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- 한울 하
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1 대한임상건강증진학회지제 8 권제 3 호 2008 Korean J Health Promot Dis Prev Vol. 8, No. 3, 2008 [ 원저 ] 균형손상노인에서발목관절전략운동의균형증진효과 이정원 1, 권오윤 2, 이충휘 2, 조상현 2, 전혜선 2, 유승현 2 여주대학작업치료과 1, 연세대학교보건과학대학물리치료학과 2 - 요약 - 연구배경 노인에서넘어짐을예방하기위한균형증진운동은매우중요하다. 본연구의목적은정적및동적상태, 그리고팔내뻗기 동안에서있는자세조절에발목관절전략촉진운동의효과를알아보는데있다. 방 법 연구대상자는 59명 ( 평균나이 =76.5세, 평균키 =148.9 cm, 평균체중 =58.5 kg) 이었으며, 최근 6개월동안어떠한운동에도참여한적이없으며, 무작위로할당된세군은발목전략운동군, 발목강화운동군, 그리고대조군이다. 두운동군에는주 3일 50 분씩 8주동안운동에참여하였다. 자료수집은운동전, 운동후, 그리고추적시기에하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS 12.0을이용하여반복측정일요인분산분석을하였으며최소유의성차이로사후검정을하였다. 결 과 기능적팔뻗기는두운동군에서모두대조군에비해유의하게증가하였으며 (P<.01), 발목전략운동군과발목강화운동군간에는차이가없었다. 눈을뜨거나감고서있을때전ㆍ후방향의압력중심의이동속도, 그리고내측비복근의근수축개시시간은발목강화운동군에비해발목전략운동군에서유의하게감소하였다 (P<.05). 결 론 이상의결과로미루어보면, 균형손상노인에서 8주동안의발목전략운동및발목강화운동이자세조절에효과적이다. 또한, 균형기능향상에발목전략운동이발목강화운동보다더효과적인치료전략이라고사료된다. ( 대한임상건강증진학회지 2008;8(3):158~167) 중심단어 균형, 노인, 운동 5 서론 노인에서넘어짐을예방하는것은매우중요하다. 노인에있어서넘어짐은사고관련손상의첫번째원인이며사고관련사망의두번째원인이다. 1) 65세이상노인에서는 3분의일, 80세이상에서는절반이일년내에적어도한번이상넘어진다. 2) 일상생활을하는동안에균형을유지하는능력이나흐트러진균형을회복하는능력은다양한감각기능, 운동기능, 인지기능, 정신사회기능그리고환경적요소와관련이있다. 3,4) 자세동요에따르는균형의회복에는발목관절전략 (ankle strategy) 이나고관절전략 (hip strategy), 또는두전략을함께사용해서서있는균형을유지한다. 5) 발목관절전략은견 교신저자 : 이정원여주대학작업치료과 주소 : 경기도여주군여주읍교리 전화 : ljw0311@hanmail.net 접수일 : 2008년 2월 21일 채택일 : 2008년 8월 6일 고한지지면에서적은동요가있을때일상적으로사용되며, 제일먼저나타나는자세조절전략으로써 6), 발목관절의근육수축을통해똑바로서기균형을일차적으로회복하는것을말한다. 7) 20대여성과 70대여성의발목관절전략을사용한균형회복능력을비교해보면, 노인에있어서균형회복능력이감소되고최대근력과근력생성반응시간이지연된다. 8) 전ㆍ후방향으로의교대적흔들림에대한균형유지는전경골근 (tibialis anterior) 과내측비복근 (medial gastrocnemius) 의교대적활성에의존되며, 몸이수직선을넘어전방으로무너지기전에내측비복근의활성이시작되고, 다시후방으로몸을세우기전에전경골근의활성이시작된다. 9) 넘어진경험이없는사람보다넘어진경험이있는사람들은발목관절의유연성감소, 발바닥촉각민감도감소, 발바닥쪽굽힘근의근력등이감소되며, 더심한모지외반기형을가지고있다. 10) 하지근력의강화는균형에긍정적인효과를준다. 11) 탄성고무띠 (Thera Band) 는근력강화운동을위한저항체로서유용하며, 노인의하지근력강화운동에유효하다. 12) 균 158
2 [Effect of Ankle Strategy Exercise on Improvement of Balance in Elderly with Impaired Balance] 형증진을위하여근력강화 13,14), 가동범위증진 15,16), 태극권 17,18), 균형전략운동 6,9,19) 등여러가지방법들이사용되고있다. 지금까지노인에있어서균형능력을향상시키기위한많은연구가있었으며현재도활발하게연구되는주제이다. 노인에서가동범위와유연성의감소, 근력약화, 적절한힘의생성및균형반응의지연등균형유지능력을저하시키는요인들에복합적으로효과적인운동방법을명확히제시하고있지못하는실정이다. 근력강화운동이균형능력을향상시키지못한다는주장도있으며 20-22), 발목관절전략운동이균형증진에어떤영향을미치는지에대한연구가미미하다. 따라서본연구에서는균형손상이있는노인들을대상으로발목전략운동군, 근력강화운동군, 대조군으로나누어, 8주동안의발목전략운동이균형조절능력에어떤효과가있는지를알아보기위하여실시하였다. 연구방법 1. 연구대상연구대상자는여주군소재 A시설에거주하고있는노인 110명중에서최근 6개월동안일주일에 3회이상정기적으로근력강화운동이나자세조절운동프로그램에참여한경험이없고신경성이나근육성질환이없는 65세이상노인중한국판간이정신기능검사 (K-MMSE) 에서 24점이상이며, 버그균형척도 (Berg Balance Scale) 검사에서 40점이하되는조건을모두충족하는 60명 ( 남자 5명, 여자 55명 ) 이었다. 연구대상자는발목전략운동군, 근력강화운동군, 대조군에무작위로배정하였다. 실험전본연구의목적과방법에대하여대상자들에게충분한설명을한후동의한경우에만실험에참여하게하였다. 실험에참여한대상자는 60명이었으나이중 1명은실험기간중뇌졸중이발생하여탈락되었으며, 연구대상자는총 59명이었다. 2. 연구방법 1) 연구절차연구대상자들은기능적팔뻗기검사, 예기치않은동요를제공하였을때내측비복근의근수축개시시간을측정하였다. 또한똑바로선자세에서눈을뜨고 (eyes open), 눈을감고 (eyes closed), 반-일자 (semi-tandem) 로서기자세에서압력중심 (center of pressure) 의전ㆍ후방향동요, 좌ㆍ우방향동요의정적균형능력검사를치료전에실시한후에대상자 를무작위로발목전략운동군, 근력강화운동군, 대조군에배정하였다. 발목전략운동군에는맨바닥에서서하는운동, 겔방석에서서하는운동, 불안정판위에서서하는운동, 쿠션볼위에서서하는운동을실시하였다. 근력강화운동군에는발목관절의근력운동을실시하였으며, 대조군에는어떠한치료도제공하지않았다. 8주동안의치료과정을완료한 59명에게치료전평가와동일하게치료후평가를하였으며, 5주후에는추적평가를실시하였다. 모든대상자들은본실험이끝나는날까지다른운동프로그램에참여를허락하지않았고일상적인활동만을허용하였다. 또한알코올섭취와약물복용을제한하였다. 2) 연구도구 (1) 기능적팔뻗기검사기능적팔뻗기검사는어깨높이벽에줄자를붙여놓는다. 대상자를벽옆에 5 cm 거리를두고벽면과평행하게선다음, 양쪽팔꿈치를편채팔을직각으로들어서앞으로최대한내밀게하였다. 슬관절과고관절은신전상태를유지하도록하였으며검사중발을움직이면다시측정하였다. 거리는출발전중수지관절의에서부터중심을유지하고최대한전방으로내밀고있는중수지관절의길이를기록하였다. 2 번의연습후 3번측정하여평균값을대표값으로정하였다. 23) (2) 근전도검사발목관절의발등쪽굽힘근과발바닥쪽굽힘근의수축개시시간측정을위해각각 3개의 EL500(BIOPAC System Inc., CA, USA) 표면근전도전극을사용하였다. MP150 시스템으로들어온근전도의아날로그신호와스위치의디지털신호를 Acqknowledge 소프트웨어로저장한후측정된자료를 MatLab 6.5 프로그램 (Math Works Inc., MA, USA) 을사용하여근수축개시시간을분석하였다. 근전도신호는 60 Hz의노치필터 (notch filter) 를하였으며표본수집률은 1000 Hz이었다. 스위치신호의표본수집률은 50 Hz이었다. 전경골근의전극은슬개골하단으로부터가쪽복사뼈까지길이의근위 ⅓ 지점에서 1 cm 멀리, 내측비복근의전극은경골골두에서발뒤꿈치까지길이의근위 ⅓ 지점에서근육의위치를확인한후근복에표면전극을부착하였다. 24,25) 검사중대상자의안전을위해서흉부를감은멜빵 (harness) 을현수장치틀에고정하였다. 실험적동요를유발하기위해서가해지는충격시점에대한디지털신호를얻기위해패널형스위치 ( cm 3 ) 를피험자의견갑골하단높이에위치하도록끈을조정하여고정대에매달았다. 동요를유발하는충격은 1.8 kg 공 (Medi Ball, Sammons R Preston, USA) 을사 159
3 [ 균형손상노인에서발목관절전략운동의균형증진효과 ] 용하였다. 공은고정대에설치된스위치를기준으로 20 cm 거리, 위치표식자는 60 cm거리에두었으며, 공의위치는고정대로부터 50 cm거리, 위치표식자는 30 cm거리에위치하도록끈의길이를조절하였다. 충격량은공을위치표식자높이까지후진시켜 1~10초사이에무작위로자유낙하하는진자운동력으로일정하게제공되었다. 대상자에게 2~3분간격으로 3회를측정한후, 동요신호전안정적인신호를이용하여기준 (baseline) 근수축으로사용하였다. (3) 정적균형능력검사정적균형능력의측정은 Good Balance (Metitur Ltd., Finland) 를사용하였다. 삼각형의플랫폼 (force platform) 위에서 COP의이동길이와속도정보를 mm, mm/s 단위로측정하였다. 플랫폼에내장된트랜지스터변량게이지의아날로그신호는 24비트 2채널 AD변환기를거쳐 50 Hz디지털신호로전환되어, 10 m 이내에서자료전송이무선으로되는외장형 USB-Bluetooth를통해컴퓨터에저장하였다. 자료는소프트웨어 Good Balance 3.06 (Metitur Inc., Finland) 으로분석하였으며표본수집률은 50 Hz이었다. 균형능력측정의세가지자세조건은 1 눈을뜨고 30초동안정적으로서있기, 2 눈을감고 30초동안정적으로서있기, 3 눈을뜨고 20초동안정적으로반-일자로서있는자세에서실시하였다. 자료의수집은한번의연습후, 두번을측정하여압력중심의이동궤적의 90% 를차지하는정사각형길이가작은것을균형능력측정자료로정하였다. 측정된변수는압력중심의좌ㆍ우방향동요 (mediolateral sway) 과전ㆍ후방향동요 (anteroposterior sway) 에대한평균이동속도를측정하였다. 3) 운동방법 (1) 근력강화운동발목관절의발등쪽굽힘근과발바닥쪽굽힘근의근력강화를위한원심성수축및구심성수축저항운동을실시하였다. 저항은길이 200 cm, 폭 14 cm인붉은색탄성고무띠 (Thera-Bands R, Sammons R Preston, USA) 를사용하였다. 운동방법은주동근의구심성수축후내리는기간 (lowering phase) 에주동근의원심성수축을하였다. 운동순서는양발에교대로발등쪽굽힘근과발바닥쪽굽힘근순으로하였다. 운동시작과끝에는각각 5분동안의유연체조 (calisthenics exercise) 를하였다. 운동시간은총 50분이소요되었다. 근력강화운동은일주일에 3회씩, 8주동안연구자의지시감독하에실시하였다. 운동은혼자하는운동과두사람이짝을이루어하는운동으로구성하여시행하 였다. (2) 발목전략운동운동에사용된겔방석 (Pacific Wave Co., Ltd., Japan) 은정사각형 ( cm 3 ) 의크기를사용하였다. 연구자가고안한불안정판은직사각형의케이스안에지름 4 cm의속이스펀지로차있는공 9개를넣고발판 ( cm 3 ) 을얹었다. 쿠션볼 (Disc O sit Air Cushion, Sammons R Preston, USA) 은원형으로높이가 7 cm, 지름이 31 cm 크기를사용하였다. 운동방법은 1 딱딱한맨바닥에서서하는운동, 2 겔방석위에서서하는운동, 3 불안정판위에서서하는운동, 4 쿠션볼위에서하는운동이다. 운동 1과 2는 5분씩 2세트를실시하였고, 1세트는눈을뜨고, 2세트는눈을감고하였다. 운동 3과 4는 4분씩 2세트를실시하였고, 눈을뜨고안전을위하여한손으로계단난간을가볍게잡고실시하였다. 각세트운동후에는의자에앉아 2분동안휴식을하였다. 운동시간은총 50분이소요되었다. 3. 통계분석 연구대상자의집단간일반적특성의동질성을알아보기위하여일요인분산분석 (one-way ANOVA) 을하였다. 각반복시점이되는치료전평가, 치료후평가, 추적평가는주요변수인기능적팔뻗기검사, 발목관절의동요시내측비복근의수축개시시간, 정적균형능력 (COP의좌ㆍ우동요, 전ㆍ후동요 ) 에대한평가시점과집단간일요인반복측정분산분석 (one-way repeated ANOVA) 을하였다. 사후유의성검정은최소유의차 (LSD: Least Significant Difference) 검정을사용하였다. 이자료의통계처리를위해상용통계프로그램인윈도용 SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)12.0 프로그램으로분석하였으며유의수준 α=.05로하였다. 1. 대상자의일반적특성 결과 대상자전체의평균나이는 76.5세, 평균몸무게는 58.5 kg, 평균키는 cm, 평균버그균형척도점수는 38.1점, 평균정신기능검사점수는 25.4점이었다. 집단간동질성에는유의한차이가없었다 ( 표 1). 160
4 [Effect of Ankle Strategy Exercise on Improvement of Balance in Elderly with Impaired Balance] Table 1. General characteristics of the subjects group Variable Ankle strategy exercise n=20 Ankle strength exercise n=19 Control group n=20 (N=59) Total N=59 F P Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Female (n) Male (n) Age (yr) 76.4± ± ± ± Weight (kg) 58.2± ± ± ± Height (cm) 148.4± ± ± ± K-MMSE 25.0± ± ± ± BBS 37.5± ± ± ± Compare means by One-way ANOVA, the mean difference is significant at the.05 level. K-MMSE = Korean Vision of Mini-Mental State Examination score. BBS = Berg balance scale score. 2. 평가시점및집단간균형능력비교 기능적팔뻗기는평가시점에따라유의한차이가있었다 (P<.001). 집단간에도유의한차이가있었으며 (P<.01), 평가시 점과집단간에상호작용이있었다 (P<.001). 동요시내측비복근의수축개시시간과눈을뜨고 30초동안정적으로서있기자세에서압력중심의좌ㆍ우방향및전ㆍ후방향평균이동속도는평가시점에따라유의한차이가있었고 (P<.001), 집단간에도유의한차이가있었으며 (P<.05), 평가시점과집단간에상호작용효과가있었다 (P<.001). 눈을감은경우에는압력중심의좌ㆍ우방향평균이동속도는평가시점에따라유의한차이가있었고 (P<.01), 집단간에도유의한차이가있었으며 (P<.01), 평가시점과집단간에상호작용효과가없었다. 그리고전ㆍ후방향은평가시점에따라유의한차이가있었고 (P<.001), 집단간에도유의한차이가있었으며 (P<.05), 평가시점과집단간에상호작용효과가있었다 (P<.001). 눈을뜨거나감고 20초동안정적으로반-일자로서있기자세에서압력중심의좌ㆍ우방향과전ㆍ후방향평균이동속도는평가시점에따라유의한차이가있었고 (P<.001), 집단간에는차이가없었으며, 평가시점과집단간에상호작용효과가있었다 (P<.05)( 표 2). 또한, 여성대상자만을분석한결 Table 2. Comparision of time and group effects to postural balance in all subjects (N=59) Functional reach test (cm) Onset time of contracting in medial gastrocunemius (ms) Variable Eyes open for 30s stand on mediolateral sway Eyes open stand for 30s on anteroposterior sway Eyes closed stand for 30s on mediolateral sway Eyes closed stand for 30s on anteroposterior sway Eyes open semi-tandem for 20s on mediolateral sway Eyes open semi-tandem for 20s on anteroposterior sway Sum of Degree of square freedom Mean square F P Time <.001 Group Time Group <.001 Time <.001 Group Time Group <.001 Time <.001 Group Time Group <.001 Time <.001 Group Time Group <.001 Time Group Time Group Time <.001 Group Time Group <.001 Time Group Time Group Time <.001 Group Time Group <.001 One-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. Time=Data are calculated from before exercise, after exercise, and follow-up. Group=Data are calculated from ankle strategy exercise group, ankle strength exercise group, and control group. 161
5 [ 균형손상노인에서발목관절전략운동의균형증진효과 ] Table 3. Comparision of time and group effects to postural balance in women Functional reach test (cm) Onset time of contracting in medial gastrocunemius (ms) Variable Eyes open for 30s stand on mediolateral sway Eyes open stand for 30s on anteroposterior sway Eyes closed stand for 30s on mediolateral sway Eyes closed stand for 30s on anteroposterior sway Eyes open semi-tandem for 20s on mediolateral sway Eyes open semi-tandem for 20s on anteroposterior sway (N=54) Sum of Degree of square freedom Mean square F P Time <.001 Group Time Group <.001 Time <.001 Group Time Group <.001 Time <.001 Group Time Group <.001 Time <.001 Group Time Group <.001 Time Group <.001 Time Group Time <.001 Group Time Group <.001 Time <.001 Group Time Group Time <.001 Group Time Group One-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. Time=Data are calculated from before exercise, after exercise, and follow-up. Group=Data are calculated from ankle strategy exercise group, ankle strength exercise group, and control group. 과에서도같은경향을보였다 ( 표 3). 3. 대응집단별균형능력비교기능적팔뻗기에대한집단간사후검정결과는발목전략운동군과근력강화운동군이대조군보다유의하게증가하였으며 (P<.01), 발목전략운동군과근력강화운동군간에는유의한차이가없었다. 집단간내측비복근의수축개시시간은발목전략운동군이근력강화운동군보다유의하게감소하였고 (P<.05), 발목전략운동군이대조군보다유의하게감소하였다 (P<.01). 눈을뜨고 30초동안정적으로서있기자세에서압력중심의좌ㆍ우방향평균이동속도는발목전략운동군과근력강화운동군간에는유의한차이가없었고, 발목전략운동군과근력강화운동군이대조군보다모두유의하게감소하였다 (P<.05). 그리고, 전ㆍ후방향은발목전략운동군이근력강화운동군보다유의하게감소하였고 (P<.05), 발목전략운동군이 대조군보다유의하게감소하였으나 (P<.05) 근력강화운동군은대조군보다유의한차이가없었다. 눈을감은경우에는압력중심의좌ㆍ우방향의평균이동속도는발목전략운동군과근력강화운동군간에유의한차이가없었으나, 전ㆍ후방향평균이동속도는발목전략운동군과근력강화운동군간에는유의한차이를보였으며 (p<.05), 발목전략운동군과대조군간에는모두유의한차이가있었다 (P<.001)( 표 4). 또한, 여성대상자만을분석한결과에서도같은경향을보였으며, 좌ㆍ우방향평균이동속도에서도발목전략운동군과근력강화운동군간에유의한차이를보였다 ( 표 5). 고찰노인에게규칙적인운동으로균형회복능력을향상시켜넘어짐을예방하는것은매우중요하다. 자세조절은공간에서신체의조절능력을말하며, 자세조절을위해흔히사용되는것이발목관 162
6 [Effect of Ankle Strategy Exercise on Improvement of Balance in Elderly with Impaired Balance] Table 4. Comparision of pairwise group in enhancement of the balance function in all subjects Source Pairwise group Mean Standard difference error P Strength Ex. - Strategy Ex Functional reach test (cm) Control - Strategy Ex Control - Strength Ex Strength Ex. - Strategy Ex Onset time of contracting in medial gastrocunemius (ms) Control - Strategy Ex Control - Strength Ex Strength Ex. - Strategy Ex Eyes open for 30s stand on mediolateral sway Control - Strategy Ex Control - Strength Ex Strength Ex. - Strategy Ex Eyes open stand for 30s on anteroposterior sway Control - Strategy Ex Control - Strength Ex Strength Ex. - Strategy Ex Eyes closed stand for 30s on mediolateral sway Control - Strategy Ex <.001 Control - Strength Ex Strength Ex. - Strategy Ex Eyes closed stand for 30s on anteroposterior sway Control - Strategy Ex Control - Strength Ex The Post Hoc test of multiple comarisons by the least significant difference. Table 5. Comparision of pairwise group in enhancement of the balance function in women Source Pairwise group Mean Standard difference error P Strength Ex. - Strategy Ex Functional reach test (cm) Control - Strategy Ex Control - Strength Ex Strength Ex. - Strategy Ex Onset time of contracting in medial gastrocunemius (ms) Control - Strategy Ex Control - Strength Ex Strength Ex. - Strategy Ex Eyes open for 30s stand on mediolateral sway Control - Strategy Ex Control - Strength Ex Strength Ex. - Strategy Ex Eyes open stand for 30s on anteroposterior sway Control - Strategy Ex Control - Strength Ex Strength Ex. - Strategy Ex Eyes closed stand for 30s on mediolateral sway Control - Strategy Ex <.000 Control - Strength Ex Strength Ex. - Strategy Ex Eyes closed stand for 30s on anteroposterior sway Control - Strategy Ex Control - Strength Ex The Post Hoc test of multiple comarisons by the least significant difference. (N=59) (N=54) 절전략이다. 6) 이연구는균형손상이있는노인에게 8주동안의발목관절전략운동이근력강화운동군과대조군에비해어떤균형증진효과가있는지를알아보고자정적균형능력검사와예기치않은동요 (unexpected perturbation) 을주었을때발목관절전략을이용한균형회복능력을측정하였다. 본연구방법에있어서, 표면근전도신호는전경골근과내측비복근에서수집하였다. 피부저항을감소시키기위해부착부위를가는사포로 3~4회문질러피부각질층을제거하고, 소독용알코올로피부기름기를제거한후에소량의전해질겔 (electrolyte gel) 이도포된두개의활성전극 (active electrode) 을 163
7 [ 균형손상노인에서발목관절전략운동의균형증진효과 ] 수직방향으로피부에부착하였다. 25) 접지전극 (ground electrode) 은활성전극과삼각형이되도록부착하였다. 근수축개시시간차를결정하는방법으로주로 DiFabio 26) 방법이사용된다. 근전도신호를전파정류 (full-wave rectify) 과정을거친후안정된 0.5 초동안의신호에서평균과표준편차를구한다음, 평균에 2배의표준편차를더하여역치로설정하는방법 27) 과 Matlab 연산에의해계산된값에의해자동으로근수축시간을구하는방법 28) 등이있다. 본연구에서는 Matlab 프로그램으로역치선 (threshold line) 을구한다음시각적인검사를더해서역치값을결정하였다. 역치선이상의신호중 2 ms 이상지속되는첫번째신호를역치값으로기록하였다. 균형능력은길이 800 mm, 높이는 100 mm의정삼각형의플랫폼위에 15 cm 간격으로부착된발모양에똑바로서서측정하였다. 측정하는동안에는말을하거나고개를움직이지않도록지시를하였다. 저항운동은 DeLorme 방법을적용하여 8주동안실시하였다. 29,30) 고무띠를 4겹 (50 cm) 으로접어 10회반복할수있는최대탄성저항을 10 RM으로설정하였으며 2주간격으로재설정하였다. 1세트는 10 RM의 ½ 부하에해당하는 2겹 (100 cm) 으로접어 10회반복하였으며, 2 세트는 10 RM의 ¾ 부하에해당하는 3겹으로접어 10회를반복하였으며, 3세트는 10 RM의부하인 4겹으로접어서 10회를연속으로시행하였다. 각세트사이에는 2분의휴식시간을두었으며, 바닥에앉은자세에서시행했다. 발목관절전략촉진을위한운동은딱딱한맨바닥에서서하는운동, 겔방석위에서서하는운동, 불안정판위에서서하는운동, 쿠션볼위에서서하는운동등네가지로구성되었으며, 모든운동시에는고관절과슬관절의움직임을의식적으로제한하고균형을유지하면서발목관절전략운동을시행하였다. 연구결과에대한고찰을해보면, Duncan 등 23) 은기능적팔뻗기검사에서 15.0 cm~17.5 cm 이하이면기능적균형에제한이생긴다고주장하였으며, 본연구대상자의치료전기능적팔뻗기는평균 14.3 cm를균형손상이있음을보여주었다. 발목전략운동군은평균 2.2 cm, 근력강화운동군은 2.6 cm 대조군보다각각증가하였으며, Li 등 31) 의연구와비교하면태극권운동 3개월후에평균 0.58 cm 증가하였으며, 6개월후에는평균 1.28 cm 증가를보고하여본연구에서더많이증가하였다. 운동후기능적팔뻗기의향상은발목관절전략에서우세하게작용하는전ㆍ후방향의조절능력의향상을반영한다. 32) 정적으로서있는 (quiet stance) 동안몸의흔들림은젊은이에비해노인에서많으며, 넘어진경험이있는노인에서더많이증가하는경향을보인다. 33) Shumway-Cook과 Olmscheid 34) 는건강인에서전방으로상실된균형을회복하기위한발목전 략에의한비복근의반사적수축활동은 90 ms뒤에시작된다고하였으며, Mackey 와 Robinovitch 35) 는 25명의젊은여성 (19 세 ~36세 ) 과 25명의건강한할머니 (66세 ~90세 ) 를대상으로한연구에서근수축개시는젊은여성이평균 73 ms이었으며, 건강한할머니가평균 98 ms라고보고하였다. 본연구에서등뒤에서전방으로동요 (posteroanterior perturbation) 를제공하였을때, 내측비복근의수축개시시간은치료전에는평균 ms이었으며, 치료후에는평균 ms, 추적평가시평균 ms로감소하였으나건강한노인에비해근수축개시시간이늦었다. 발목전략운동군이근력강화운동군보다평균 8.6 ms 더근수축개시시간이빨라졌다. 이러한결과는발목전략운동이근력강화운동보다균형회복능력향상에보다효과적임을보여준다. 자세에따른정적균형능력은눈을뜬자세와눈을감은자세에서는좌ㆍ우방향동요보다전ㆍ후방향동요가더증가하였으며, 반-일자로서있는자세에서는좌ㆍ우방향동요가전ㆍ후방향동요가더증가하는경향을보였으며, Pajala 등 36) 의연구에서도같은경향을보였다. 집단간에정적균형능력은발목전략운동군과근력강화운동군에서대조군보다좌ㆍ우방향동요와전ㆍ후방향동요에서압력중심 (center of pressure) 의평균이동속도가감소하였으며, 발목전략운동군이근력강화운동군보다더많이감소하였다. 이것은동요시흐트러진균형을회복하려는내측비복근의근수축개시시간의단축에기인한결과로생각되며, 발목전략운동이근력강화운동보다균형증진효과가더양호하였다. 또한눈을뜬자세보다눈을감은자세에서좌ㆍ우방향및전ㆍ후방향의동요가더증가하였으며, Era 등 37) 의 75세의덴마크노인 (391명), 스웨덴노인 (145명), 핀랜드노인 (221명) 을대상으로한연구결과와같은결과를보였으며, 남자보다여자에서모든동요가더감소하였다. 본연구에서는 59명중남자가단지 5명이었기때문에성별에따른차이를비교할수는없었으나, 여성대상자만을분석한결과와전체대상자에서분석한결과를보면성별에따른차이에관계없이균형손상노인에서 8주동안의발목전략운동이균형능력을증진하는데효과적이었다. 그리고발목전략운동이발목근력강화운동보다균형증진에더효과적이었다. 따라서균형능력증진운동에는발목관절전략운동을병행할필요가있다고사료된다. 본연구의제한점은균형증진효과를실험적동요에의하여평가한결과이므로실제적인생활환경에서넘어짐이나동적균형능력의평가가부족하기때문에일반적인치료방법으로적용하는데제한이있으며, 추적평가의기간이짧았기때문에치료효과의지속여부를단정하는데제한점이있다. 164
8 [Effect of Ankle Strategy Exercise on Improvement of Balance in Elderly with Impaired Balance] 본연구에서는 BBS점수, MMSE 점수, 성별에따른집단간에균형증진효과를알아보지못하였기때문에향후추가적인연구가필요하다. 참고문헌 1. Bonnie RJ, Fulco CE, Liverman CT. Reducing the burden of injury: Advancing prevention and treatment. Committee on injury prevention and control. Division of health promotion and disease prevention, institute of medicine. 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press Campbell AJ, Reinken J, Allan BC, Martinez GS. Falls in old age: a study of frequency and related clinical factors. Age Ageing 1981;10(4): Gehlsen GM, Whaley MH. Falls on the elderly: part II, balance, strength, and flexibility. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990;71: Nevitt MC, Cummings SR, Kidd S, Black D. Risk factors for recurrent nonsyncopal falls: a prospective study. J Am Med Assoc 1989;261: Horak FB, Nashner LM. Central programming of postural movements: Adaptation to altered support-surface configurations. J Neurophysiol 1986;55(6): Shumway-Cook A, Wollacott MH. Motor control: theory and practical applications. 1st ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Horak FB, Shupert CL, Mirka A. Components of postural dyscontrol in the elderly: A review. Neurobiol Aging 1989;10: Mackey DC, Robinovitch SN. Postural steadiness during quiet stance dose not associate with ability to recover balance in older women. Clin Biomech 2005;20: Almeida GL, Carvalho RL, Talis VL. Postural strategy to keep balance on the seesaw. Gait Posture 2006;23: Menz HB, Morris ME, Lord SR. Foot and ankle risk factors for falls in older people: a prospective study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006;61(8): Lord SR, Ward JA, Williams P, Strudwick M. The effect of a 12-month exercise trial on balance, strength and falls in older women: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995;43 (11): Gras LZ, Levangie PK, Goodwin-Segal M, Lawrence DA. A comparision of hip versus ankle exercises in elders and the influence on balance and gait. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2004;27(2): Amiridis I, Arabatzi F, Violaris P, Stavropoulos E, Hatzitaki V. Static balance improvement in elderly after dorsiflexors electro-stimulation training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005;94(4): Robinovitch SN, Heller B, Lui A, Cortez J. Effect of strength and speed of torque development on balance recovery with the ankle strategy. J Neurophysiol 2002;88(2): Mills EM. The effect of low-intensity aerobic exercise on muscle strength, flexibility, and balance among sedentary elderly persons. Nurs Res 1994;43(4): Shigematsu R, Chang M, Yabushita N, Sakai T, Nakagaichi M, Nho H, et al. Dance-based aerobic exercise may improve indices of falling risk in older women. Age Aging 2002;31(4): Fong S-M, NG GY. The effects on sensorymotor performance and balance with Tai Chi training. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006;87(1): Lin MR, Hwang HF, Wang YW, Chang SH, Wolf SL. Community-Based Tai Chi and its effect on injurious falls, balance, gait, and fear of falling in older people. Phys Ther 2006;86(9): Horak FB. Effects of neurological disorders on postural movement strategies in the elderly. In Falls, balance and gait disorders in the elderly, by Vellas B, Toupet M, Rubenstein L, Albarede JL, Christen Y. 1st ed. Paris: Elsevier Buchner DM, Cress ME, de Lateur BJ, Esselman PC, Margherita AJ, Price R, et al. The effect of strength and endurance training on gait, balance, fall risk, and health services use in community-living older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1997;52(4): McMurdo ME, Johnston R. A randomized controlled trial of a home exercise programme for elderly people with poor mobility. Age Ageing 1995;24(5): Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR, Trueblood PR, Loy S, Harker JO, Pietruszka FM, et al. Effects of a group exercise program on strength, mobility, and falls among fall-prone elderly men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000;55(6): Duncan PW, Weiner DK, Chandler J, Studenski S. Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance. J Gerontol 1990;45(6): Lamontagne A, Malouin F, Richards CL, Dumas F. Mechanisms of disturbed motor control in ankle weakness during gait after stroke. Gait Posture 2002;15(3): Zipp P. Recommendations for the standardization of lead positions in surface electromyography. Eur J Appl Physiol 1982; 50: DiFabio RP. Reliability of computerized surface electromyography for determining the on set of muscle activity. Phys Ther 165
9 [ 균형손상노인에서발목관절전략운동의균형증진효과 ] 1987;67(1): 권오윤, 고은경. 고관절신전시요통환자와정상인의슬괵근, 대둔근, 요추기립근의근수축개시시간비교. 한국전문물리치료학회지 2002;9(2): 정이정, 조상현, 이정훈, 이상헌. 최대등척성수축시표면근전도에서근수축개시점결정을위한기법들의신뢰도. 한국전문물리치료학회지 2003;10(1): DeLorme TL. Restoration of muscle power by heavy resistance exercise. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1945;27: DeLorme TL, Watkins AL. Technics of progressive resistance exercise. Arch Phys Med 1948;29: Li F, Harmer P, Fisher KJ, McAuley E. Tai Chi: improving functional balance and predicting subsequent falls in older persons. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36(12): Winter DA, Patla AE, Prince F, Ishac M, Giclo-Perezak K. Stiffness control of balance in quiet standing. J Neurophysiol 1998;80(3): Woollacott MH, Shumway-Cook A, Nashner LM. Aging and postural control: change in sensory organization and muscular coordination. Int J Aging Hum Dev 1986;23(2): Shumway-Cook A, Olmscheid R. A systems analysis of postural dyscontrol in traumatically brain-injured patients. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1990;5(4): Mackey DC, Robinovitch SN. Mechanisms underlying agerelated differences in ability to recover balance with the ankle strategy. Gait Posture 2006;23(1): Pajala S, Era P, Koskenvno M, Kaprio J, Tolvanen A, Heikkinen E, et al. Contribution of genetic and environmental effects to postural balance in older female twins. J Appl Physiol 2004;96 (1): Era P, Avlund K, Jokela J, Gause-Nilsson, Heikkinen E, Steen B, et al. Postural balance and self-reported functional ability in 75-year-old men and women: A cross-national comparative study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997;45(1):
10 Korean J Health Promot Dis Prev Vol. 8, No. 3, 2008 [Abstract] Effect of Ankle Strategy Exercise on Improvement of Balance in Elderly with Impaired Balance Jeong Weon Lee 1, Oh Yun Kwon 2, Chung Hwi Yi 2, Sang Hyun Cho 2, Hye Seon Jeon 2, Sung Hyun You 2 Department of Occupational Therapy, Yeoju Institute of Technology 1 Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Yonsei University 2 Background Methods Results Conclusions Key words The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ankle strategy facilitating exercise on postural control in a static and perturbed stance. Fifty-nine subjects were randomly assigned into ankle strategy exercise group (ASE), ankle strengthening exercise group (SE), or control group (CON). Two exercise groups participated in 50 minutes 3 days a week for 8 weeks. One-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to determine the statistical difference. Reach test scores increased significantly both exercise groups compared to the CON group after exercise (P<.01). Postural test showed sway velocity in anteroposterior direction, and onset time in medial gastrocnemius decreased significantly in the ASE compared to SE (P<.05). These findings suggest that both exercise groups were effective in improving the postural control in the elderly, and ASE was more effective than SE in enhancement of balance function. (Korean J Health Promot Dis Prev 2008 ; 8(3): ) Balance, Elderly, Exercise 6` Address for correspondence : Jeong Weon Lee Department of Occupational Therapy, Yeoju Institute of Technology Tel : ljw0311@hanmail.net 167
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