, Blair I, Vandenberghe A, Palau F, et al. Homologous DNA exchanges in humans can be explained by the yeast double-strand break repair model: a study of 17p11.2 rearrangements associated with CMT1A and HNPP. Hum Mol Genet 1999;8: Helderman-van den Enden AT, de Jong R, den Dunnen JT, Houwing- Duistermaat JJ, Kneppers AL, Ginjaar HB, et al. Recurrence risk due to germ line mosaicism: Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy. Clin Genet 2009;75: Sommer SS. Recent human germ-line mutation: inferences from patients with hemophilia B. Trends Genet 1995;11: Helmrich A, Ballarino M, Tora L. Collisions between replication and transcription complexes cause common fragile site instability at the longest human genes. Mol Cell 2011;44: Hoffman EP, Brown RH Jr, Kunkel LM. Dystrophin: the protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus. Cell 1987;51:

<30332D30392D30393828C3D6BFB5C3B62DC1B6C7D1B3AA292E687770>

<30332D30392D30393828C3D6BFB5C3B62DC1B6C7D1B3AA292E687770> 원 저 접수번호:09-029(2차-0710) Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) 방법에 의한 디스트로핀 유전자 돌연변이 분자학적 진단의 유용성 연세대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실, 진단검사의학교실 a 조한나 홍지만 이경아 a 최영철 Clinical Usefulness of Molecular Diagnosis

More information

Can032.hwp

Can032.hwp Chromosomal Alterations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines Detected by Comparative Genomic Hybridization Sang Jin Park 1, Mahn Joon Ha, Ph.D. 1, Hugh Chul Kim, M.D. 2 and Hyon Ju Kim, M.D. 1 1 Laboratory

More information

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -

More information

Lumbar spine

Lumbar spine Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical

More information

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -

More information

012임수진

012임수진 Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar

More information

DMD 보인자진단을위한다형분석 237 위한계치보다높게나타난다. 그러나 CPK치는채혈하는시간에따라다양한결과를보이며, 정상인과보인자의 CPK 수치가중복될수있다. 따라서 CPK 수치는보인자여부에대한상대적가능성만을제공한다 [2, 3]. DNA 분석법에의한보인자진단은 cdna

DMD 보인자진단을위한다형분석 237 위한계치보다높게나타난다. 그러나 CPK치는채혈하는시간에따라다양한결과를보이며, 정상인과보인자의 CPK 수치가중복될수있다. 따라서 CPK 수치는보인자여부에대한상대적가능성만을제공한다 [2, 3]. DNA 분석법에의한보인자진단은 cdna 대한임상병리학회지 : 제 20 권제 2 호 2000 Korean J Clin Pathol 2000; 20: 236-41 분자유전학 듀센형근이영양증보인자진단을위한유전자다형분석 최종락 송경순 박숙자 * 연세대학교의과대학임상병리과학교실, 부산일신기독병원 * Genetic Polymorphism Analysis for the Detection of Duchenne

More information

1..

1.. Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :

More information

ECG & EP CASES Young-Keun On, MD, PhD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Cardiac & Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea A case of

More information

충북의대학술지 Chungbuk Med. J. Vol. 27. No. 1. 1~ Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 환자의마취 : 증례보고 신일동 1, 이진희 1, 박상희 1,2 * 책임저자 : 박상희, 충북청주시서원구충대로 1 번지, 충북대학교

충북의대학술지 Chungbuk Med. J. Vol. 27. No. 1. 1~ Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 환자의마취 : 증례보고 신일동 1, 이진희 1, 박상희 1,2 * 책임저자 : 박상희, 충북청주시서원구충대로 1 번지, 충북대학교 충북의대학술지 Chungbuk Med. J. Vol. 27. No. 1. 1~5 2017 Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 환자의마취 : 증례보고 신일동 1, 이진희 1, 박상희 1,2 * 책임저자 : 박상희, 충북청주시서원구충대로 1 번지, 충북대학교의과대학마취통증의학교실, 의학연구소 (28644), happycat19@hanmail.net

More information

서론

서론 - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - - 20 - - 21 - - 22 - - 23 - - 24 - -

More information

Rheu-suppl hwp

Rheu-suppl hwp Objective: This paper reviews the existing Korean medical and public health, and nursing academy articles on disease-specific and domain-specific quality of life, and provides recommendations for the universally

More information

- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.99-117 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.99 2015 * A Analysis of the Characters and Issues about the 2015 Revised Social

More information

A 617

A 617 Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy Won Ki Lee, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Kangnam St. Mary s Hospital E mail : wklee@catholic.ac.kr Abstract R

More information

04_이근원_21~27.hwp

04_이근원_21~27.hwp 1) KIGAS Vol. 16, No. 5, pp 21~27, 2012 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas) http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2012.16.5.21 실험실의 사례 분석에 관한 연구 이근원 이정석 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 (2012년 9월 5일 투고, 2012년 10월 19일

More information

005송영일

005송영일 Received : 2015. 12. 09 Reviewed : 2015. 12. 16 Accepted : 2015. 12. 16 Sternal Fracture occurred after Thai Massage : A Case Report Young-Il Song, K.M.D. 1, Dong-Eun Kim, K.M.D. 1 1 Department of Rehabilitation

More information

ºÎÁ¤¸ÆV10N³»Áö

ºÎÁ¤¸ÆV10N³»Áö case of brugada syndrome presented as chest pain STRCT rugada syndrome was described in 1992 as a new clinical entity characterized by electrocardiographic STsegment elevation in the right precordial leads

More information

(

( 317 318 319 320 1 3 5 5 5 5 2 321 : 1.,,,,, 06 2. X-ray beam penetration (density) (contrast) 03 3. patch coating, precipitation, flaking 03 4. centering 03 5. Esophagus, cardia, fundus, body, angle, antrum,

More information

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A52DC1A4BFB5C3B62E687770>

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A52DC1A4BFB5C3B62E687770> Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지(J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 19, No. 2 : 258~264 Feb. 2015 ID3 알고리즘 기반의 귀납적 추론을 활용한 모바일 OS의 성공과 실패에 대한

More information

16(1)-3(국문)(p.40-45).fm

16(1)-3(국문)(p.40-45).fm w wz 16«1y Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 16, No. 1. 2006 x w$btf3fqpsu'psn û w m w Department of Statistics, Chonnam National University Eunsik Park College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University

More information

2 1896 2 26 ( ) 2 7-20 2) 1897 1898 ( )3) 6 1902 8 1904 10 10 (19 05-1914 ) ( ) ( ) 4) 1915 ( ) ( ) 1917 2) 3) 4) 285

2 1896 2 26 ( ) 2 7-20 2) 1897 1898 ( )3) 6 1902 8 1904 10 10 (19 05-1914 ) ( ) ( ) 4) 1915 ( ) ( ) 1917 2) 3) 4) 285 13 2 ( 25 ) 2004 12 Korean J Med Hist 13 284 296 Dec 2004 ISSN 1225 505X 1) * ** ** 1 1920 1930 40 ( 1896-1973) 80 * ** 1) 2003 284 2 1896 2 26 ( ) 2 7-20 2) 1897 1898 ( )3) 6 1902 8 1904 10 10 (19 05-1914

More information

03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö

03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö 25 3 (2004 9 ) J Korean Oriental Med 2004;25(3):20-31 1), 2), 3) 1) 2) 3) Grope for a Summary Program about Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK)etc. Discussed in WIPO Hwan-Soo

More information

歯14.양돈규.hwp

歯14.양돈규.hwp : The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2003. Vol. 15, No. 3, 615-631. 1 2 3 1,410.,, ( ),., ( 69%),.,, ( ), ( ).,,.., ( ).,. :,,. :, (390-711) 21-1, : 043-649-1362 E-mail : ydk9498@hanmail.net

More information

04조남훈

04조남훈 Received : 2011. 11. 16 Reviewed : 2011. 11. 25 Accpeted : 2011. 12. 5 A Case Report of Prescribing Yanghyeolgeopung-tang(yangxuequfeng-tang) to Two Patients with Cervical Disc Herniation and Headache

More information

<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>

<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770> 대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Research Trend

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   * A Research Trend Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.295-318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.295 * A Research Trend on the Studies related to Parents of Adults with Disabilities

More information

139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ

139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ 2 139 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.139 2 Received : 10. 04. 08 Revised : 10. 04. 26 Two Case Report on Wrist Ganglion Treated with Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture Accepted : 10. 05. 04 Key Words: Wrist Ganglion,

More information

노영남

노영남 Purpose: Delayed massive hemorrhages from pseudoaneurysm rupture of the peripancreatic large arteries, after pancreaticoduodenectomy, are fatal. We reviewed the clinical course and outcome of bleeding

More information

44-4대지.07이영희532~

44-4대지.07이영희532~ A Spatial Location Analysis of the First Shops of Foodservice Franchise in Seoul Metropolitan City Younghee Lee* 1 1 (R) 0 16 1 15 64 1 Abstract The foodservice franchise is preferred by the founders who

More information

Pharmacotherapeutics Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee Univ

Pharmacotherapeutics Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee Univ Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee University College of Medicine & Hospital E mail : ycell2@yahoo.co.kr Abstract

More information

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타 RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 20-40대 여성의 외모만족도가 미용관리태도에 미치는 영향 홍수남 1, 김효숙 2 * 1 건국대학교 뷰티사이언스디자인학과, 2 건국대학교 의상디자인과 Effects of Extrinsic Body Satisfaction on Beauty Management Behavior of

More information

7.ƯÁýb71ÎÀ¯È« š

7.ƯÁýb71ÎÀ¯È« š J KMA Special Issue Myelodysplastic Syndrome June Won Cheong, MD Yoo Hong Min, MD Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine E mail : jwcheong70@yumc.yonsei.ac.kr minbrmmd@yumc.yonsei.ac.kr

More information

<C7D1B1B9B1A4B0EDC8ABBAB8C7D0BAB85F31302D31C8A35F32C2F75F303132392E687770>

<C7D1B1B9B1A4B0EDC8ABBAB8C7D0BAB85F31302D31C8A35F32C2F75F303132392E687770> 버스 외부 광고의 효과에 관한 탐색적 연구 : 매체 접촉률과 인지적 반응을 중심으로 1) 고한준 국민대학교 언론정보학부 조교수 노봉조 벅스컴애드 대표 이사 최근 몇 년 사이 옥외 광고나 인터넷 광고 등 BTL(Below the Line) 매체가 광고 시장에서 차지하 는 비중이 점점 높아지고 있다. 버스 외부 광고는 2004년 7월 서울시 교통체계개편 이후 이용자

More information

K O R E A C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L & P R E V E N T I O N PHWR Vol. 5 No. 41 www.cdc.go.kr/phwr 2012 10 12 5 41 ISSN:2005-811X Comparison of drug-susceptibility test to the anti-tuberculosis

More information

l l l l l l l l l Lee, Geon Kook None This project was designed to establish the Tumor Bank of National Cancer Center in 2000. From the first tumor sample in 2000, the total of tumor and tumor-related

More information

???? 1

???? 1 The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics (2013) 26(1), 201 208 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2013.26.1.201 A Note on Model Selection in Mixture Experiments with Process Variables Jung Il Kim a,1

More information

Abstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지(J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 19, No. 5 : 1031~1039 May. 2015 정보보호 산업의 경제적 파급효과 및 기여도 분석 김방룡 1 홍재표 2* Economic

More information

황지웅

황지웅 Comparison of Laparoscopy and Exploration in the Distal Pancreatectomy BACKGROUND: To determine the benefits of laparoscopic surgery compared with exploration, the clinical outcomes of open and laparoscopic

More information

386-390.hwp

386-390.hwp 386 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 29 No. 4, 2009 우리나라 미숙아의 통계와 의료비용 Statistics and Medical Cost of Preterm in Korea 윤혜선 을지대학교 노원을지병원 소아청소년과학교실 Hye Sun Yoon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nowon

More information

석사논문.PDF

석사논문.PDF ABO Rh A study on the importance of ABO and Rh blood groups information in Public Health 2000 2 1 ABO Rh A study on the importance of ABO and Rh blood groups information in Public Health 2000 2 2 ABO Rh

More information

기관고유연구사업결과보고

기관고유연구사업결과보고 기관고유연구사업결과보고 작성요령 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 1 2/3 2 1 0 2 3 52 0 31 83 12 6 3 21 593 404 304 1,301 4 3 1 8 159 191 116 466 6 11 (`1: (1: 16 33 44 106

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: * Review of Research

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI:   * Review of Research Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.79-102 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.79 * Review of Research Trends on Curriculum for Students with Severe and multiple

More information

02Á¶ÇýÁø

02Á¶ÇýÁø Analysis of Hazardous Fog and Index Development in Korea* Hye-Jin Cho** Abstract : The existing researches related to the fog have focused on mainly the fog itself and its spatial variation. This study

More information

서론 34 2

서론 34 2 34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although

More information

YI Ggodme : The Lives and Diseases of Females during the Latter Half of the Joseon Dynasty as Reconstructed with Cases in Yeoksi Manpil (Stray Notes w

YI Ggodme : The Lives and Diseases of Females during the Latter Half of the Joseon Dynasty as Reconstructed with Cases in Yeoksi Manpil (Stray Notes w 497 의사학 제24권 제2호(통권 제50호) 2015년 8월 Korean J Med Hist 24 ː497-532 Aug 2015 c대한의사학회 http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2015.24.497 pissn 1225-505X, eissn 2093-5609 역시만필( 歷 試 漫 筆 ) 의 사례로 재구성한 조선후기 여성의 삶과 질병

More information

Y 1 Y β α β Independence p qp pq q if X and Y are independent then E(XY)=E(X)*E(Y) so Cov(X,Y) = 0 Covariance can be a measure of departure from independence q Conditional Probability if A and B are

More information

歯kjmh2004v13n1.PDF

歯kjmh2004v13n1.PDF 13 1 ( 24 ) 2004 6 Korean J Med Hist 13 20 36 June 2004 ISSN 1225 505X * 1 1886 ( ) 1) 1905 * 1) 20 2) 1910 1926 1910 1926 1930 40 2 1899 1907 3) 4) 1908 1909 ( ) ( ) ( 2) 1995 1998 3) 1997 p 376 4) 1956

More information

12이문규

12이문규 Review on Conservative Treatment of Spinal Scoliosis Moon-kyu Lee, O.M.D., Gil-jae Lee, O.M.D., Yun-kyung Song, O.M.D., Hyung-ho Lim, O.M.D. Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine College of Oriental

More information

Crt114( ).hwp

Crt114( ).hwp cdna Microarray Experiment: Design Issues in Early Stage and the Need of Normalization Byung Soo Kim, Ph.D. 1, Sunho Lee, Ph.D. 2, Sun Young Rha, M.D., Ph.D. 3,4 and Hyun Cheol Chung, M.D., Ph.D. 3,4 1

More information

2009;21(1): (1777) 49 (1800 ),.,,.,, ( ) ( ) 1782., ( ). ( ) 1,... 2,3,4,5.,,, ( ), ( ),. 6,,, ( ), ( ),....,.. (, ) (, )

2009;21(1): (1777) 49 (1800 ),.,,.,, ( ) ( ) 1782., ( ). ( ) 1,... 2,3,4,5.,,, ( ), ( ),. 6,,, ( ), ( ),....,.. (, ) (, ) Abstract Kim Dal-Rae, Kim Sun-Hyung* Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung-Hee Univ. *Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, East-West Neo Medical Center, Kyung-Hee

More information

03-서연옥.hwp

03-서연옥.hwp 농업생명과학연구 49(4) pp.31-37 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(4) pp.31-37 Print ISSN 1598-5504 Online ISSN 2383-8272 http://dx.doi.org/10.14397/jals.2015.49.4.31 국가산림자원조사 자료를 적용한 충남지역 사유림경영율 추정 서연옥

More information

mau A B C Qsepharose051229manual001:1_UV@01,SHFT Qsepharose051229manual001:1_Conc Qsepharose051229manual001:1_Fractions Qsepharose051229manual001:1_Inject Manual run 3:1_UV@01,SHFT Manual run 3:1_Fractions

More information

#Ȳ¿ë¼®

#Ȳ¿ë¼® http://www.kbc.go.kr/ A B yk u δ = 2u k 1 = yk u = 0. 659 2nu k = 1 k k 1 n yk k Abstract Web Repertoire and Concentration Rate : Analysing Web Traffic Data Yong - Suk Hwang (Research

More information

09권오설_ok.hwp

09권오설_ok.hwp (JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) (Regular Paper) 19 5, 2014 9 (JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2014.19.5.656 ISSN 2287-9137 (Online) ISSN 1226-7953 (Print) a) Reduction

More information

Jkcs022(89-113).hwp

Jkcs022(89-113).hwp 대한배뇨장애 및 요실금 학회지 J. Korean Continence Society 2004;8:89-113 Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom 설문지의 한국어 번역 및 번역본의 언어 타당도 Seung-June Oh*, Hyung Geun Park*, Sung Hyun Paick, Won Hee Park and Myung-Soo

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Study on Teache

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI:   * A Study on Teache Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.149-171 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.4.201712.149 * A Study on Teachers and Parents Perceptions on the Introduction of Innovational

More information

A Study on the Relationships between Self-Differentiation and Adaptability Factors for Senior Dementia Patients Care Givers Department of Social Welfare, Seoul Welfare Graduate University Full-time Lecturer

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina

More information

대한한의학원전학회지24권6호-전체최종.hwp

대한한의학원전학회지24권6호-전체최종.hwp 小兒藥證直訣 의 五臟辨證에 대한 小考 - 病證과 處方을 중심으로 1 2 慶熙大學校大學校 韓醫學科大學 原典學敎室 ㆍ 韓醫學古典硏究所 白裕相1,2*1)2) A study on The Diagnosis and Treatment Using The Theory of Five Organs in Soayakjeungjikgyeol(小兒藥證直訣) 1 Dept. of Oriental

More information

김범수

김범수 Analysis of Outcomes after Resection of Sarcomatous Hepatocellular Carcinoma Purpose: Sarcomatous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare. Therefore, the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: * The

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI:   * The Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.243-268 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.243 * - 2001 2015 - The Research Trends on Peer Counseling in Elementary and

More information

Treatment and Role of Hormaonal Replaement Therapy

Treatment and Role of Hormaonal Replaement Therapy Treatment and Role of Hormone Replacement Therapy Chung-Ang University Hospital Chee Jeong Kim 7.2 5.3 6.4 5.6 7.3 5.5 1 1 2 3 4 10 11 7 34 49 122 123 1.0 - - 10. 2001 1998 1998 Improvement of postmenopausal

More information

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 라이프스타일은 개인 생활에 있어 심리적 문화적 사회적 모든 측면의 생활방식과 차이 전체를 말한다. 이러한 라이프스 타일은 사람의 내재된 가치관이나 욕구, 행동 변화를 파악하여 소비행동과 심리를 추측할 수 있고, 개인의

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 라이프스타일은 개인 생활에 있어 심리적 문화적 사회적 모든 측면의 생활방식과 차이 전체를 말한다. 이러한 라이프스 타일은 사람의 내재된 가치관이나 욕구, 행동 변화를 파악하여 소비행동과 심리를 추측할 수 있고, 개인의 RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 한국 중년 여성의 라이프스타일이 메이크업 추구이미지와 화장품 구매행동에 미치는 영향 주영주 1 *, 이순희 2 1 서경대학교대학원미용예술학과, 2 신성대학교 미용예술계열 The Effects of The Life Style for Korean Middle Aged Women on

More information

Æ÷Àå82š

Æ÷Àå82š Lee, Kyungbae (E-mail : kblee6078@ex.co.kr) Lee, Jaehoon (E-mail : ranian74@ex.co.kr) Sohn, Duecksu (E-mail : mgsds@ex.co.kr) Kwon, Soonmin (E-mail : soonmini2@ex.co.kr) ABSTRACT PURPOSES : The purpose

More information

Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong

Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong An 1 & Kyoo-jeong Choi 2 * 1 Korea National Wrestling

More information

한국 출산력의 저하 요인에 관한 연구

한국 출산력의 저하 요인에 관한 연구 가족계획실천율 가족계획실천자 세 유배우부인 조출생률 년간 총출생아수 연앙인구수 일반출산율 년간 총출생아수 가임연령 여자연앙인구수 합계출산율 세 연령층 여성이 출산한 출생아수 세 연령층 여성의 연앙인구수 즉 합계출산율 합 6 계 출 산 율 5 4 3 2 1 1960 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

More information

<C7A5C1F620BEE7BDC4>

<C7A5C1F620BEE7BDC4> 연세대학교 상경대학 경제연구소 Economic Research Institute Yonsei Universit 서울시 서대문구 연세로 50 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gS gu, Seoul, Korea TEL: (+82-2) 2123-4065 FAX: (+82- -2) 364-9149 E-mail: yeri4065@yonsei.ac. kr http://yeri.yonsei.ac.kr/new

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Study on the Pe

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI:   * A Study on the Pe Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.405-425 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.405 * A Study on the Perceptions and Factors of Immigrant Background Youth

More information

16_이주용_155~163.hwp

16_이주용_155~163.hwp 사상체질의학회지 2008;20(2):155-163 J of Sasang Constitutional Medicine Vol. 20, No. 2, 2008:155-163 http://www.esasang.com 腦 梗 塞 으로 발생한 少 陽 人 半 身 舞 蹈 病 患 者 치험 1례 이주용 이한얼 한경수 안택원 Abstract 대전대학교 한의과대학 사상체질과 A Soyangin

More information

ºÎÁ¤¸ÆV10N³»Áö

ºÎÁ¤¸ÆV10N³»Áö A case of atrioventricular dissociation with interference ABSTRACT Interference dissociation is one of the most interesting arrhythmias. Once thought to be a rare arrhythmia, it is now considered a very

More information

` Companies need to play various roles as the network of supply chain gradually expands. Companies are required to form a supply chain with outsourcing or partnerships since a company can not

More information

A Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran

More information

Kbcs002.hwp

Kbcs002.hwp Does Real-time Compound Imaging Improve Evaluation of reast Cancer Compared to Conventional Sonography? o Kyoung Seo, M.D., Yu Whan Oh, M.D., Kyu Ran Cho, M.D., Young Hen Lee, M.D., Hyung Joon Noh, M.D.,

More information

Kaes017.hwp

Kaes017.hwp 갑상선의 Poorly Differentiated (Insular) Carcinoma Insular Carcinoma: An Aggressive Subtype of Differentiated Thyroid Neoplasms Seok-Jin Nam, M.D., Sang-Dal Lee, M.D., Hal-lin Park, M.D., Young-Ryun Oh, M.D.

More information

16(2)-7(p ).fm

16(2)-7(p ).fm w wz 16«2y Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 16, No. 2. 2006 ü t xy y w tœ ½ BÁ x BC B y w w w C y w w w Current Status and Expectations of Orphan Drugs in Korea -In point of supplying medicines for the rare

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11),

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11), THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2015 Nov.; 26(11), 985991. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2015.26.11.985 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print)ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Analysis

More information

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -

More information

( )Kju269.hwp

( )Kju269.hwp 만성세균성전립선염모델흰쥐에서 의항염효과 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Lycopene on Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Rat Model Cho Hwan Yang, Dong Wan Sohn, Yong-Hyun Cho From the Department of Urology, The Catholic University

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Feb.; 29(2), IS

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Feb.; 29(2), IS THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Feb.; 29(2), 93 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.2.93 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) UHF-HF

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4) THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Oct.; 29(10), 799 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.10.799 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Method

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Mar.; 28(3),

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Mar.; 28(3), THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2017 Mar.; 28(3), 163 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2017.28.3.163 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) PCB

More information

., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994), () 65, 4 51, (,, ). 33, 4 30, 23 3 (, ) () () 25, (),,,, (,,, 2015b). 1 5,

., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994), () 65, 4 51, (,, ). 33, 4 30, 23 3 (, ) () () 25, (),,,, (,,, 2015b). 1 5, * 4.,, 3,,, 3,, -., 3, 12, 27, 20. 9,,,,,,,,. 6,,,,,. 5,,,,.. * (2016),. (Corresponding Author): / / 303 Tel: 063-225-4496 / E-mail: jnj1015@jj.ac.kr ., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994), 2000. 2015 () 65, 4 51,

More information

KIM Sook Young : Lee Jungsook, a Korean Independence Activist and a Nurse during the 이며 나름 의식이 깨어있던 지식인들이라 할 수 있을 것이다. 교육을 받은 간 호부들은 환자를 돌보는 그들의 직업적 소

KIM Sook Young : Lee Jungsook, a Korean Independence Activist and a Nurse during the 이며 나름 의식이 깨어있던 지식인들이라 할 수 있을 것이다. 교육을 받은 간 호부들은 환자를 돌보는 그들의 직업적 소 1 의사학 제24권 제1호(통권 제49호) 2015년 4월 Korean J Med Hist 24 ː1-34 Apr 2015 c대한의사학회 http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2015.24.1 pissn 1225-505X, eissn 2093-5609 간호부 이정숙의 독립운동 김숙영* 1. 서론 2. 본론 1) 출생에서 정신여학교 수학시절까지

More information

00약제부봄호c03逞풚

00약제부봄호c03逞풚 경희대학교 동서신의학병원 약품 정보지 2 0 0 7. S P R I N G. V O L. 0 1 신약 소개 02 Journal Review 03 Special Subject 04 복약 지도 06 의약품 안전성 정보 07 약제부 알림 07 약제부 업무 소개 08 E A S T - W E S T N E O M E D I C A L C E N T E R 본 약품

More information

232 도시행정학보 제25집 제4호 I. 서 론 1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 사회가 다원화될수록 다양성과 복합성의 요소는 증가하게 된다. 도시의 발달은 사회의 다원 화와 밀접하게 관련되어 있기 때문에 현대화된 도시는 경제, 사회, 정치 등이 복합적으로 연 계되어 있어 특

232 도시행정학보 제25집 제4호 I. 서 론 1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 사회가 다원화될수록 다양성과 복합성의 요소는 증가하게 된다. 도시의 발달은 사회의 다원 화와 밀접하게 관련되어 있기 때문에 현대화된 도시는 경제, 사회, 정치 등이 복합적으로 연 계되어 있어 특 한국도시행정학회 도시행정학보 제25집 제4호 2012. 12 : pp.231~251 생활지향형 요소의 근린주거공간 분포특성 연구: 경기도 시 군을 중심으로* Spatial Distribution of Daily Life-Oriented Features in the Neighborhood: Focused on Municipalities of Gyeonggi Province

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: (NCS) Method of Con

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI:   (NCS) Method of Con Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.181-212 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.3.201709.181 (NCS) Method of Constructing and Using the Differentiated National Competency

More information

http://www.kbc.go.kr/pds/2.html Abstract Exploring the Relationship Between the Traditional Media Use and the Internet Use Mee-Eun Kang This study examines the relationship between

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: : * Research Subject

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI:   : * Research Subject Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.91-116 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.91 : * Research Subject Trend Analysis on Educational Innovation with Network

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing

More information

Main Title

Main Title 2003 5140001 IMD WCY IMD 2003 (, 54 ), Competitiveness Valuation International, Inc. Korea Partner of IMD WCY jeong@cvikorea.net page 1 2003, Jin-Ho Jeong, CVI, Korea Partner of IMD +41-25-618-0251 Fax

More information

09김정식.PDF

09김정식.PDF 00-09 2000. 12 ,,,,.,.,.,,,,,,.,,..... . 1 1 7 2 9 1. 9 2. 13 3. 14 3 16 1. 16 2. 21 3. 39 4 43 1. 43 2. 52 3. 56 4. 66 5. 74 5 78 1. 78 2. 80 3. 86 6 88 90 Ex e cu t iv e Su m m a r y 92 < 3-1> 22 < 3-2>

More information

.,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,,, (, 2011)..,,, (, 2009)., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994;, 1995), () 65, 4 51, (,, ). 33, 4 30, (, 201

.,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,,, (, 2011)..,,, (, 2009)., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994;, 1995), () 65, 4 51, (,, ). 33, 4 30, (, 201 4 21.,,,.,,. 1, 2, 3, 4.,,,,,,.,,,,., ( ). 60-66,,,,,.. (Corresponding Author): / / 303 Tel: 063-220-2495/ E-mail: ikkim@jj.ac.kr .,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,,, (, 2011)..,,, (, 2009)., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994;,

More information

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006;

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006; ,,.. 400,,,,,,.,,, -, -, -., 3.. :, Tel : 010-9540-0640, E-mail : sunney05@hanmail.net ,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012).

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI:   : Researc Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education

More information

06_À̼º»ó_0929

06_À̼º»ó_0929 150 151 alternative investment 1) 2) 152 NPE platform invention capital 3) 153 sale and license back 4) 154 5) 6) 7) 155 social welfare 8) 156 GDP 9) 10) 157 Patent Box Griffith EUROSTAT 11) OTC M&A 12)

More information

10(3)-09.fm

10(3)-09.fm w y wz 10«3y 253~258 (2010.12.) Journal of Korean Society of Urban Environment ³ w Á» Á Á y w y œw (2010 11 22, 2010 12 9 k) Study on Determine of Detention Pond in Small Developed Area In-Soo Chang ½

More information

7 1 ( 12 ) 1998. 1913 ( 1912 ) 4. 3) 1916 3 1918 4 1919. ( ) 1 3 1, 3 1. 1.. 1919 1920. 4) ( ), ( ),. 5) 1924 4 ( ) 1. 1925 1. 2). ( ). 6). ( ). ( ).

7 1 ( 12 ) 1998. 1913 ( 1912 ) 4. 3) 1916 3 1918 4 1919. ( ) 1 3 1, 3 1. 1.. 1919 1920. 4) ( ), ( ),. 5) 1924 4 ( ) 1. 1925 1. 2). ( ). 6). ( ). ( ). 7 1 ( 12 ) : 1-11, 1998 K orean J M ed H ist 7 : 1-11, 1998 ISSN 1225-505X * **.,.., 1960.... 1) ( ) 1896 3 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2. 1), 14 1909 1,. 14 17 1913. 2)..,. ( ) ( ),. * 1998 (1998. 5. 7). ** 1).

More information