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1 A Study on the Simulation of Map Colors for the Color Vision Impaired*, ** Hyu-seok Shin*** Hyeon-jeong Cho**** Key-ho Park*****. GIS ArcGIS ArcObject %. CIE xy (RGB, CIE xyy, HSV).., CIE XYZ, CIE xy,, srgb Abstract : The purpose of this paper is to examine the methods of simulating map color appearance for the color vision impaired and then to develop the visual impairment simulator. The simulator is developed using ArcObject components of ArcGIS products. The simulator validity was verified, with approximately 99 percent accuracy, by a series of experiments on color vision impaired subjects where colors selected among 216 web safe colors were compared before and after simulation. To enhance its utility, the simulator displays the CIE xyy coordinates of the colors before and after simulation and also presents the color confusion lines for each type of color vision impairment. The simulator also records the values of color components(rgb, CIE xyy, HSV) to ensure the objectivity of these color analyses. The outcomes of this paper can serve as a basic tool for map color researches on color vision impairment. Key Words : simulation of color vision impairment, CIE XYZ color system, CIE xy chromatic diagram, confusion lines, srgb color space.. ( ) (geographic features) * 2009 ( ) (KRF B00849). ** (, 2010). *** (Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Geography, Seoul National University, kevin52@snu.ac.kr) ***** (Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Geography, Seoul National University, hjcho94@snu.ac.kr) ***** (Professor, Department of Geography, Seoul National University, khp@snu.ac.kr)

simulator. The simulator is developed using ArcObject components of ArcGIS products.

2 (Mersey, 1990). (, 2006;, 2009). (graphicacy) 1)., %, % (, 1980; Kim HB et al,. 1989), 4%~8% (Wyszecki and Stiles 1982:464, Birch, J. 1993, Sharpe et al. 1999). 2)..,..., 3.. Esri ArcGIS ArcObject VBA. ArcGIS.. Red, Green, Blue RGB, ( : Color Gamut).. srgb.. CIE xyy x, y 2 CIE xy (Confusion lines). 596

3 ( : ), ( : )., L (long wavelength 564nm : ), M (middle wavelength 533nm : ), S (short wavelength 437nm : )..,.. 1. L R(Red), M G(Green), S B(Blue). 3., L(Red) 564nm M(Green) ( 1 ) L(Red) ( 1 ) (three elements of color) (source of light), (object), (visual system)..,. (color system) (CIE:Commission internationale de l éclairage) CIE XYZ RGB (, 2006). CIE XYZ CIE xy. CIE xy CIE XYZ X, Y, Z ( 597

L R(Red), M G(Green), S B(Blue). 3., L(Red) 564nm M(Green) ( 1 ) L(Red) ( 1 ). 2 2.

4 (a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c) 2(a) ) 1 3 ( 2(b) ) x,y ( 2(c) ) 3). Y., CIE xy CIE XYZ 3. Y = Y... (1) x = X/(X + Y + Z) y = Y/(X + Y + Z) (Confusion point) (Wyszecki and Stiles, 1982).. (dichromat) 4),,. Pitt(1935) Scheibner and Boynton(1967), Nimeroff(1970), Smith and Pokorny(1972, 1975), Walraven(1974), Scheibner and Paulus(1978) (Oleari et al )

5 CIE xy CIE xy x y Travis(1991) ( 1 ) CIE xy. 4.. L, M, S (spectral sensitivity) 3 LMS. LMS L M S 3 RGB. LMS L M S. Meyer and Greenberg(1988) Brettel et al.(1997). Meyer and Greenberg(1988) LMS L M S CIE XYZ (dichromat). Meyer and Greenberg(1988). Brettel et al.(1997) 2 L M S. L M S, (neutrals) 5), 575nm 475nm, 660nm 485nm. 3. Brettel et al.(1997) (Vienot et al., 1999; Mollon and Regan, 2001; Kovalev, 2006; Jenny and Kelso, 2007; Linhares et al., 2008). Vischek, Colorfield Digital Media Colorfield Insight, Fujitsu Color Doctor. Brettel et al.(1997) (Wachtler et 599

L M S, (neutrals) 5), 575nm 475nm, 660nm 485nm. 3. Brettel et al.(1997) (Vienot et al.

6 al. 2004) Brettel et al.(1997). Brettel et al.(1997). Q LMS Q RGB LMS, RGB.. Q LMS (L Q, M Q, S Q ) (2) Stockman et al.(1993). _ L Q = k j Q (l)l (l)dl, M Q = k j Q (l)m _ (l)dl, M Q = k j Q (l)s _ (l)dl,...(2), _ j Q (l) : (spectral power distribution) l (l), m _ (l), _ s (l) : (spectral weighting function) Q (P R, P G, P B ) (3) R Q, G Q, B Q 0 1. Q = R Q P R + G Q P G + B Q P B...(3) LMS Q P i LMS (4) (5) T, V Q (6). L Q M Q S Q L i M i S i Q = ( ) P i = ( ) L R L G L B M R M G M B S R S G S B (i = R, G, B)...(4) R Q G Q B Q T = [ ] V = ( )...(5) Q = TV, V = T _1 Q...(6) Q Q (6) V. Q Q 5. LMS Q 2 Q (Q p: 1, Q d: 2 ). Microsoft VBA(Visual Basic for Applications) Esri ArcGIS(9.x). 6. ArcGIS RGB LMS RGB. 2 LMS 2 R G B.,,,

..(2), _ j Q (l) : (spectral power distribution) l (l), m _ (l), _ s (l) : (spectral weighting function) Q (P R, P G, P B ) (3) R Q, G Q, B Q 0 1. Q = R Q P R + G Q P G + B Q P B.

7 RGB to XYZ var_r = ( R / 255) var_g = (G / 255) var_b = (B / 255) if (var_r > ) var_r = ((var_r ) / 1.055) ^ 2.4 else var_r = var_r / if (var_g > ) var_g = ((var_g ) / 1.055) ^ 2.4 else var_g = var_g / if (var_b > ) var_b = ((var_b ) / 1.055) ^ 2.4 else var_b = var_b / var_r = var_r * 100 var_g = var_g * 100 var_b = var_b * 100 X = var_r * var_g * var_b * Y = var_r * var_g * var_b * Z = var_r * var_g * var_b * XYZ to xyy Y = Y x = X / (X + Y + Z) y = Y / (X + Y + Z) RGB to XYZ XYZ to xyy (gamma) 6). CIE xyy 2 CIE xy (Confusion lines) RGB HSV(Hue, Saturation, Value). RGB CIE xyy, RGB XYZ II-2 (1) ( 2 )

92 var_r = var_r * 100 var_g = var_g * 100 var_b = var_b * 100 X = var_r * 0.4124 + var_g * 0.3576 + var_b * 0.1805 Y = var_r * 0.2126 + var_g * 0.7152 + var_b * 0.0722 Z = var_r * 0.

8 Gretag Macbeth Eye-One Display 2 srgb. SyncMaster 177T WinFast PX9600(NVIDIA). : (%) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) ( 85) ( 15) 4(20) 16(80) (100). (20 ~31 ) ( 80%) Farnsworth Dichotomous Test(D-15). 1: ( 8-a ) ( 8-b ). 2 2 ( ) 1 (1~2 ) 1 1 (a) (b). 1 1 ( ). 2 2 ( ). 99%. 67%. Brettel et al.(1997). 7). Brettel et al.(1997) RGB LMS 602

(20 ~31 ) 20 3. 2 16 ( 80%) 17 3. Farnsworth Dichotomous Test(D-15). 1:1 216. 216. 216 ( 8-a ) ( 8-b ).

9 . 67% 93%~97% RGB CIE xy. 9-a 1... CIE xy, 9-b 1. 8). 3 9-a b 3..,. (Olson and Brewer, 1997).. 10 CIE xy ( 10-a ) ( 10-b )... RGB,, HSV. CIE xyy Y. 11-a CIE xy Y. (5 ) (1, 2, 3, 4 ) (6, 7, 8, 9 603

10 604

11 (a) (b) ). 11-a b 11-b (Hue: 50~51). (5 ) (1 ). (, : 0.1, : 0.07). 11-c 11-c , 5 11-c. 605

12 ...., (RGB, CIE xyy, HSV)..., (color tolerance).,. CIE xyy CIE Lab CIE Lch.,.....,.. (, )... 1) (1998). 2) ,

13 3) Wyszecki & Stiles(1982) pp.130~164. 4) 2 (, 2001). ( ) (monochromat). (trichromat). 5) LMS L M S. 6) RGB 3 (gamma) (gamma correction) (, 2006). 7),,. 8) CIE xy., CIE xyy. CIE xyy (Slocum, et al. 2005).., 2001,,., 1980, 100 Nagel Anomaloscope, 21(4): , 2006, (4): , 2009, Web 3D GIS, 43(4): , 2006,,., 1998,, 6(1): Birch, J Diagnosis of Defective Colour Vision, Oxford Unversity Press. Brettel, H. Vienot, F., and Mollon, D. J Computerized simulation of color appearance for dichromats. Optical Society of America 14(10): Hoffmann, G CIE color space. Jenny, B. and Kelso, N. V Color design for the color vision impaired. Cartographic Perspectives 58: Kim, H. B. Lee, S. Y. Choe, J. K. Lee, J. H., and Ahn, B. H The incidence of congenital color deficiency among Koreans. Journal of Korean medical science 4(3): Kovalev, V. A Mining dichromatic colours from video. Advances in Data Mining 4065: Linhares, J. M. Pinto, P. D., and Nascimento, S. M The number of discernible colors perceived by dichromats in natural scenes and the effects of colored lenses. Visual Neuroscience 25: Mersey, J. E Colour and Thematic Map Design: The Role of Colour Scheme and Map Complexity in Choropleth Map Communication. Cartographica Monograph 41. Meyer, G. W. and Greenberg, D. P Colour defective vision and computer graphics displays. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 8(5): Mollon, J. D. and Regan, B. C Simulating the perceptual world of the anomalous trichromat. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 42(S97). Nimeroff, I Deuteranopic convergence point. Journal of the Optical Society of America 60: Oleari, C. Baratta, G. Lamedica, A., and Macaluso. C. 607

Diagnosis of Defective Colour Vision, Oxford Unversity Press. Brettel, H. Vienot, F., and Mollon, D. J. 1997. Computerized simulation of color appearance for dichromats.

14 1996. Confusion points and constant-luminance planes for trichromats, protanopes and deuteranopes. Vision Research 36(21): Olson, J. M., and Brewer, C. A An Evaluation of Color Selections to Accommodate Map Users with Color-Vision Impairments. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 87(1): Pitt, F. H. G Characteristics of Dichromatic Vision. Medical Research Council. Reports of the Committee upon the Physiology of Vision 14. Scheibner, H. M. O. and Boynton, R. M Residual red-green discrimination in dichromats. Journal of the Optical Society of America 58: Scheibner, H. M. O. and Pauhrs, W An analysis of protanopic colour vision. Modern Problems in Ophthalmology 19: Sharpe, L. T. Stockman, A. Jägle, H., and Nathans, J Opsin genes, cone photopigments, color vision, and color blindness, in Gegenfurtner, Kl, and Sharpe, L.T. (Eds.), Color vision: From Genes to Perception. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Slocum, T. A. McMaster, R. B. Kessler, F. C., and Howard, H. H Thematic Cartography and Geographic Visualization. 2nd ed. Prentice Hall. Smith, V. C. and Pokorny, J Spectral sensitivity of the colorblind observers and the cone photopigments. VisionResearch 12: Smith, V. C. and Pokorny, J Spectral sensitivity of the foveal cone photopigments between 400 and 500 nm. VisionResearch 15: Stockman, A. MacLeod, D. I. A., and Johnson, N. E Spectral sensitivities of the human cones. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10(12): Travis, D Effective Color Display : Theory and Practice, London Academic Press. Vienot, F. Brettel, H., and Mollon, J. D Digital video colourmaps for checking the legibility of displays by dichromats. Color Research and Application 24: Wachtler, T. Dohrmann, U., and Hertel, R Modeling color percepts of dichromats. Vision Research 44: Walraven, P. L A closer look at the tritanopic convergence point. VisionResearch 14: Wyszecki, G. and Stiles, W. S Color science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formula, 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience. 608

Characteristics of Dichromatic Vision. Medical Research Council. Reports of the Committee upon the Physiology of Vision 14. Scheibner, H. M. O. and Boynton, R. M. 1967.

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<28C3D6C1BE29312DC0CCBDC2BEC62E687770> 한국패션디자인학회지 제9권3호 The Korean Society of Fashion Design Vol. 9 No. 3 (2009) pp.1~12 소니아 리키엘 컬렉션에 나타난 니트웨어 색채 특성 The Color Characteristics of Knit Wear Shown in Sonia Rykiel s Collections 이 승 아ㆍ조 주 연ㆍ이 연